著者

清水 誠

出版者

北海道大学

雑誌

北海道大学文学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13460277)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.131, pp.1-40, 2010-07-20

著者

宮川 路子

出版者

法政大学人間環境学会

雑誌

人間環境論集 = The Hosei Journal of Sustainability Studies (ISSN:13453785)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.75-101, 2019-03-31

著者

百島 則幸

出版者

富山大学水素同位体科学研究センター

雑誌

富山大学水素同位体科学研究センター研究報告 = Annual Report of Hydrogen Isotope Research Center, Toyama University (ISSN:09168486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.1-10, 2000

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Environmental tritium was first observed in a helium fraction at a liquid air production facility in Germany in 1949. During the 1950s and early 1960s, huge amounts of artificial tritium were released into the atmosphere by nuclear testing. The environmental tritium level increased to more than 200 times the natural tritium level. Since the signing of a test ban treaty in 1963, the environmental tritium level has decreased, and analysis of recent Japanese rain samples has shown that the environmental tritium level is close to that before the nuclear testing. Tritium released from nuclear bombs into the atmosphere has been used as a global-scale tracer in studies on water mass movement in the ocean, groundwater flow and atmospheric air mass movement. Useful and valuable results have been obtained in those studies. In the atmosphere, tritium exists in three different chemical forms: hydrogen (HT), water vapor (HTO) and hydrocarbons (CH3T). The concentration of HT the highest, followed by those of CH3T and HTO. The most interesting feature of these chemical species is their significantly different specific activities. HT has 106 TU, CH3T has 104 TU and HTO has 10 TU, suggesting that HT and CH3T have been released from nuclear facilities. Vegetation is sensitively responds to a change in environmental HTO level by rapid exchange of water molecules between leaf water and atmospheric water vapor. HTO vapor released into the air slowly contaminates soil water. A nuclear fusion facility is planed to use a large quantity of tritium that is comparable to natural tritium on the earth, indicating the necessity to maintain tritium in a nuclear fusion facility and the necessity to carefully monitor the environmental tritium level.

著者

吉田 真

出版者

明治学院大学教養教育センター

雑誌

明治学院大学教養教育センター紀要 : カルチュール = The MGU journal of liberal arts studies : Karuchuru (ISSN:18818099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.87-96, 2017-03-25

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【論文/Articles】

著者

津村 彩子

出版者

首都大学東京言語研究会

雑誌

言語の研究 = Gengo no kenkyu (Inquires into Japanese Language) (ISSN:21895082)

巻号頁・発行日

no.5, pp.1-16, 2019-07-30

著者

佐多 芳彦

出版者

立正大学文学部

雑誌

立正大学文学部論叢 = The Journal of the Faculty of Letters Rissho University (ISSN:0485215X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.146, pp.5-32, 2023-03-20

著者

木島 泰三

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, pp.77-92, 2021-03-15

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As demonstrated in our previous paper, according to Spinoza’s agent-causation model, a thing’s conatus (striving) to produce or maintain its affectio (act or state) and its determinatio (causal determination) to produce or maintain its affecto are identical. Such conatus/determinatio bears predicational contents and thereby corresponds to the mental affirmation of ideas in the divine infinite intellect that comprises human minds. In this paper, we propose that Spinozistic mental representations are substantially based on the conatus/determinatio viewing a thing’s action or agent-causation as divine self-predication. For example, when a dog runs, the dog divinely selfpredicates its running as its affectio of itself as a subject. Such predication is self-reflexive in two ways: (1) The roles of the “subject term” and the “predicate term” are played by the signified thing and its affectio, respectively, rather than by external signs. (2) The subject of the predicative act is the “subject term” itself. Furthermore, we consider such self-predication as divine owing to two reasons: (1) It is an aspect of the basic causal process of Deus, seu Natura (God, or Nature). (2) The ultimate subject of such predication is Deus, seu Natura itself, and it predicates its affectio of itself. We also propose that such divine self-predication is regulated through a divine syntax, which is identical to the ontological structure existing in the world and the laws of nature. Conversely viewed, this suggests that the Spinozistic ontological structure and causal laws have an intrinsic communicative characteristic, similar to linguistic syntax.The aforementioned considerations have an important implication for the status of ideas. On the one hand, Spinozistic ideas are considered as truthbearers. Unlike general viewpoint, these truthbearers are not abstract propositions; rather, they are propositionally-structured mental acts involving affirmative forces. On the other hand, divine self-predicative acts are truthmakers, which possess propositional structures and predicative forces owing to the conatus/determinatio. Additionally, their common forces, which are indeed the one and same force, play majority of the fundamental roles required for mental representations. Hence, to realize full-fledged mental representations, merely a correlation is required between two different but isomorphic divine attributes, namely thought and extension. Such a correlation can turn mere modes of thought into ideas, but it can only provide a superficial status to them as external signs of bodies.Furthermore, we suggest that the self-reflexive characteristic of divine self-predication provides the foundation for “ideas of ideas,” which will be discussed in detail in our next paper.

著者

辻 学 Manabu Tsuji

雑誌

関西学院大学キリスト教学研究 (ISSN:13440330)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.5-18, 1999-03-24

著者

会田 大輔

出版者

明治大学東洋史談話会

雑誌

明大アジア史論集 (ISSN:21888140)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.95-113, 2019-03-09

著者

林 衛

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1-44,

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日本災害復興学会2019年度鳥取大会, 日程:2019年11月9日(土)~10日(日), 会場:鳥取大学鳥取キャンパス

著者

熊倉 啓之

出版者

静岡大学教育学部附属教育実践総合センター

雑誌

静岡大学教育実践総合センター紀要 (ISSN:13480707)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.33-42, 2016-03-31

著者

小川 正人

出版者

北海道大學教育學部

雑誌

北海道大學教育學部紀要 (ISSN:04410637)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, pp.257-325, 1991-03

著者

渡邊 勉 Tsutomu Watanabe

雑誌

関西学院大学社会学部紀要 (ISSN:04529456)

巻号頁・発行日

no.123, pp.85-101, 2016-03-15

著者

森岡 正博

出版者

早稲田大学人間総合研究センター

雑誌

現代生命哲学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.39-67, 2021-03

著者

黒田 晁生

出版者

明治大学政治経済研究所

雑誌

政經論叢 (ISSN:03873285)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.327-354, 1995-02-28

著者

元森 絵里子 MOTOMORI Eriko

出版者

明治学院大学社会学会

雑誌

明治学院大学社会学・社会福祉学研究 = The Meiji Gakuin sociology and social welfare review (ISSN:13494821)

巻号頁・発行日

no.139, pp.143-181, 2013-02

著者

塚本 百合子

出版者

明治大学平和教育登戸研究所資料館

雑誌

明治大学平和教育登戸研究所資料館館報 (ISSN:24239151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.1-26, 2019-09-25

著者

井谷 鋼造

出版者

東洋史研究會

雑誌

東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.116-149, 1988-06-30

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The last Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din was the greatest "hero" against the Mongol invasion in West Asia. His energetic military operations extended from Kirman to Rum (Asia Minor or Anatolia). Five contemporary historians, being Ibn al-Athir, al-Nasawi, Juwayni, Ibn Bibi and al-Hamawi recorded his activity in detail. These historical sources lead us to the following conclusion. Jalal al-Din's vigorous operations against Georgians since his appearance in Adharbayjan (1225) were highly estimated by Muslim authors. But when he entered into an alliance with al-Mu'azzam, son of al-'Adil b. Ayyub, Jalal al-Din was involved in a rivalry between al-Mu'azzam and al-Ashraf, another son of al-'Adil. After his first siege of Akhlat, an important city in Armenia ruled by a deputy of al-Ashraf, Khwarazmians were accused of their "evilness of behavior" by Ibn al-Athir. 'Ala' al-Din Kayqubad, Sultan of Rum was related by marriage to al-Ashraf and al-Kamil, ruler of Egypt, in 1227. After the capture of Akhlat by Jalal al-Din (1230) and his alliance with the ruler of Arzan al-Rum, cousin of Kayqubad, Rum Saltanat and the house of Ayyub formed an alliance against Jalal al-Din. Finally Jalal al-Din was defeated by the allied forces at Yassi Chaman, near Arzinjan on 28 Ramadan 627 A.H. (10.8.1230). He could never recover from this defeat and a year later was to be killed near Amid in consequence of the pursuit of a Mongol detachment sent by Ogadai Qa'an. The reason why Jalal al-Din had to fight against Sultan of Rum and the grandsons of Ayyub was for his lack of established foundation in West Asia. According to Juwayni, Jalal al-Din called himself sadd-i Iskandar against Mongol infidels, but in fact Khwarazmians lived in yawagi i.e. having neither property nor place. (Ibn Bibi, pp. 379, 430, 485 of facsimile text published by A. S. Erzi). So Khwarazmians had to become plunderers and at last collided with the most powerful forces in West Asia. Furthermore Rum Saltanat of Saljuq dynasty had enmity against Khwarazmshah, because Tekish, grandfather of Jalal al-Din, overthrew Saljuq state in Iran (1194). Rum Saltanat also, assisted by the grandsons of Ayyub, had to fight against Jalal al-Din in order to protect not only their actual interests in Eastern Anatolia, but their family's fame in history.

著者

小手川 正二郎

出版者

立命館大学人文科学研究所

雑誌

立命館大学人文科学研究所紀要 = Memoirs of the Research Institute of the Cultural Sciences of Ritsumeikan University (ISSN:02873303)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, pp.169-198, 2019-12

著者

河口 明人

出版者

北海道大学大学院教育学研究院

雑誌

北海道大学大学院教育学研究院紀要 (ISSN:18821669)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, pp.15-53, 2007-06-29