著者

前田 廉孝

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.2_49-2_75, 2012 (Released:2016-01-27)

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This paper aims to determine the factors that led to the improvement of soy sauce brewery management during the Meiji and Taisho Eras. In particular, we focus on how the Takanashi family, now Kikkoman Corporation, procured raw materials from 1887 to 1917.The food manufacturing industry accounted for more than 20 percent of the production volume of all industries in pre-war Japan. Until the 1900s, the soy sauce brewing industry was the third largest producer from among all types of food manufacturing industries. Two factors shaped the brewing industry. First, over 50 percent of the production cost went toward the procurement of raw materials. Second, after the late 1890s, a crucial condition for the expansion of the soy sauce industry was securing stable supply of raw materials not only from domestic regions but also from foreign countries and Japanese colonies. Therefore, we analyze the decision-making process of brewery companies with regard to the raw materials they used.Takanashi produced high quality soy sauce and low quality one. However, the price of the high quality sauce increased considerably after the 1890s. Therefore, Takanashi began to increase the production of the high quality sauce. They also began to procure imported raw materials mainly for the low quality sauce to reduce its cost. For the high quality sauce, they chose good quality raw materials. These raw materials procurement strategies played an important role in improving the competitive position of Takanashi's soy sauce in the market. Nonetheless, because the ratio of the quantity of high quality to low quality sauce increased, Takanashi was no longer able to strike a balance between cost reduction of the low quality sauce and quality maintenance of high quality one. This indicates a limitation of these strategies, and it was one of the causes of the emergence of the Noda Shoyu Company, Kikkoman's predecessor, that was established through a merger of individual proprietorships in 1917.

著者

前田 和利

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.71-79, 1987-10-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

鈴木 光明 山田 道夫 前田 優 永瀬 茂 赤阪 健

出版者

日本結晶学会

雑誌

日本結晶学会誌 (ISSN:03694585)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.73-78, 2016-04-30 (Released:2016-04-30)

参考文献数

37

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For the structure determination of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), X-ray crystallographic study is very powerful because it provides detailed information of the positions of encapsulated species as well as the cage structures. We have reported a number of X-ray crystal structures of EMFs and their derivatives, which are in good agreement with those suggested by theoretical calculations as well as NMR analyses. Herein we show the importance of interplay between experiments and theoretical calculations for the structure determination of EMFs by taking up La@C82, Gd@C82, and Sc2@C66 as the representative examples.

著者

前田 俊郎

出版者

ぎょうせい

雑誌

法律のひろば (ISSN:09169806)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.10, pp.35-40, 1970-10

被引用文献数

1

著者

前田 智子 浅川 具美 森田 尚文

出版者

The Japan Society of Home Economics

雑誌

日本家政学会誌 (ISSN:09135227)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.6, pp.571-579, 1999-06-15 (Released:2010-03-10)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2

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スポンジケーキの品質を客観的に評価するため, 小麦粉およびバターの混合過程に一定条件での手作業を確立し, バター添加温度の違いが生地と焼成後のケーキの性状におよぼす影響を明らかにした.スポンジケーキの材料配合は小麦粉 100g, 鶏卵 200g (卵黄 80g, 卵白 120g), 砂糖 100g とし, バターの添加量は30g とした.また添加温度はバター添加なしの対照, 40℃, 75℃, 98℃ の 4 試料とした.(1) バターの添加温度が高くなると, 生地の比重は小さくなり, 気泡の消失を抑制したと推察された.(2) バターの添加温度が高くなると, 生地中のバター粒子の分散性は良くなり気泡界面との付着も増加した.その結果気泡膜が強化され気泡の安定化にもつながったと考えられる.(3) バターの添加温度が高くなると, ケーキの膨化率と比容積は大きくなった.(4) バターの添加温度が高くなるとケーキはやわらかくなり, 弾力性に乏しく, 凝集性に富むようになった.(5) 官能評価では, 物性値の結果で特に弾力性に乏しく凝集性に富んだ 75℃ の試料が, 口ざわりと口どけの良さで良い評価を得た.以上の結果から, 高温のバターを添加することで生地に若干の熱が加わり, 卵中タンパク質の加熱変性とデンプン糊化が生じ, 焼成中気泡に十分な熱膨張をもたらしたと推察される.また生地中の水分含量は37.6~38.2% と試料間で有意差は認められなかったが, 添加されたバター中約 16% の水分はその温度が高温の場合には主にデンプンの糊化に使われ, グルテン形成を抑制し, ケーキの物性や官能評価に良い影響をおよぼしたと考えられた.

著者

前田 義郎

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.87-96, 2005-10-26 (Released:2018-02-01)

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As a result of recent developments in reproductive and regenerative medicine, the moral status of the zygote and the embryo is becoming increasingly important. This paper considers them from the perspective of "potential persons" and investigates issues arising from this perspective. In particular I critically examine Tooley's personhood theory. First, I examine the "interest principle" as a core of Tooley's theory. (1) On the normative character of "interest", Tooley insists interest is necessary for an entity to have a right to life, but I insist interest is a necessary and sufficient condition for invoking others' moral consideration toward the interest-holder. (2) On the interest of potential persons, I prove the possibility of acknowledging it. (3) On the "particular interests principle", I argue conscious interest isn't the only possible interest for persons. Thus I show the "interest principle" isn't sufficient for determining personhood. I then propose another principle for determining personhood: an "ends in itself" argument based on "moral ability". Those who destroy an entity regard it as merely a means, and then being an end in itself is decisive for a person. Next, I discuss being "end in itself" based on moral ability and conclude we can regard potential persons as potential holders of that ability. Finally, I consider the concept of "potentiality". Tooley argues that the destruction of potential persons is morally equivalent to contraception. I clarify the assumptions underlying this argument by examining his "three potentialities" argument and "moral symmetry principle". He considers potentiality in terms of causality (the cause-effect relationship). When considering living entities, however, I propose we consider potentiality in terms of teleology (the parts-whole relationship, and the process aiming at goals). This paper aims to establish a framework for protecting potential persons as potential moral agents. It concludes that this is fully possible.

著者

前田 義郎

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.139-153, 2002-11-10 (Released:2018-02-01)

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The 'personhood' argument is one of the basic principles of bioethics. But various forms are possible within this principle. The high evaluation of the patient's will is one form of personalism. The superiority of a person's value over a life's value is another form. But the famous 'personhood' argument today maintains a personhood is 'a necessary condition for the right to life'. This argument is linked with 'the denial of the right to life for potential persons' and 'the criticism against the speciesism'. This argument indeed provides some guidelines for abortion and the vegetative state, but it will admit almost any cases of the recent reproductive technology, especially ES cells. So, I want to define the person again from the viewpoint of 'moral personalism'. In this paper, I want to introduce my interpretation of Kant's 'categorical imperative', and then try to define a person on the basis of it. 'A categorical imperative' can be interpreted as 'a practical categorical syllogism'. We can discover two conditions for valid categorical syllogisms. And from these conditions moral practical laws can be deduced. Then, I define 'a person' as 'one who can perform such practical reasoning and act according to it'. A person means a moral being. This definition makes a new understanding on 'autonomy' possible, too. This definition of person is made from the viewpoint of the 'faculty', not the 'actual will'. Therefore we can consider the difference between 'a human being' and 'a chimpanzee', and also can view 'a potential person' as a person potentially possessing this faculty. This argument is not based upon a necessary condition for right to life, but upon the moral value we must esteem. I believe that from this point of view we can give some guidelines to the recent reproductive technology, ES cells.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.29-38, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

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It is often thought a difficult task to find a place for qualia in the physical world. The reason for this may be that qualia seem to be essentially intrinsic qualities so they cannot be captured entirely in terms of their causal-functional roles. This is the typical way in which qualia are thought to be physicalistically problematic. In this paper I rethink that very problem of qualia by means of metaphysical considerations concerning properties in general. The relevant question in the metaphysics of properties is whether properties have essences which determine their identities independently of their dispositional aspects. (Such essences are called 'quiddities'.) Indeed, the problem of qualia would take a different shape depending on the answer to that metaphysical question. I show this with reference to three main views on that question, namely, quidditism, the causal theory, and the identity theory. In closing, I make a brief remark about what these considerations imply for the relationship between physicalism and qualia.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.29-38, 2007-12-25 (Released:2010-02-03)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1 1

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According to the relational view concerning the ontological nature of perceptual experience, perceptual experience is a relation between the perceiver and its object. Moreover, if it is a relation, then it must be a cross-time relation. After explicating the principal motive for the relational view, this paper considers whether the ontological nature of perceptual experience can really be construed as a cross-time relation, and argues that the relational view can be defended against objections based on a temporal ontology in the form of the time-lag argument which assumes either Presentism or Eternalism. So it is concluded that as far as temporal ontology is concerned the relational view has no serious problem.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.69-77, 2006-03-25 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

27

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.103-109, 2002-03-25 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

25

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知覚の因果説は知覚に関心を持つ哲学者や心理学者によって広く受け容れられているように見えるが, 反対する者もいる。哲学的テーゼに反対者は付き物であるから, そのことは不思議ではないとも言えようが, 私にはやや奇妙に思えるところがある。知覚の因果説は基本的に知覚の概念に関するものであるが, 事実として知覚が生起するための因果的機構が科学的にある程度説明され, かつ反因果論者たちもその種の因果的機構の存在を否定するわけではなく, さらに一般常識も知覚の因果説的な捉え方を抵抗なく受け容れることができる (あるいは現に受け容れている) ように見えるのに, なぜ反因果論者たちは, 知覚の概念そのものは因果説的ではない (あるいは因果説的に捉えるべきではない) と敢えて主張する必要があるのか。実際, 私にはその理由が見当たらない。むしろ, 知覚の概念は因果説的であると考える方が理に適っているように思われる。そのことを論ずるのが本稿の目的であるが, 以下の議論は専ら視覚を問題にしている。反因果論者たちはすべての感覚様相について因果説を批判しているわけではなく (cf. [9] p.295), 批判の対象になるのは基本的に視覚か聴覚であり, 私が視覚の因果説を擁護するために持ち出す論点が視覚以外にも当てはまるわけではないからである。いずれにせよ, 私がここで論じたいことは, 敢えて控えめに言えぼ, 少なくとも視覚に関して因果説を拒否すべき理由は見当たらないということである.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.41-56, 2007-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, I investigate the role of properties for perceptual experience via a critical examination of the view that perceptual experience has properties as its primary objects and also has those properties as the determiner of its phenomenal character. The view in question can take two forms according to whether properties are construed as universals or as tropes. So I divide the view into two types and show that each of them has its own problems. In conclusion I propose an alternative view concerning the role of properties for perceptual experience.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.123-138, 2005-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

21

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The essence of representationalism as a theory concerning phenomenal character of experience is the thesis that there is no phenomenal difference without a difference in representational content. So, the obvious threat to representationalism is a counterexample which shows that there is a phenomenal difference without a difference in representational content. Indeed, in so far as experiences are treated as representations on a par with pictures or letters or even beliefs etc., such counterexamples seem rife. But, in so far as experiences are treated that way, the phenomenal difference in question can't be explained representationalistically nor anti-representationalistically. The aim of this paper is to show why this is so, and then make a proposal about how experiences should be treated ontologically in order to account for the phenomenal difference in question.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.29-42, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

13

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The aim of this paper is to show that some form of direct realism concerning vision is false. Section 1 defines what it is to see things directly and identifies naïve realism as the target of criticism. Section 2 criticizes naïve realism by arguing that we cannot phenomenally be conscious of three dimensional shapes of physical objects, and also explains how we see physical objects and why we are naïve realists before starting philosophical thinking. The final section concludes with some remarks about the character and limits of my argument against direct realism.

著者

山形 拓 平澤 大 大平 哲也 原田 喜博 前田 有紀 野田 裕

出版者

日本メディカルセンター

巻号頁・発行日

pp.583-588, 2015-04-20

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近年,内視鏡鎮静に関してプロポフォールの有用性,安全性が報告されている.プロポフォールは,半減期がきわめて短いため持続投与が可能であり,それゆえ鎮静深度を一定に保つことが容易である.この特性は長時間の安全で安定した鎮静を要するESDには非常に有用である.本稿では,当センターにおけるプロポフォール鎮静方法を紹介する.また,プロポフォール鎮静時の問題点を述べる.第一に,鎮静時の代表的偶発症である呼吸循環抑制の頻度をミダゾラムと比較した.第二に,プロポフォールでも鎮静困難となる場合があり,その要因についても検討した.

著者

前田 淑

出版者

日本文学協会

雑誌

日本文学 (ISSN:03869903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.10, pp.674-678, 1955-10-01 (Released:2017-08-01)

著者

高橋 英紀 中川 清隆 山川 修治 田中 夕美子 前田 則 〓 永路 謝 羅乃 王 曽 平

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.179-191, 1989-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2 2

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中国海南島の北部にゴムの木のプランテーションが展開されている農場(林段)があるが,そこで1986年4月から1989年3月までの3年間に観測されたデータを基に,微気象特性を調べた。粗度,地面修正量,ゴム林のキャノピーを通過する放射透過率など空気力学的パラメーターは,落葉前後で明らかに異なる。キャノピー上の短波放射のアルベードは,冬季には10%であるが,夏季と秋季には16%になる。落葉後,キャノピー上の顕熱フラックスが増加すると,潜熱フラヅクスは急激に減少する。林床上における顕熱フラックスは1日を通して非常に小さい。また,夜間には,負の正味放射による熱の損失があるが,それは地熱フラックスにより補償されることなどが明らかとなった。

著者

前田 直子

出版者

世界法学会

雑誌

世界法年報 (ISSN:09170421)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.42-64, 2012-03-28 (Released:2017-11-22)

著者

前田 茂

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.186-188, 2008-06-30 (Released:2017-05-22)

著者

前田 富士男

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.3, pp.83, 2005-12-31 (Released:2017-05-22)