著者

Chris Fook Sheng Ng Kayo Ueda Ayano Takeuchi Hiroshi Nitta Shoko Konishi Rinako Bagrowicz Chiho Watanabe Akinori Takami

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.15-24, 2014-01-05 (Released:2014-01-05)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

33 37

---

Background: Ambient temperature affects mortality in susceptible populations, but regional differences in this association remain unclear in Japan. We conducted a time-series study to examine the variation in the effects of ambient temperature on daily mortality across Japan.Methods: A total of 731 558 all-age non-accidental deaths in 6 cities during 2002–2007 were analyzed. The association between daily mortality and ambient temperature was examined using distributed lag nonlinear models with Poisson distribution. City-specific estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. Bivariate random-effects meta-regressions were used to examine the moderating effect of city characteristics.Results: The effect of heat generally persisted for 1 to 2 days. In warmer communities, the effect of cold weather lasted for approximately 1 week. The combined increases in mortality risk due to heat (99th vs 90th percentile of city-specific temperature) and cold (first vs 10th percentile) were 2.21% (95% CI, 1.38%–3.04%) and 3.47% (1.75%–5.21%), respectively. City-specific effects based on absolute temperature changes were more heterogeneous than estimates based on relative changes, which suggests some degree of acclimatization. Northern populations with a cool climate appeared acclimatized to low temperature but were still vulnerable to extreme cold weather. Population density, average income, cost of property rental, and number of nurses appeared to influence variation in heat effect across cities.Conclusions: We noted clear regional variation in temperature-related increases in mortality risk, which should be considered when planning preventive measures.

著者

Miki Oike Toshio Naito Mizuha Tsukada Yasumi Kikuchi Naoharu Sakamoto Yukiko Otsuki Hiroko Ohshima Hirohide Yokokawa Hiroshi Isonuma Takashi Dambara

出版者

The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine

雑誌

Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.10, pp.1259-1263, 2012 (Released:2012-05-15)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

12 16

---

Diaphragmatic paralysis is commonly caused by surgical and traumatic injuries, malignant neoplasm, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, in rare instances, diaphragmatic paralysis due to herpes-zoster virus infection has been reported. Here, we describe an 85-year-old woman who developed left hemidiaphragmatic paralysis within 19 days of the appearance of a typical herpes-zoster rash involving the C4-5 dermatome on the left side. Clinical and radiological findings revealed no local causes of phrenic nerve lesion. The hemidiaphragmatic paralysis was thought to be caused by herpes-zoster virus infection.

著者

Naoko TSUGAWA Akiko KUWABARA Honami OGASAWARA Mayu NISHINO Kimie NAKAGAWA Maya KAMAO Hiroshi HASEGAWA Kiyoshi TANAKA

出版者

Center for Academic Publications Japan

雑誌

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (ISSN:03014800)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.3, pp.172-180, 2022-06-30 (Released:2022-06-30)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

4

---

Avoidance of sunlight and self-restraint due to the COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to reduced vitamin D status. This study provides comparable data on vitamin D status in Japanese young women and assesses the effect of lifestyle, including changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, on vitamin D status. In study 1, 39 young healthy Japanese women aged 21–25 y were recruited from May 2016–June 2017. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration and diet and lifestyle information were obtained from participants each month (n=124). In study 2, using the same parameters as study 1, young women aged 21–23 y (n=10) were recruited in September 2020. In the results of study 1, we found the frequencies of vitamin D deficiency (25OHD<20 ng/mL) in spring, summer, fall, and winter were 90.5%, 62.5%, 81.5%, and 91.3%, respectively. The substantial difference of serum 25OHD concentration was obtained in spring (Δ3.6 ng/mL) and summer (Δ5.1 ng/mL) depending on the frequency of sunscreen use (0–2 d/wk, 3–7 d/wk). In study 2, serum 25OHD concentration in September 2020 was extremely lower than in September 2016 (13.2 ng/mL vs. 21.7 ng/mL). The number of days spent outside in 2020 decreased drastically compared with 2019. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency was highly common in Japanese women in their early 20s, and frequent sunscreen use contributed to low vitamin D status. Moreover, because the decrease in days outside due to the COVID-19 pandemic obviously resulted in a decline in vitamin D status, both appropriate sunbathing and increased dietary vitamin D intake are recommended to young women.

著者

Yumehiko Kurokawa Hiroshi Nakaoka Yuki Nishimura Koji Nishida Yoko Nakaoka Ryu-ichiro Imai Shu-ichi Seki Sho-ichi Kubokawa Kazuya Kawai Naohisa Hamashige Yoshinori Doi

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CR-23-0030, (Released:2023-04-20)

参考文献数

2

著者

Akio IKEDA Yasunobu ANTOKU Toshi ABE Hiroshi NISHIMURA Hiroshi IWASHITA

出版者

The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Medicine (ISSN:00215120)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.6, pp.740-743, 1989 (Released:2006-03-27)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

2 2

---

A 62-year-old male Japanese, a heavy drinker for his last 40 years, was admitted to our hospital because of unstable gait of acute onset. Despite large doses of thiamine injection, his condition rapidly worsened with confusion, and died 15 days after the onset. During the deteriorating course, a series of Computerized Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were taken of the brain, which revealed progressive multifocal involvement in the corpus callosum; Marchiafava-Bignami disease was suggested. To the authors' best knowledge, there have been no MRI examinations conducted from so early a stage of this disease on. MRI scanning proves to be a highly useful tool for early diagnosis of Marchiafava-Bignami disease.

著者

Atsushi Hozawa Kozo Tanno Naoki Nakaya Tomohiro Nakamura Naho Tsuchiya Takumi Hirata Akira Narita Mana Kogure Kotaro Nochioka Ryohei Sasaki Nobuyuki Takanashi Kotaro Otsuka Kiyomi Sakata Shinichi Kuriyama Masahiro Kikuya Osamu Tanabe Junichi Sugawara Kichiya Suzuki Yoichi Suzuki Eiichi N Kodama Nobuo Fuse Hideyasu Kiyomoto Hiroaki Tomita Akira Uruno Yohei Hamanaka Hirohito Metoki Mami Ishikuro Taku Obara Tomoko Kobayashi Kazuyuki Kitatani Takako Takai-Igarashi Soichi Ogishima Mamoru Satoh Hideki Ohmomo Akito Tsuboi Shinichi Egawa Tadashi Ishii Kiyoshi Ito Sadayoshi Ito Yasuyuki Taki Naoko Minegishi Naoto Ishii Masao Nagasaki Kazuhiko Igarashi Seizo Koshiba Ritsuko Shimizu Gen Tamiya Keiko Nakayama Hozumi Motohashi Jun Yasuda Atsushi Shimizu Tsuyoshi Hachiya Yuh Shiwa Teiji Tominaga Hiroshi Tanaka Kotaro Oyama Ryoichi Tanaka Hiroshi Kawame Akimune Fukushima Yasushi Ishigaki Tomoharu Tokutomi Noriko Osumi Tadao Kobayashi Fuji Nagami Hiroaki Hashizume Tomohiko Arai Yoshio Kawaguchi Shinichi Higuchi Masaki Sakaida Ryujin Endo Satoshi Nishizuka Ichiro Tsuji Jiro Hitomi Motoyuki Nakamura Kuniaki Ogasawara Nobuo Yaegashi Kengo Kinoshita Shigeo Kure Akio Sakai Seiichiro Kobayashi Kenji Sobue Makoto Sasaki Masayuki Yamamoto

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.65-76, 2021-01-05 (Released:2021-01-05)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

54 78

---

Background: We established a community-based cohort study to assess the long-term impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on disaster victims and gene-environment interactions on the incidence of major diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.Methods: We asked participants to join our cohort in the health check-up settings and assessment center based settings. Inclusion criteria were aged 20 years or over and living in Miyagi or Iwate Prefecture. We obtained information on lifestyle, effect of disaster, blood, and urine information (Type 1 survey), and some detailed measurements (Type 2 survey), such as carotid echography and calcaneal ultrasound bone mineral density. All participants agreed to measure genome information and to distribute their information widely.Results: As a result, 87,865 gave their informed consent to join our study. Participation rate at health check-up site was about 70%. The participants in the Type 1 survey were more likely to have psychological distress than those in the Type 2 survey, and women were more likely to have psychological distress than men. Additionally, coastal residents were more likely to have higher degrees of psychological distress than inland residents, regardless of sex.Conclusion: This cohort comprised a large sample size and it contains information on the natural disaster, genome information, and metabolome information. This cohort also had several detailed measurements. Using this cohort enabled us to clarify the long-term effect of the disaster and also to establish personalized prevention based on genome, metabolome, and other omics information.

著者

Chizuko Kuriyama Kouki Mori Yoshinori Nakagawa Saeko Hoshikawa Hiroshi Ozaki Sadayoshi Ito Minoru Inoue Masahiro Ohta Katsumi Yoshida

出版者

The Japan Endocrine Society

雑誌

Endocrine Journal (ISSN:09188959)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1009240485, (Released:2010-10-15)

被引用文献数

4 4

---

Red blood cell (RBC) zinc (Zn) concentration reflects a patient’s mean thyroid hormone level over the preceding several months. The aim of this study was to examine whether RBC Zn level can be used as an indicator to distinguish painless thyroiditis-associated transient hypothyroidism (TH) from permanent hypothyroidism (PH). RBC Zn level was measured in 30 untreated PH patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 7 untreated TH patients with painless thyroiditis in whom preceding transient thyrotoxicosis had been confirmed. RBC Zn concentration was significantly lower in TH patients than that in PH patients. There was a positive correlation between RBC Zn and serum TSH, and the latter was clearly lower in TH patients than that in PH patients. However, RBC Zn level was again significantly lower in TH patients than PH patients despite of the comparable serum TSH levels in both groups when RBC Zn was evaluated in patients with serum TSH levels of less than 50 mU/L. Thus TH patients could be identified with RBC Zn measurement, allowing us avoidance of unnecessarily prolonged T4 administration to them.

著者

Haruto HIRABA Hiroyasu KOIZUMI Hiroshi NOGAWA Kosuke TAKEHANA Takayuki YONEYAMA Hideo MATSUMURA

出版者

The Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices

雑誌

Dental Materials Journal (ISSN:02874547)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022-273, (Released:2023-04-28)

参考文献数

17

---

This study investigated the effect of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) in methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer on the adhesion of tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated resins (MDP/MMA-TBB resins) to human enamel. Enamel surface conditions were either polished only or phosphatized surfaces. The 1.0, 1.7, and 2.0 mol% MDP/MMA-TBB resins, 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META)/MMA-TBB resin and MMA-TBB resin were prepared as luting materials. The shear bond strength was determined before and after thermocycles, and the results were compared using non-parametric statistical analyses (each, n=15). The MDP/MMA-TBB resins showed significantly better bond durability to enamel than other resins with or without etching. The 1.7 and 2.0 mol% MDP/MMA-TBB resins were suggested to be the optimum MDP concentrations from pre- and post-thermocycling results for the non-etched specimens. The TBB initiator resin including MDP was shown to be effective in bonding to human enamel, and this effect was enhanced in combination with phosphate treatment.

著者

Aya Yoshimura Yoshitaka Obara Yoshikazu Ando Hiroshi Kayano

出版者

Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology

雑誌

CYTOLOGIA (ISSN:00114545)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.109-117, 2005 (Released:2005-04-04)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

3 2

---

The chromosomes of 4 species of grasshopper in the genus Oxya were analyzed by conventional and five differential-staining methods. All 4 species had a chromosome complement of 2n=22+XX(female)/XO(male), with very similar karyotypes. Both O. hyla intricata and O. japonica japonica had acrocentric chromosomes with minute short arms, while the chromosomes of O. chinensis formosana and O. yezoensis were almost all telocentric. In all 4 species, a secondary constriction (SC) was detected at a proximal site in chromosome 8, which had the same staining properties (positive for C- and CMA-banding; negative for G- and QM-banding) in all 4 species. Our C-banding analysis revealed that the short arms of O. hyla intricata and O. japonica japonica consisted of C-heterochromatin. The 4 species yielded species-specific patterns of C-bands, and there appeared to be a close relationship between O. chinensis formosana and O. yezoensis, as suggested by the polymorphism of the distal C-bands of chromosome 2. In all 4 species of Oxya, Ag-NORs were detected on the centromeric regions of all the chromosomes, but not detected on the SC of chromosome 8. The karyosystematic relationships among the 4 species are discussed on the basis of the results of differential staining.

著者

Hiroshi OKETANI Katsumi HARIMAYA Teruaki ONO Kazushige TERADO Satoshi INOHA Satoshi O. SUZUKI Takato MORIOKA

出版者

The Japan Neurosurgical Society

雑誌

NMC Case Report Journal (ISSN:21884226)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.109-113, 2023-12-31 (Released:2023-04-21)

参考文献数

19

---

Lumbar canal stenosis (LCS) has been reported as a precipitating factor by which a tethered spinal cord, which is asymptomatic during childhood, develops into tethered cord syndrome (TCS) in adulthood. However, only a few reports on surgical strategies for such cases are available. A 64-year-old woman presented with unbearable pain in the left buttock and dorsal aspect of the thigh approximately 1 year ago. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cord tethering with a filar-type spinal lipoma and LCS due to the thickening of the ligamentum flavum at the L4-5 vertebral level. Five months after the decompressive laminectomy for the treatment of LCS, an untethering surgery was performed at the dural cul-de-sac at the S4 level. The severed end of the filum was elevated rostrally by 7 mm, and the pain subsided postoperatively. This case study shows that surgeries for both lesions should be indicated for adult-onset TCS triggered by LCS.

著者

Kazuhito ITAMOTO Harumichi ITOH Hiroshi SUNAHARA Hiro HORIKIRIZONO Yuki NEMOTO Kenji TANI Toshie ISERI Munekazu NAKAICHI

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.22-0226, (Released:2023-04-25)

被引用文献数

1

---

Micro-endoscopic discectomy (MED) or microscopic discectomy (MD) have been performed for disc herniation in humans. The purpose of this study was to compare the invasiveness of the hemilaminectomy in dogs between the approach using a cylindrical retractor for the MED/MD and a conventional open surgical approaches in dogs. First, as preliminary studies, we analyzed the suitability of the cylindrical retractor for the vertebral body of small to medium-sized dogs on the X-ray computed tomographic images using the three-dimensional analysis software, and confirmed that it was possible to open a bone window of an approximate length of 1.72 clto the spinal canal with the cylindrical retractor with a diameter 17 mm using two medium-sized canine cadavers. Next, to determine difference in the invasiveness of hemilaminectomy, the magnitude of tissue damage, surgical stress and postoperative pain were compared between the conventional open approach (hemilaminectomy group: HL group, n=6) and the surgical approach using the cylindrical retractor (MD group, n=6) in 12 beagle dogs. The plasma creatine phosphokinase, C-reactive protein and cortisol concentrations, incision length and University of Melbourne Pain Scale scores after the hemilaminectomy were significantly lower in the MD group than in the HL group. There were no significant differences between the durations of surgery and the other evaluated indices. The approach using the MD can provide a less invasive hemilaminectomy than the conventional approach in dogs.

著者

朝倉 智大 佐藤 寛 Tomohiro Asakura Hiroshi Sato

雑誌

関西学院大学心理科学実践 = Kwansei Gakuin University Bulletin of Psychological Services and Research (ISSN:24356646)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.23-32, 2023-03-31

著者

HIROSHI IZUMI MAKOTO HAYAKARI YOSHIKAZU KONDO TSUNEMATSU TAKEMOTO

出版者

Tohoku University Medical Press

雑誌

The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine (ISSN:00408727)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.1, pp.101-102, 1975 (Released:2008-11-28)

参考文献数

12

---

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase was partially purified from bovine adrenal medulla and the effect of carnosine on the dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity was investigated. Carnosine significantly inhibited the enzyme activity at the concentrations higher than 0.5mM. According to the Lineweaver-Burk plots, the inhibition observed appeared to be a non-competitive type with the substrate, tyramine.

著者

川合 覚 石原 優吾 笹井 貴子 高橋 史成 桐木 雅史 林 尚子 山崎 浩 平石 秀幸 千種 雄一 Satoru Kawai Yugo Ishihara Takako Sasai Fuminari Takahashi Masashi Kirinoki Naoko Kato-Hayashi Hiroshi Yamasaki Hideyuki Hiraishi Yuichi Chigusa

雑誌

Dokkyo journal of medical sciences (ISSN:03855023)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.189-192, 2013-10-25

---

埼玉県在住の男性・64 歳.2012 年11 月初旬,近医で日本海裂頭条虫症の診断を受け,駆虫目的で本院消化器内科を紹介受診.外来で駆虫治療したところ,全長約250 cm の白色紐状で,全体的に肉厚感のある虫体を排出した.虫体は形態学的特徴より日本海裂頭条虫ではなく,クジラ複殖門条虫が強く疑われたため,遺伝子解析を行った.PCR によって増幅されたcytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 遺伝子(cox1)の全長塩基配列を解析したところ,既知のクジラ複殖門条虫の塩基配列と99%の相同性を示したことから,本症例はクジラ複殖門条虫症と確定した.該当患者は,便に白色紐状物が混入する2&#12316;3 か月前に,生シラスを生食しており,これが感染源となった可能性が高いと考えられた.

著者

水野 壮 Hiroshi Mizuno

出版者

麻布大学

雑誌

麻布大学雑誌 = Journal of Azabu University (ISSN:13465880)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, pp.1-10, 2022-03-31

著者

Hiroshi OTA

出版者

Kantokoshinetsu Association of Teachers of English

雑誌

関東甲信越英語教育学会研究紀要 (ISSN:09112502)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.65-76, 2003-03-01 (Released:2017-07-14)

---

The purpose of this study is to identify oral language development of 101 Japanese junior high school learners from the viewpoints of grammatical development at both the sentence level and the discourse level. (WH interrogatives, pronouns, and conjunctions were selected for analysis) The spoken data that were recorded for each student from November of the 1st year to March of the 2nd year were used for this study. The data consists of one-to-one interviews with an assistant language teacher. Some changes or developments can be observed from July to November of their 2nd year. The following were some features: accuracy rate of WH interrogatives, proportion of formulaic speech to the total number of WH interrogatives, the number of learners who used the subjective, possessive, and objective case pronouns correctly, and the number of learners who used the conjunctions 'when', 'because', 'so', 'but, and 'and'.

著者

Tamaki Sato Kazuhiro Tobiishi Tsuguhide Hori Tomoaki Tsutsumi Hiroshi Akiyama Toshiro Matsui

出版者

Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology

雑誌

Food Science and Technology Research (ISSN:13446606)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.FSTR-D-22-00204, (Released:2023-04-11)

---

We investigated the concentrations of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), which include hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and dechloranes and related compounds (DRCs), in 25 typical ready-made boxed sushi meals (each divided into seafood and non-seafood portions) using a developed simultaneous analytical method involving accelerated solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatographic separation. The developed method yielded good recoveries of surrogates (72–122 %). HBCDDs, PBDEs, and DRCs were detected in all seafood portions. While DRCs were also frequently detected in non-seafood portions, HBCDDs and PBDEs were hardly detected. The estimated dietary intakes of HBCDDs, PBDEs, and DRCs from boxed sushi meals were well below the corresponding health-based guideline values. In conclusion, our study suggests that the intake of HFRs from boxed sushi meals poses low concern for consumer health and that the developed simultaneous analytical method is highly useful for determining HFRs in seafood-based meals.

著者

Ngoc Kien Bui Ryo Kurihara Wei Wang Manabu Kanematsu Hikotsugu Hyodo Miku Takano Hiroshi Hirao Takafumi Noguchi Ippei Maruyama

出版者

Japan Concrete Institute

雑誌

Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology (ISSN:13473913)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.166-188, 2023-03-30 (Released:2023-03-30)

参考文献数

105

被引用文献数

1

---

This study investigates the wet carbonation of concrete fines with CO2 and natural air gas bubbling in a carbonation system at low temperatures. After the air- and CO2-wet carbonations, the properties of a solution and hydrated cement paste powder are determined. In the air and CO2-wet carbonations, more Ca is extracted into the solution at a low temperature of 5°C. This high Ca concentration in the solution through air-wet carbonation primarily originates from the portlandite and unhydrated phases of the cement paste. Even in solutions with high pH values, the rehydration process and C–S–H decomposition occur simultaneously in air-wet carbonation. Moreover, CO2-wet carbonation indicates that the decalcification of C–S–H occurs rapidly, even in the presence of portlandite. Air-wet carbonation presents a potential method for the direct air capture of CO2 using concrete waste fines in a short period.

著者

弥久保 宏 Hiroshi YAKUBO 駒沢女子大学人文学部国際文化学科

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.309-323, 2010-12-24

著者

Hiroki Mori Tadahiro Yoshikawa Hitomi Kimura Hiroshi Ono Hitoshi Kato Yasuo Ono Masaki Nii Takahiro Shindo Ryo Inuzuka Hitoshi Horigome Masaru Miura Shunichi Ogawa Junko Shiono Yoshiyuki Furutani Mikiko Ishido Toshio Nakanishi

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.1, pp.109-115, 2021-12-24 (Released:2021-12-24)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 4

---

Background:There has been no nationwide survey on the prognosis of pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Japan. Therefore, we designed this retrospective multicenter study to investigate the long-term survival rate in pediatric patients with DCM in Japan.Methods and Results:In this multicenter retrospective observational study, data were reviewed for 106 patients aged <18 years who had been diagnosed with DCM at any 1 of 18 Japanese institutions between 1990 and 2014. The median age at diagnosis was 2.0 years and the median duration of observation was 3.3 years. Most DCM patients were diagnosed because of symptoms of heart failure. On echocardiography, the median left ventricular end-diastolic dimension z score was 5.4 and fractional shortening was 0.10. Freedom from death or transplantation rates at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 years after diagnosis were 76%, 66%, 64%, 58%, and 43%, respectively. Freedom from death rates at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years after diagnosis were 81%, 75%, 72%, and 53%, respectively. The incidence of heart transplantation at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years after diagnosis was 6%, 15%, 20%, and 20%, respectively, suggesting that only 15% of patients in Japan underwent heart transplantation within 5 years of diagnosis.Conclusions:In Japan, the prognosis of pediatric DCM is poor and the rate of heart transplantation is low.