著者
岡田 英孝 阿江 通良 藤井 範久 森丘 保典
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, pp.125-139, 1996-07-25 (Released:2016-12-05)
参考文献数
23
被引用文献数
63 89

In the analysis of human movement, it is significant that appropriate parameters of the inertia property of body segments should be used because they will affect various computed kinetic variables. When analyzing the movement of elderly people, it is also desirable to use the inertia parameters of the body segments suitable for the elderly. Although there are appropriate sets of inertia parameters of the body segments for children (Yokoi et al., 1986) and young adults (Ae et al., 1992) of Japanese, no report exists on those for Japanese elderly. The purposes of this study were to determine the mass, the location of the center of mass (CM) and the principal moments of inertia about three axes of the body segments for Japanese elderly males and females by using an elliptical zone model (Jensen, 1978; Ae et al., 1992), and to develop a set of regression equations to estimate inertia parameters of the body segments using simple anthropometric measurements as predictors. Subjects were 90 Japanese elderly males aged 62 to 86 yr. (mean 75.1 yr.) and 89 Japanese elderly females aged 61 to 83 yr. (mean 73.0 yr.). Each subject, wearing swimming suit and cap, was photographed in a standing position in the measurement frame with a thin mirror mounted at an angle of 45° to the subject. Body segments were the head, whole torso, upper arms, forearms, hands, thighs, shanks, feet, upper torso and lower torso. They were modeled as a stacked system of elliptical zones 2cm in thickness. Segment density was assumed to be uniform and selected from 26 sets of segment densities after Dempster (1955) and Chandler et al. (1975). The mean errors in the estimation of total body mass were -0.07±0.54% (maximal error: -2.03%) for the males and -0.01±0.45% (maximal error: -1.27%) for the females. Equations for the estimation of the body segment inertia parameters were determined using a stepwise multiple regression with age, standing height, body weight and segment length as predictors. The results obtained could be summarized as follows: 1) There were significant differences in many body segment inertia parameters between the elderly males and females. The percent mass ratios of the forearm, hand, foot and upper torso for the elderly males were significantly larger than those for the elderly females, but the thigh, shank and lower torso ratios for the elderly females were significantly larger than those for the males. 2) There were significant differences in many body segment inertia parameters between the elderly and the young adults (Ae et al., 1992) and between the Japanese elderly and the Canadian elderly (Jensen et al., 1993; 1994). 3) The correlation coefficients between the body segment inertia parameters determined and estimated from the regression equations were all significant (0.328-0.979; p<0.01). The equations determined in this study should be valid for estimation of the body segment inertia properties for Japanese elderly.
著者
仲谷 政剛 大窪 伸太郎 野々川 舞
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, pp.159-167, 2018 (Released:2019-09-01)
参考文献数
18

本研究の目的は, 簡便に足部剛性を定量化する手法を提案すると共に, 走動作中の着地衝撃との関係を検討することである. 被験者は成人男性13名とし, 座位および立位における舟状骨高および鉛直方向地面反力を測定した. 両姿勢における荷重変化を舟状骨高変化率にて除した値を足部剛性とし, 体重の38.575% (足部および下腿部質量, ならびに大腿部質量および質量中心位置より算出) を舟状骨変化率で除した値を簡易足部剛性として, それぞれ算出した. その結果, 足部剛性と簡易足部剛性は良く一致することが確認できたと共に, 簡易足部剛性と着地衝撃との間に正の相関関係が確認できた (r=0.889, p<0.01). 本結果から, 足部の形状変化から得られる足部剛性の評価により, 走動作中の着地衝撃の大きさを予測可能であることが示された.
著者
田川 善彦 新田 益大 増山 智之 松瀬 博夫 志波 直人
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, pp.225-236, 2014 (Released:2017-02-15)
参考文献数
55

微小重力下にある国際宇宙ステーション (International Space Station : ISS) では生体の筋骨格系が減弱する. このため種々の対策が実施されているが, 大掛かりな設備となっている. そこで簡便で効果的な訓練法が模索され, 我々のグループではヒトへの電気刺激によるハイブリッドトレーニング (hybrid training : HT) 法を提案し, 地上や微小重力模擬下で効果を検証してきた. 本論文ではHTのISS 内実施に伴い想定される以下の事項を取り上げた. まずシステムの電気刺激条件と含水性刺激電極, 刺激装置と人体通電時の電磁適合性 (electro-magnetic compatibility : EMC) について検討した. 次にHTと人体浮遊時の身体揺動, 日本実験モジュール (Japanese Experiment Module : JEM) に上体を固定した時のISSへの振動的加速度の影響について検討した.
著者
結城 匡啓 阿江 通良 浅見 高明
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, pp.111-121, 1992-05-20 (Released:2016-12-05)
被引用文献数
6

Many researchers have attempted to measure the change in velocity of the center of gravity (CG) for speed skaters in stroking. However, there have been some difficulties in measuring the velocity change in speed skating; they include the very long stride length (about 10m) and the three-dimensional behavior of the skater's CG. The purposes of this study were to investigate the push-off technique for top-level Japanese speed skaters and the change in velocity during the push-off phase using 3D cinematography, and then to examine acceleration theory during the push-off phase in speed skating. Skaters participating in the 500m race of the All Japan student championship (1989) were videotaped (60 fields/s) by 10 VTR cameras over 20m at the crossing zone of the back straightaway. Twenty-two male skaters were selected as subjects and classified into two groups on the basis of the performance of the competition. 3D coordinates of the segment endpoints were obtained on five sub-areas (each 4m in length) using a DLT method. Displacement and velocity of the CG and the angles of the hip, knee and ankle joint were calculated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Push-off movement for the top group skaters placed the CG further forward than that of the second group. 2) The vector derived from the push-off movement for the top group skaters was directed forward, and accelerated the CG of the skaters effectively. 3) Increase in the velocity in skating direction for all subjects seemed to contribute more than expected to the acceleration of the CG. It has been proposed that acceleration in speed skating occurs by push-off of the leg in a direction perpendicular to the gliding direction of the skate, since the force applied to the opposite direction of gliding cannot contribute to acceleration of the CG due to very small frictional force. However, this theory cannot thoroughly explain the findings obtained for the top skaters in this investigation. Therefore, the acceleration theory should be modified to reflect the fact that the CG of the skater during speed skating is accelerated not only by the push-off perpendicular to the gliding direction but also by an increase in velocity vector in a gliding direction.
著者
沼津 直樹 藤井 範久 森本 泰介 小池 関也
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, pp.21-32, 2020 (Released:2021-07-16)
参考文献数
14

本研究ではキッカーにゴールのさまざまな地点へシュートさせ, ゴールキーパー (GK) が実際にダイビング動作によって対応した試技のシュート動作を対象に, GKがシュートの飛来する地点を予測する際に有用なキッカーやボールの動きについてバイオメカニクス的に検討することを目的とした. その結果, 右利きのキッカーが自身の左方向へシュートを行う際, 軸脚の足部や体幹の回旋角度が, 右方向へシュートする場合よりもより左方向へ向くことが明らかとなった. また, シュートがGKの近くまたは遠くに飛来するのかといったシュートの距離や飛来するシュートの高さについては, インパクト後のボールの軌道から素早く判断し, 対応しなければならないことが明らかとなった.
著者
金 承革 柴田 昌和 土田 将之 栗田 泰成 塚本 敏也
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, pp.151-165, 2020 (Released:2021-07-16)
参考文献数
39
被引用文献数
1

中殿筋は片脚立位保持や歩行において骨盤側方傾斜を制動して安定させる重要な筋である. 中殿筋の内部構造や筋出力や筋電波形特性を明確にすることは, 臨床での検査方法の適正改善や検査データのより良い解釈へつながり, ふらつきや転倒などの機能障害を改善・予防することに貢献できる. 肉眼解剖学的調査によって, 中殿筋内部には腱膜が存在し, 前部線維束と後部線維束に分かれることが明確になった. 股外転最大筋力発生時の筋断面積と筋電の測定では, 股伸展位で前部線維束が, 股屈曲位で後部線維束が主に寄与すると推測できるデータが観測された. 歩行中の中殿筋の両線維束の筋電位は, 被験者の個人特性があるが, 最大筋力発生時の特性を反映していた.
著者
森 仁 八島 建樹 小助川 博之 出江 紳一 高木 敏行
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, pp.79-88, 2018 (Released:2019-09-01)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
2 2

現在, 多くの脳血管障害患者や高齢者が, 嚥下障害により食物の経口摂取に困難を抱えている. 著者らは, 末梢神経磁気刺激により舌骨上筋群を反復的に収縮させることが, 嚥下機能の回復につながると考えている. 現在, 市販されている磁気刺激コイルは, 刺激範囲が広範なため, 舌骨上筋群刺激時に下歯槽神経などの不要な部位まで刺激してしまう問題がある. そこで, 著者らは, 磁性体コアを用いた構造を採用することにより, 磁気刺激時に局所的な渦電流分布が得られる狭い範囲の刺激に最適化したコイルの設計・試作を行った. また, 試作されたコイルを用いた磁気刺激により, 下歯槽神経を刺激することなく大きな舌骨上筋群の収縮が得られることを確認した.
著者
増田 正 佐渡山 亜兵
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.35-42, 1988-06-15 (Released:2016-12-05)
被引用文献数
1

Motor unit action potentials were derived with multiple surface electrodes from the biceps brachii of 3 healthy adults. The electrodes comprised a 9-by-16 grid array of small gold-coated metal contacts attached to a cylindrical plate. The spacing of the contacts was 5.08mm in the direction of muscle fibers and 2.54mm in the muscle circumference. With this electrode assembly 128 channels of myoelectric signals were derived simultaneously. Individual signals were derived bipolarly from a pair of contacts adjacent in the direction of muscle fibers. These signals were sampled by a computer, displayed on a graphic terminal, plotted on a chart and analyzed visually. The myoelectric signals showed motor unit action potentials propagating along the muscle fibers. The mechanism of the generation of motor unit action potentials indicates that the source of the propagation marks the location of myoneural junctions. In each subject the measurement was repeated 20-30 times by changing recording positions and contraction levels. These records were combined to draw a topographical map of myoneural junctions over the whole surface of the biceps. The map of myoneural junctions showed the innervation zones consisting of 6-13 separate areas and lying at the middle length of the biceps in a band 30-60mm wide. The number and the size of these areas varied between subjects. This technique of multiple surface electrodes has an advantage over conventional EMG techniques, e.g. spectral analysis, in that the measurement clarifies the anatomical structure of the muscle and the results are not affected by the electrical characteristics of the instrumentation devices. This technique should become effective in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders and in developing new application fields of surface EMG.
著者
速水 達也 金子 文成 木塚 朝博
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, pp.47-56, 2008 (Released:2017-02-15)
参考文献数
16
被引用文献数
2 1

本研究では, 体性感覚入力に基づく運動出力調節機能を体性感覚─運動連関機能と定義し, 運動経験による体性感覚─運動連関機能の違いを明らかにすることを目的とした. 対象者を運動経験の差によって運動群と一般群とに分類した. 体性感覚─運動連関機能の測定には, 運動平衡保持法と再現法を用いた. その結果, 運動群は一般群に比して運動平衡保持法の測定結果において有意に優れていた. また, 運動平衡保持法の測定結果には, 関節角度の正確な知覚と, 安定性の高い力発揮が関係していることが認められた. これらのことから, 運動の継続や長期の身体トレーニングを行っている者は体性感覚─運動連関機能に優れ, その背景には体性感覚機能と運動出力機能の向上が関係していることが考えられた.
著者
小野 誠司 木塚 朝博 岡田 守彦
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, pp.87-95, 2016 (Released:2017-08-01)
参考文献数
28

視覚情報の入力のタイミングは運動制御の調節や適応に重要な役割を果たしている. 先行研究から, 急激な速度変化を伴う視標の動きを繰り返し眼で追うことによって, 滑動性追跡眼球運動 (パーシュート) に適応的変化が起こることが知られている. 本研究では, 視標の速度変化のタイミングに注目し, 変化時間に同期したパーシュート適応が起こるかについて検討した. その結果, ヒトのパーシュートにタイミング特異的な適応 (タイミング適応) が認められた. さらに, 先行研究よりヒトとサルの眼球運動の類似性が報告されているが, タイミング適応の場合, ヒトとサルでは適応パターンが異なることも明らかになった. これらの結果から, パーシュートのタイミング適応はヒト特有の時間予測を含めたタイミング制御機構に起因していることが示唆された.
著者
中村 真里 中村 康雄 林 豊彦 福田 登 駒井 正彦 橋本 淳 信原 克哉 Chao Edmund Y.
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
no.16, pp.13-25, 2002-06-25
被引用文献数
9 4

Baseball pitching involves a complicated and rapid movement that has been investigated to prevent injuries and to improve the pitching performance. It is difficult to assess the pitching motion with high accuracy and a high sampling rate, due to the limitations of preexistent camera systems. The current camera system, however, has enough capacity to measure pitching motions with high accuracy and a high sampling rate. We have been diagnosing shoulder joint injuries caused by pitching. The patients (N=939) felt pain during the pitching sequence as follows: top position (32.5%), maximum external rotation (27.2%), and ball release (14.5%). Hence the top position is one of the most important postures to investigate the mechanisms of shoulder joint injury in pitchers. There have been no studies that focused on the top position, however. The main purpose of this study was to develop a system to assess the pitching motion accurately. Another purpose was to estimate the instant of the top position and evaluate the kinematics of the shoulder and elbow joints. Pitching movement was assessed using a motion capture system (ProReflex MCU500, Qualisys Inc., Sweden) in a studio that has an official pitcher's mound and home base. This system can record the positions of reflective markers at 500 Hz using seven CCD cameras. Thirty-two markers were mounted on the joints and body landmarks of each subject. Two markers were mounted on the ball. The pitching motions of eleven subjects were assessed, after a period for warm up. Kinematics parameters were calculated using three-axis gyroscopic Euler angle. The instant of the top position was observed for all subjects before the lead foot touched the ground. The interval from the top position to ball release was 0.242±0.0438 [s] (n=11). The subjects were divided into two groups by the type of posture at the instant of the top position, as follows: internal rotation group (n=5), 11.8±6.08 degrees, and external rotation group (n=6), 38.1±19.97. Other kinematics parameters at the top position were adduction of the shoulder at 74.2±19.84 degrees, horizontal adduction of the shoulder at 37.3±14.10 degrees, and extension of the elbow at 92.1±21.63 degrees. The timing and posture of the estimated top position were almost the same as those of the conventional top position. From the top position to lead foot contact on the pitching sequence, there were three patterns of elbow leading. The three patterns did not depend upon experience. We interpreted them as individual variations.
著者
伊藤 幸太 藤原 育海 細田 耕 名倉 武雄 荻原 直道
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, pp.31-41, 2016

<p>二足歩行中のヒト足部変形を3次元的かつ包括的に計測することは, 靴など製品の人間工学設計や, 整形外科における外反母趾の診断等において重要である. 本研究では, 計測物表面の変位・ひずみ分布やその方向を非接触で計測する手法として近年注目されているデジタル画像相関法を用いて, 二足歩行中の詳細なヒト足部の3次元変形動態の計測を行った. 成人男性5名に自由選択速度で歩行を行わせた際の右足部内外側面を計4台のハイスピードカメラを用いて撮影した. 足部表面には水性黒スプレーを用いてランダムな斑模様を塗付し, 模様の時空間的変化から立脚期中の足部の3次元形状変化と皮膚表面のひずみ変化を算出した. その結果, 立脚期前期および後期に立方骨付近の皮膚で特徴的な内外側方向の伸長がみられた. また, 踵離地後に後足部外側が伸長, 内側が収縮することが明らかとなった. 本手法の計測誤差をアルミ平板の形状計測により評価したところ, 約0.1mm以下であり, 歩行中に起きる足部変形量と比較しても十分小さいことを確認した. 本手法により得られる二足歩行中の足部の定量的な変形情報は, 人間工学や整形外科学分野において重要な知見になりうると考えられる.</p>
著者
駒井 啓二 富永 晟浩 川村 次郎 松矢 正利 福井 信佳 田中 政敏 西原 一嘉
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, pp.155-164, 1986-09-25 (Released:2016-12-05)

Using surface electrodes, we have developed and tested clinically FES systems for lower and upper limbs of hemiplegic patients and for upper limbs of quadriplegic patients. Furthermore, we have studied fatigue of muscle contraction caused by FES and intermittent sinusoidal high frequency stimulation. We have developed a peroneal stimulator for hemiplegic patients. Now, we are waiting approval of the Ministry of Welfare before putting it on the market in Japan. Clinical factors of hemiplegia relating to the peroneal stimulator were analyzed in 80 patients. It was found that hemiplegic patients who were slightly spastic and above stage IV of lower limb functional level (Brunnstrom) were good candidates for using the FES. According to our experience. FES was very suitable for the Japanese life style. We also developed a one-channel stimulator for upper limbs of hemiplegic patients. The stimulator was suitable for patients who have hypertonus of finger flexors. We have developed a two-channel stimulator for C_5-level quadriplegic patients. Finger flexors and extensors of only one hand are stimulated through two pairs of surface electrodes by this stimulator. The stimulator is controlled by a toggle switch which is manipulated by the other hand. Although the method of control is on/off in this system, strength of stimulation is increased gradually at the start of so that finger movement is gradual. In order to get active prehension and release by two-channel stimulation, a splint which stabilizes the wrist and thumb in the functional position was used. Furthermore, four fingers, the index finger to small finger, were held together by the finger support. In performance tests with three patients, it has been proven that quadriplegic patients are able to restore grasping by using this stimulator. We have measured muscle fatigue during FES and the period which is required for its cessation. In case of 60-second stimulation, 60-second off time was required for 90% restoration of grasping force. We have studied intermittent sinusoidal high frequency stimulation both in order to increase grasping force and to control pain. It was found that the grasping force by intermittent sinusoidal high-frequency stimulation (5.7kgf) is larger than grasping force by low-frequency stimulation (3.2kgf). However, patients who were stimulated by intermittent sinusoidal high frequency complained of more numbness than those stimulated by low-frequency stimulation.
著者
木塚 朝博 浅見 高明 谷井 克則
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, pp.173-183, 1994-08-10 (Released:2016-12-05)
参考文献数
25

Previous studies showed that three reflex EMG responses were recorded from the stretched muscle, when the wrist flexors were stretched by sudden angular displacements of the wrist joint in the extension direction. The first response, with short latency is called the M1 component and is thought to be a monosynaptic spinal reflex. The second and third responses, with long latency, are labelled M2 and M3 components and are assumed to be transcortical reflexes. It has been reported, however, that the M3 component is not reliable in occurrence. The amplitudes of reflex components are known to be modified by voluntary movement. Premotor time (PMT) in the reaction time movement is not studied in relation to aspects of the reflex EMG responses including long latency components. The present study was performed in order to investigate whether the PMT under conditions of stretch stimulus (SS-PMT) differs from that under conditions of light stimulus (LS-PMT) and touch stimulus (TS-PMT), and how the PMTs are related to the aspects of the appearance of the reflex EMG responses. Nineteen healthy males, ranging in age from 21 to 28, participated in this study. The DC torque motor was used to evoke the reflex EMG activities of the wrist flexors. The results are summarized as follows: 1) In all subjects SS-PMT was significantly shorter than TS- and LS-PMT. The results suggest that input from the muscle spindle to cerebral cortex shortened the PMT. 2) The short and long latency reflex components appeared preceding the voluntary EMG burst. The latency of M1, M2, and M3 was 19.1ms, 49.2ms, and 71.7ms, respectively. 3) The subjects were classified into three groups (A, B, C) according to the presence or absence of reflex components (M1, M2, M3) and these EMG amplitudes. SS-, TS- and LS-PMTs in group A were significantly shorter than the PMTs in group B, and each PMT in group B was significantly shorter than in the group C. 4) In group A the amplitude of M2 was significantly higher than the M1 amplitude. The M3 component was not identified, since the M2 component was followed by voluntary EMG burst. In group B the M2 amplitude was significantly higher than the M1, and the M3 amplitude appearing before the voluntary EMG burst was significantly smaller than the M2 amplitude. In group C the amplitudes of M1, M2, and M3 were larger in that order. These results suggest that the PMT is related to the presence or absence of the long latency components and those amplitudes.
著者
伊藤 慶一郎 菅野 重樹 岩田 浩康
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.21, pp.43-53, 2012 (Released:2017-02-15)
参考文献数
15

内出血を呈した高緊急度外傷患者の救命には, 出血性ショックの原因となる血液貯留を探索する迅速簡易超音波検査 (通称 : FAST) が重要となる. さらに救急搬送下あるいは現場において, 医師による遠隔操作のもと, FASTを施せる小型でポータブルな診断システムがあれば, 外傷患者の死亡率は飛躍的に低減できると考えられる. そこで本研究では, 内出血患者の早期診療を支援すべく, FASTが可能で, 患者の体幹に直接装着できるロボットシステムを開発したので報告する. 本稿で提案する新たな救急医療シナリオ, および体幹装着技術, 超音波プローブの駆動メカニズム, 小型・軽量化技術は, 場所を限定しない超音波診断の実現に寄与しえ, 救急医療の限界を大きく変革し得る新たな救命支援ツールとして普及する可能性を, 社会に強く訴えるものになると考えられる.
著者
寺島 正二郎 佐藤 栄一 小竹 和夫 植木 一範 佐々木 聡
出版者
バイオメカニズム学会
雑誌
バイオメカニズム (ISSN:13487116)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, pp.87-98, 2010 (Released:2017-02-15)
参考文献数
20
被引用文献数
1 2

本研究開発では頸髄損傷者や筋ジストロフィーなどの重度障害者のための操作・支援装置として, 残される随意機能の1つである舌の動作に着目して, 舌運動で操作可能なマウスピース型の操作装置の開発を行っている. 本稿では, 開発した口腔内リモートコントローラーの仕様を説明すると共に, その性能および操作性について評価を行った.  その結果, RFタグを用いることにより内蔵電源が不要なリモートコントローラーの開発に成功し, その通信特性として安定的な最大通信距離は大気中, 水中, 肉塊内共に110mm以上と良好な値を示した. また, 実利用時の通信特性を評価したところ, 頬脇にアンテナを設置した場合, 設計仕様を満たす十分な通信特性が得られており操作性も良好であった. さらに, 市販の電動車椅子を運転操作した結果, 安定した走行が可能であり, これらの結果から本システムの有効性と実利用の可能性を認めた.