著者

高橋 晃

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.15061, (Released:2017-01-14)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1

---

This study investigated the independence of old and new item processing in recognition judgment. Conventional recognition studies have focused on the “memory” aspects of recognition judgment, while new item processing has been treated as a “residual response” of old item processing. However, prior studies on confidence ratings and the brain research suggest the possibility that old and new items are independently processed. This study conducted recognition judgment tests with the number of learned items as independent variables, and response times for four answer categories (hit, miss, correct rejection, and false alarm) as dependent variables. Hit response times were consistently shorter than misses for all old items, while correct rejection (CR) and false alarm (FA) response times approached equivalence (CR = FA) for new items as the number of old (memorized) items increased. These results suggest that recognition judgment changes according to the number of old (memorized) items. We discuss the idea that new item and old item processing in recognition judgment occur independently.

著者

伊藤 直樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.16302, (Released:2017-01-14)

参考文献数

25

---

This study aimed to compare information provided on student counseling center websites of universities and colleges in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan. A survey was conducted on websites of 315 centers in Japan, 282 centers in the United States, 70 centers in the United Kingdom and 61 centers in Taiwan. Trends in the provision of information on websites in each country were analyzed and compared for the rate and quantity of information published. Results of multiple correspondence analyses indicated two basic dimensions of information that could effectively distinguish information provided in the four countries. These were provision of necessary information and provision of information for use of individual counseling or support of community. Finally, issues related to websites in student counseling centers of Japanese universities and colleges are discussed.

著者

山岡 明奈 湯川 進太郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.506-512, 2016

被引用文献数

11

---

<p>An "incubation period" refers to an individual's temporary shift away from an unsolved problem, which ultimately facilitates better problem solving. In this study, we experimentally examined whether creative problem solving was facilitated in accordance with the frequency of mind-wandering during an incubation period. Fifty-nine Japanese undergraduate participants (23 men and 36 women) were asked to complete the Unusual Uses Test (UUT) twice; the UUT is a traditional measurement of the various aspects of divergent thinking (including fluency, flexibility, and originality). They were also asked to rate the frequency in which they engaged in mind-wandering during the interval between UUTs, which was considered as the incubation period. The results indicated that participants who reported a higher frequency of mind-wandering during incubation exhibited more creative solutions on the UUT, especially in terms of flexibility and originality, than did those reporting a lower frequency of mind-wandering.</p>

著者

永野 惣一 藤 桂

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.463-473, 2016

被引用文献数

2

---

<p>This study examined the hypothesis that communicating with the weak ties promotes professional self-efficacy and work engagement, which mediates reflection of one's past career. As a preliminary survey, semi-structured interviews were conducted with incumbent employees and analyzed regarding career reflection arising from communication with weak ties. As part of this survey, Japanese employees (<i>n</i> = 340) were asked to respond to questionnaires that measured communication between weak ties, career reflection, professional self-efficacy, and work engagement. Factor analysis of the scores for career reflection extracted four factors: re-evaluation of own work styles, rebuilding of non-work activities, improvement of work autonomy, and evocation of work crisis awareness. Covariance structure analysis indicated that communication about work-related contents and expectations of the future with weak ties promoted the re-evaluation of the employees' own work styles, which was shown to promote professional self-efficacy and work engagement. These results support the original hypothesis and suggest that communicating with weak ties is an important resource for promoting positive change in employees' sense of work.</p>

著者

白木 優馬 五十嵐 祐

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.474-484, 2016

被引用文献数

3

---

<p>We examined two psychological processes of prosocial behavior: feeling gratitude and indebtedness. First, we asked if the value of the behavior for the receiver promotes gratitude; and second if the cost of the behavior for the giver promotes indebtedness. Gratitude and indebtedness were measured as behavioral indices of a <i>quid pro quo</i> (indirect reciprocity and direct reciprocity) to avoid social desirability effects in self-report measures. In Study 1, 119 undergraduates recalled a past experience in which they had been the recipients of prosocial behavior while emphasizing the value, cost, or situation (control) of the event. The level of gratitude was higher, and indirect reciprocity was observed more frequently, in the value condition than in the cost and control conditions. Indebtedness, however, did not differ across the conditions. In Study 2, 59 participants received a gift (the value and cost of which were manipulated) from an imaginary confederate. The value manipulation promoted indirect reciprocity, and both value and cost manipulations encouraged direct reciprocity. Implications for adaptive functions of gratitude in social selection processes are discussed.</p>

著者

久保田 彩 佐藤 眞一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.485-494, 2016

被引用文献数

2

---

<p>Based on Bandura's social learning theory, this study conceptualized the end-of-life care efficacy (EoLCE) of elderly care facility staff. In Analysis 1, an EoLCE scale was developed. Factor analysis identified two factors ―instrumental care efficacy and emotional care efficacy— with psychometric adequacy. In Analysis 2, a path analysis was used to examine the relationships between EoLCE and the number of care experiences provided (Care Experiences) as well as the four theory-based sources of self-efficacy: the frequency of feeling a sense of achievement (Achievement), number of opportunities to observe role models, number of opportunities to receive linguistic persuasions (Linguistic Persuasions), and negative emotional responses to end-of-life care. After controlling for these sources, we found that Care Experiences negatively influenced emotional care efficacy. Achievement had the strongest significant relationship with EoLCE. The three other sources showed significant relationships with EoLCE, but there was no relationship between instrumental care efficacy and Linguistic Persuasions. To increase EoLCE, the subjective number of social learning experiences relevant to end-of-life care was important, rather than the number of care experiences provided.</p>

著者

熊谷 佐紀 小野 史典 福田 廣

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.457-462, 2016

---

<p>In this study, we examined the difference in the processing of one's own name and other people's names using a mental rotation task. In Experiment 1, the observer's own name and other common names were presented visually. In Experiment 2, the observer's name and the names of people who were familiar to the observer were presented. The observer saw the name and judged whether it was mirror-reversed or not. The results show that reaction times and error rates were shorter, when the observer processed his/her own name compared to when processing others names. These findings might be due to peculiarities and familiarity of one's own name.</p>

著者

坂本 真士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.156-161, 1994-06-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1 2

---

There have been two views on how depressed people perceive themselves. One argues that they attend excessively to negative aspects of their selves. The other views that the depressed attend evenly to positive and negative sides of themselves, and the nondepressed persons attend more to their positive aspects. This study examined these views of cognitive bias, through a comparison of self referent judgments of trait adjcetives by mildly depressed and nondepressed groups of people. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure the severity of depression, and mildly depressed and nondepressed students, 342 in total, made self-referent judgments with a list of trait adjectives. The list consisted of pairs of semantically similar adjectives with contrasting desirability. With negative words, the mildly depressed tended to judge themselves more negatively than the nondepressed control. With positive words, no significant differences were found between the judgments by the two groups. It was concluded that negativity bias in self judgments was characteristic of the depressed persons.

著者

黒田 祐二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.415-420, 2016

被引用文献数

1

---

Although research has indicated that dysfunctional attitudes (DA) and depressogenic inferential styles (DIS) lead to depression when negative life events occur, little is known about how these factors function when negative life events do not occur. This longitudinal study examined the hypotheses that DA and DIS at Time 1 would lead to positive life events at Time 2 (four weeks later) in the absence of, but not in the presence of, negative life events at Time 2. This study also examined whether the effects of DA and DIS on positive life events differ depending on initial levels of depression. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that in the prediction of positive events, interactions of DA and DIS with negative events and depression were not significant. The main effect of DA was significant and positive; the main effect of DIS was significant and negative. The results indicate that the effects of DA and DIS on positive events differ, and the effects do not depend on the frequency of negative events.

著者

小澤 恒一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理研究 (ISSN:18841066)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.117, pp.193-219, 1921-09-01 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

1

著者

横光 健吾 金井 嘉宏 松木 修平 平井 浩人 飯塚 智規 若狭 功未大 赤塚 智明 佐藤 健二 坂野 雄二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.86.14321, (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

5

---

This study explores the psychological effects that Japanese people experience when consuming their “Shikohin”, such as alcohol, tea, coffee, and tobacco. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 542 people, from 20-to 69-year-old, who regularly consumed any one of “Shikohin” in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba. The participants responded to an anonymous questionnaire concerning the consumption patterns of their “Shikohin” and the psychological effects that they experienced in taking in their “Shikohin”. Results obtained using the K-J methods showed three common psychological effects in each “Shikohin”. These effects included an increase in relaxation response, the promotion of social relationships, and an increase in positive mood. Our findings suggest that Japanese people may get some common effects through consumption of different “Shikohin”.

著者

土田 昭司

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.6, pp.356-361, 1985-02-28 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

---

The present study examined effects of thinking on social judgment. The following two hypotheses were tested: (1) The subjects who thought about a stimulus person would judge statements concerning the person with smaller latitude of acceptance, with larger latitude of rejection, and with smaller latitude of noncommitment than the subjects who were distracted from thinking. (2) The subjects who thought about the stimulus person would spend less time to form the judgments above than the subjects who were distracted from thinking. Twenty-four male undergraduates watched a video-tape which showed a stimulus person. Half of the subjects were instructed to think about the stimulus person for two minutes. The other half of the subjects were distracted from thinking for two minutes. Nine statements which described the behavioral intentions toward the stimulus person were displayed on a screen of a micro-computer. The subjects first judged whether the statements were acceptable, and then judged whether the statements were rejectable. Their judgments and the response time which they spent to judge were measured. The results supported both of the hypotheses.

著者

豊沢 純子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.6, pp.542-547, 2005-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

23

---

This study examined the effect of orthography (kanji, kana, and alphabet) on the usage of recognition heuristic, in the context of ecological rationality research. Forty-five students participated and performed the task consisted of randomly drawn two-alternative questions about population sizes of the 20 largest Chinese cities, except Beijing and Shanghai. It was found that kanji and kana tasks led to the usage of recognition heuristic more than alphabet task. Furthermore, judgments in kanji and kana tasks were more accurate than in alphabet task. These results suggested that the usage of recognition heuristic was facilitated when it increased judgment accuracy, and that recognition heuristic had ecological rationality.

著者

及川 昌典 及川 晴

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.5, pp.485-491, 2010 (Released:2011-04-20)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

2

---

The present study explores the division of labor for consciousness and the unconscious by examining the effect that the conscious mental compilation of implementation intentions has on unconscious goal priming. Temptations (e.g., leisure activities) that compete with goals (e.g., to study) inhibit relevant goal pursuit. However, forming an implementation intention to pursue a goal without succumbing to temptations may set off automatic self-regulation based on renewed associations where activation of temptation triggers goal pursuit. An experiment with undergraduates (N=143) revealed that in the “no conscious compilation” control condition, goal priming facilitated and temptation priming inhibited subsequent task performance. However, in the “conscious compilation” condition, temptation priming facilitated subsequent task performance equally as much as goal priming did. These results are consistent with the notion that automatic goal pursuit in the direction counter to existing mental associations could be achieved following conscious compilation of implementation intentions. Implications of these findings for effective coordination of consciousness and the unconscious in self-regulation are discussed.

著者

古村 健太郎 村上 達也 戸田 弘二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.303-313, 2016

被引用文献数

18

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The purpose of this study was to translate the Experience of Close Relationship-Relationship Structure (ECRRS) and evaluate its validity. In study 1 (N = 982), evidence based internal structure (factor structure, internal consistency, and correlation among sub-scales) and evidence based relations to other variables (depression, reassurance seeking and self-esteem) were confirmed. In study 2 (N = 563), evidence based on internal structure was reconfirmed, and evidence based relations to other variables (IWMS, RQ, and ECR-GO) were confirmed. In study 3 (N = 342), evidence based internal structure (test-retest reliability) was confirmed. Based on these results, we concluded that ECR-RS was valid for measuring adult attachment style.

著者

浅野 良輔 吉澤 寛之 吉田 琢哉 原田 知佳 玉井 颯一 吉田 俊和

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.284-293, 2016

被引用文献数

9

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The domain-specific approach to socialization has classified socialization mechanisms into several domains, including the protection and control domains, and postulates that parent–child interactions that promote socialization in each domain are different. However, there are few empirical investigations of the domain–specific approach. This study examined whether parental parenting attitudes affected early adolescents' empathy, including empathic concern and perspective taking, and social cognitive biases, including cognitive distortion and general beliefs about aggression, through the mediation of adolescents' perceptions. Junior high school students and their parents (N = 448) completed a questionnaire. Results of structural equation modeling indicated (a) parental acceptance and control increased empathy via adolescents' perceived acceptance and control, (b) parental acceptance and control decreased social cognitive biases via adolescents' perceived acceptance and control, and (c) parental control directly increased empathy. In addition, multiple group analyses indicated the validity of gender- and age-invariant models. These findings suggest that parental parenting attitudes are essential for appropriate socialization during early adolescence.

著者

芳賀 道匡 高野 慶輔 羽生 和紀 西河 正行 坂本 真士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.273-283, 2016

被引用文献数

7

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The purpose of this study was to examine how university social capital and subjective social capital could predict undergraduate students' subjective well-being including depression, school satisfaction, and life satisfaction. In this cross-sectional study, we conducted multilevel structural equation modeling on the data of 2,021 students at 38 universities in Japan. At the university level, we found the associations between social capital (fellows) and depression, social capital (classmates) and life satisfaction, and social capital (faculty) and school satisfaction. At the student level, all subjective social capital (fellows, classmates, and faculty) were associated with all the factors of subjective well-being. These results suggest the influence of university social capital and that of subjective social capital are associated with students' subjective well-being.

著者

増田 真也 坂上 貴之 北岡 和代 佐々木 恵

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.87.15034, (Released:2016-07-09)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

6

---

Certain participants are insincere, or careless when they respond to questionnaires. To identify such participants, we included three items in a questionnaire that instructed participants to choose a particular response category. Nurses (N = 1,000) responded to this questionnaire in a Web survey. One-hundred-twenty participants failed to follow the instructions for at least one item (non-followers). Analyzing their responses indicated the following: (a) non-followers were more likely to give identical, or midpoint responses; (b) the correlations between their responses to regular and reversed items were low or positive, and their responses to scales containing reversed items tended to show lower internal consistency; and finally, (c) the mean scores of non-followers were closer to the midpoint of the scale, regardless of whether the scale included reversed items. One reason that including reversed items lead to lower internal consistency could be because participants occasionally missed responding to these items. However, the results suggested that non-followers were not diligent in responding to regular items, and merely deleting reversed items from scales will be insufficient to ensure accurate results.

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理研究 (ISSN:18841066)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.118, pp.310b-310b, 1921 (Released:2010-07-16)

著者

外山 美樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.4, pp.436-442, 2013-10-25 (Released:2013-12-25)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

---

The effect of knowledge about the results of movements (KR) and self-estimates about such results were investigated. In a 2×2 factorial design, participants (N=61) first practiced a coordination motor task. Then they either estimated or did not estimate the results of previous movements they made. During acquisition, participants were provided KR either after every response, or after every third response. A no-KR retention test revealed an interaction between KR frequencies and self-estimates about the results of movements. When participants did not estimate the results of movements made during acquisition, retention was enhanced in the low KR frequency condition, compared to the high KR frequency condition. However, when participants did estimate the results of movements, high KR enhanced retention more than low KR.