著者

橋本 正史

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.6, pp.534-538, 2016 (Released:2016-06-01)

参考文献数

11

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2015年4月からスタートした機能性表示食品の中で機能性成分としてルテインとゼアキサンチンがあるが、消費者の認知はまだそれほど高くない。表示例としては「ルテイン、ゼアキサンチンには眼の黄斑色素量を維持する働きがあり、コントラスト感度の改善やブルーライトなどの光刺激からの保護により、眼の調子を整えることが報告されています」というのがある。表示の科学的根拠は何か又安全性はどうかということについて紹介したい。

著者

池上 四郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

MEDCHEM NEWS (ISSN:24328618)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.4, pp.9-10, 1996-11-15 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

芹沢 貴之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.10, pp.919-923, 2019 (Released:2019-10-01)

参考文献数

15

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創薬の分野においてもAIの活用は注目を集めている。化合物デザイン、QSAR、QSPRによる活性物性予測、合成経路提案など、様々なパートへAI(主に深層学習)を適用する報告も多くなされてきている。その一方で、実例報告はまだ多くはない。そこで今回は、実際の創薬研究プロジェクトでのAIの活用事例、並びに今後の展望について紹介させていただきたい。

著者

小園 亜希 諌見 圭佑 塩田 喜美子 津曲 恭一 永野 真久 井上 大奨 安達 るい 平木 洋一 中川 義浩 神村 英利 山道 研

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.5, pp.769-776, 2016 (Released:2016-05-01)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

7

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Falls are common in elderly patients and are often serious. Several drugs have been associated with an increased risk of fall. Older adults often take multiple drugs for chronic diseases, and thus may be at increased risk from drugs associated with fall. We investigated the association between drug use and falling in hospitalized older people, with the goal of identifying medications that may increase the risk of a fall. A retrospective case control study was performed at the National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Saishunso Hospital in Japan. Medications taken by patients who fell (n=57) were compared with those taken by patients who did not fall (n=63). The median age (interquartile range; IQR) of the fall and non-fall groups were 75.0 (67.0-83.0) and 80.0 (70.3-84.5) years, respectively. The characteristics of the two groups were similar, with no significant differences in age, sex, or body weight. The probability of falling increased when the patients used zolpidem [odds ratio (OR)=2.47; 95%CI: 1.09-5.63; p<0.05] and calcium channel antagonists (OR=0.299; 95%CI: 0.13-0.68; p<0.01), and was also related to physical factors (OR=2.27; 95%CI: 1.01-5.09; p<0.05). Elderly patients taking zolpidem may fall due to sleepiness, and blood pressure control may be important to prevent orthostatic high blood pressure. In the treatment of elderly people, medical staff should try to choose drugs that prevent fall or are not associated with falling.

著者

久綱 僚

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.152, 2021 (Released:2021-02-01)

参考文献数

3

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潰瘍性大腸炎(ulcerative colitis: UC)は,クローン病とともに炎症性腸疾患(inflammatory bowel disease: IBD)に分類される.時に血液を伴う下痢や腹痛を引き起こし,寛解と増悪を繰り返して慢性的な経過を辿る.UCの発症メカニズムは今日においても解明されておらず,根本的な治療法も確立されていないことから患者数は世界規模で増加傾向にあり,日本では難病に指定されている.そのようなUCに対し,たばこの煙(cigarette smoke: CS)が発症リスク,進行,再発を抑えるという疫学的な報告がある.また,UCモデルとして確立されているデキストラン硫酸ナトリウム(dextran sulfate sodium: DSS)誘発性大腸炎マウスにおいても,疫学的所見に肯定的な結果が得られている.しかし,CSの腸管炎症に対する影響を調べた研究は限られており,そのメカニズムは明らかとなっていない.今回,Lo SassoらはUCモデルマウスを用いて,CS曝露によって腸管での発現量が変動する遺伝子群を同定した.また,CSがマウス腸内細菌叢の組成に影響を与え,大腸炎の緩和または回復の促進に寄与することを明らかにしたので紹介する.なお,本稿は下記の文献に基づいて,その研究成果を紹介するものである.1) Mahid S. S. et al., Mayo. Clin. Proc., 81, 1462-1471(2006).2) Lo Sasso G. et al., Sci. Rep., 10, 3829(2020).3) Kang C. S. et al., PLoS One, 8, e76520(2013).

著者

嶋根 卓也 邱 冬梅 和田 清

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.140, no.2, pp.173-178, 2020-02-01 (Released:2020-02-01)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 2

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This study aimed to review the current state and trends in cannabis use in Japan, using data from several national epidemiological surveys. The number of cannabis users in the general population was estimated approximately 1.3 million people. Cannabis use increased between 2015 and 2017. In 2017, the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was greater than that of inhalants, and cannabis had become the most abused drug in Japan. The increase in cannabis users is thought influenced by increased access to illegal cultivation and positive thinking about cannabis use among many people, especially younger individuals.

著者

野尻 宗子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.135, no.6, pp.793-808, 2015-06-01 (Released:2015-06-01)

参考文献数

108

被引用文献数

1 4

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The provision of health care frequently creates digitalized data such as hospital-based electronic data, medication prescription records, and claims data collectively termed “administrative database research”. The data source and analytical opportunities for study create risks that can lead to misinterpretation or bias the results. This review serves as an introduction to the concept of bias and confounding to help researchers conduct methodologically sound pharmacoepidemiologic research projects using administrative databases. Beyond general considerations for observational study, there are several unique issues related to database research that should be addressed. The risks of uninterpretable or biased results can be minimized by: providing a robust description of the data tables used; focusing on why and how they were created; measuring and reporting the accuracy of diagnostic and procedural codes used; and properly accounting for any time-dependent nature of variables. The hallmark of good research is rigorously careful analysis and interpretation. The promise for value of real world evidence using databases in medical decision making must be balanced against concerns related to observational inherited limitations for bias and confounding. Researchers should aim to avoid bias in the design of a study, adjust for confounding, and discuss the effects of residual bias on the results.

著者

木津 純子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.3, pp.315-321, 2017-03-01 (Released:2017-03-01)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

3

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Sleepiness is known as one of the side effects of antihistamines, and impaired performance caused by these drugs has become problematic. Among the 13 second-generation antihistamines causing sleepiness to some extent, the package inserts of 8 drugs prohibit driving, 3 stress driving with care, and 2 give no driving-related warning. It was confirmed that the description did not necessarily reflect the results of the standard deviation of lateral position measurement study, which is considered the most effective study for evaluating the effects of drugs on automobile driving. Do these descriptions reflect actual patients' sleepiness? According to a questionnaire survey involving 2000 individuals taking second-generation antihistamines, 7.3% of respondents answered that they had always become sleepy after taking antihistamines (3.1-12.5% according to the type of antihistamine), 32.8% (27.8-45.8%) had become sleepy sometimes, 9.1% (3.1-15.8%) had previously become sleepy but not anymore, and 40.9% (27.1-49.1%) had never become sleepy. In addition, 10.3% (2.4-21.1%) reported intolerable sleepiness. Patients who had experience of receiving pharmaceutical education from pharmacists numbered 1296 (64.8%), and 80.2% of them had also received driving-related explanations, which included the prohibition of driving (32.8%), stressing the need to drive with care (54.7%), and the prohibition of medication before driving (12.0%). Concerning these explanations, the proportion who paid attention on a daily basis, paid slight attention, and paid no attention was 36.7, 31.2, and 32.1%, respectively. To provide effective and safe pharmacotherapy for the increasing number of patients taking antihistamines, pharmacists should ideally improve pharmaceutical education.

著者

石田 寛明

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.8, pp.819, 2017 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

2

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銅触媒を用いたアジド–アルキン環化付加(CuAAC)反応は,2001年にK. B. Sharplessによって提唱された「クリックケミストリー」で中心を担う反応である.本反応は基質選択性と反応性が高く,生体直交型反応として応用され,生物学的プロセスの研究を可能にする有用な手法である.一方で,in vivoへの適用は銅触媒の毒性が問題になるうえ,様々な生体分子が複雑に存在する細胞内で,高い選択性で反応を進行させることが課題となる.この背景のもと Clavadetscherらは,新たに開発した不均一系触媒を用いて CuAAC反応を行い, 抗腫瘍活性化合物の初のin vivo合成を達成したので紹介する.なお,本稿は下記の文献に基づいて,その研究成果を紹介するものである.1) Kolb H. C. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 40, 2004–2021(2001).2) Clavadetscher J. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 15662–15666(2016).

著者

梅澤 雅和 小野田 淳人 武田 健

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.1, pp.73-78, 2017-01-01 (Released:2017-01-01)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

7 10

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The toxicity of nanoparticles (nanotoxicology) is being investigated to understand both the health impacts of atmospheric ultrafine particles—the size of which is a fraction (<0.1 μm aerodynamic diameter) of that of PM2.5 (<2.5 μm diameter)—and the safer use of engineered nanomaterials. Developmental toxicity of nanoparticles has been studied since their transfer from pregnant body to fetal circulation and offspring body was first reported. Here we reviewed the developmental toxicity of nanoparticles on the brain, one of the most important organs in maintenance of mental health and high quality of life. Recently the dose- and size-dependency of transplacental nanoparticle transfer to the fetus was reported. It is important to understand both the mechanism of direct effect of nanoparticles transferred to the fetus and offspring and the indirect effect mediated by induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pregnant body. Locomotor activity, learning and memory, motor coordination, and social behavior were reported as potential neurobehavioral targets of maternal nanoparticle exposure. Histopathologically, brain perivascular cells, including perivascular macrophages and surrounding astrocytes, have an important role in waste clearance from the brain parenchyma. They are potentially the most sensitive target of maternal exposure to low-dose nanoparticles. Further investigations will show the detailed mechanism of developmental toxicity of nanoparticles and preventive strategies against intended and unintended nanoparticle exposure. This knowledge will contribute to the safer design of nanoparticles through the development of sensitive and quantitative endpoints for prediction of their developmental toxicity.

著者

宗 村盛 鈴木 豊史 高野 賢児 島田 侯陛 井上 真由美 川井 龍美 深水 啓朗 伴野 和夫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, no.5, pp.587-595, 2013-05-01 (Released:2013-05-01)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1 2

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Japanese patients with normal renal function were retrospectively analyzed to characterize increases in serum creatinine (SCr) observed following the use of a sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) combination product and identify factors affecting these increases. In the patients studied (n=49), an individual comparison was conducted for the three factors of age group [≤74 years (n=21) vs. ≥75 years (n=28)], sex [male (n=24) vs. female (n=25)], and total dose throughout the treatment period [≤7 g (n=24) vs. ≥8 g (n=25)] to determine the extent of SCr increase following SMX-TMP combination product use. SCr increased significantly following SMX-TMP combination product use in patients ≤74 years of age and ≥75 years of age, in both males and females, and in patients with a total dose of ≥8 g (8 to 96 g) (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independence of these factors. Total dose was identified as an independent factor and had an odds ratio of 6.571 [95% confidence interval=1.735-24.882, p=0.006]. Post-treatment percent increases in SCr were compared using pre-treatment levels as the baseline. The group with a total dose of ≥8 g (mean 29.8 g) had a significant SCr increase of 18.4% (p=0.002), while the increase in the ≤7 g (mean 5.3 g) group was only 4.5%. The data showed that SCr increased by about 20% when the total dose taken over the treatment period was around 30 g (about 2.4 g as TMP) and indicated that total dose contributes more than age and sex to the post-treatment increase in SCr.

著者

清水 忠 西村 奏咲 上田 昌宏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.138, no.8, pp.1085-1093, 2018-08-01 (Released:2018-08-01)

参考文献数

7

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Recently, it has been reported that only a small number of sixth-year students who had undergone a long-term pre-clinical training in the fifth year found organic chemistry useful. To explain this, we hypothesized that pharmacists are unable to utilize the knowledge of organic chemistry to solve clinical problems. With the aim of addressing this problem, we conducted a workshop consisting of a series of lectures and exercises on structural similarity, solubility, absorption, and metabolism of drugs based on a chemical structural formula. Then, we administered a questionnaire survey to 253 participants who had participated in our workshop. The questionnaire comprised 17 questions, and free descriptions were analyzed using text mining. Results showed that, although about 45% of the participants confirmed the chemical structural formula described in the medical package insert, and about 22% of the participants had the opportunity to check the metabolites described in the drug interview form, more than 90% of the participants were interested in the workshop contents. Thus, pharmacists may want to learn how the process of utilizing the chemical structural formula can be applied to their clinical practice.

著者

大谷 尚

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.6, pp.653-658, 2017-06-01 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

17 9

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The article is an in-depth explanation of qualitative research, an approach increasingly prevalent among today's research communities. After discussing its present spread within the health sciences, the author addresses: 1. Its definition. 2. Its characteristics, as well as its theoretical and procedural background. 3. Its procedures. 4. Differences between qualitative and quantitative approaches. 5. Mixed methods incorporating quantitative research. And in conclusion: 6. The importance of establishing an epistemological perspective in qualitative research.

著者

清水 敏之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.2, pp.173-178, 2016-02-01 (Released:2016-02-01)

参考文献数

16

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors that recognize microbial components and initiate subsequent immune responses. TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded (ss)RNA and initiate innate immune responses. Moreover, several small-molecule compounds have been identified as TLR7 and TLR8 activators. We determined the crystal structures of unliganded and ligand-induced activated human TLR8 dimers. Upon ligand stimulation, the TLR8 dimer was reorganized such that the two C-termini were brought into proximity. Ligand binding induces reorganization of the TLR8 dimer, which enables downstream signaling processes. To elucidate how TLR8 recognizes its natural ligand, ssRNA, as well as how the receptor can be activated by ssRNA that is structurally and chemically very different from the chemical ligands, we performed crystallographic studies of TLR8 in complex with ssRNA. TLR8 recognizes, at distinct sites, uridine and small oligonucleotides derived from the degradation of ssRNA. Uridine bound the site on the dimerization interface where small chemical ligands are recognized, whereas short oligonucleotides bound a newly identified site. Based on structural information, new compounds have been developed. We describe the crystal structure of a newly developed agonist, C2-butyl furo[2,3-c]quinolone.

著者

國方 敏夫 河野 恵三 牛尾 慎平 福田 恵温

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.131, no.11, pp.1667-1674, 2011-11-01 (Released:2011-11-01)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1 1

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We previously reported that oral administration of NK-4, a criptocyanine dye, enhances interleukin (IL)-12-depend- ent interferon (IFN)-γ production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse splenocytes. These findings raised a possibility that NK-4 potentiated IFN-γ production by T cells, natural killer (NK) cells or natural killer T (NKT) cells in response to IL-12 produced by macrophage and dendritic cells. To explore this possibility, we first analyzed percentages of T, NK or NKT cells in splenocytes of mice that were administered NK-4 orally for three days. The percentage of NKT cells in splenocytes from NK-4-treated mice was significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to vehicle-treated mice. When splenocytes were stimulated with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), an NKT cell ligand, IFN-γ production by splenocytes from NK-4-treated mice tended to increase, while no difference in the IL-4 production and proliferation were observed between the vehicle- and NK-4-treated mice. When IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios were calculated in individual mice, the ratios were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in NK-4-treated mice. Furthermore, IL-12 production by α-GalCer-stimulated splenocytes from NK-4-treated mice was also significantly (p<0.05) increased. These results suggest that oral administration of NK-4 increases the population of type I NKT cells with potent IFN-γ-producing activities. Since IL-12 and IFN-γ have been shown to play important roles in anti-tumor immunity as well as in the defence against bacterial infection, our results further imply that NK-4 may provide a potential therapeutic tool in cancer immunotherapy.

著者

山本 郁男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.7, pp.537-561, 1986-07-25 (Released:2011-01-31)

参考文献数

117

被引用文献数

10 9

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The review on our recent works mainly consists of four parts in relation to biochemical pharmacology and toxicology, and metabolism of marihuana constituents, tetrahydrocannabinol as follows; 1) metabolic activation, 2) interactions with other central acting drugs, 3) development of tolerance and cross-tolerance, 4) other biological effects.Especially, the role of the active metabolites of tetrahydrocannabinol in the marihuana intoxication has been discussed in detail.

著者

山中 章弘

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.10, pp.968-972, 2014 (Released:2016-09-30)

参考文献数

20

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複雑に絡み合う脳内の無数の神経の中から,標的とする神経細胞の活動だけを狙い,透過性の高い光を用いて極めて高い時間精度でその神経の活動を操作するオプトジェネティクス(光遺伝学)の進化が著しい.特に個体動物の脳内の一部の神経細胞の活動を操作し,個体の行動をも制御可能な点が画期的である.新しい実験手法である光遺伝学の基礎知識から同実験手法をげっ歯類に応用した最近の研究について紹介し,将来の創薬分野への応用の可能性について論じる.光遺伝学は,2005年に開発された新しい実験技術である.特定の波長の光を感知して活性化され,細胞機能に影響を与えうる分子(光活性化タンパク質)を特定の細胞に発現させると,その細胞機能(特に神経活動)を光で操作することが可能となる(図1).そして,その結果として表出する行動を解析することで,行動発現を制御する神経回路機能の動作原理を明らかにすることが可能となった.これまで長年決着がついていなかった様々な生理現象に対して光遺伝学が適用され,その解決に貢献してきている.例えば,記憶が海馬の神経細胞に実際に記録されていること,グリア細胞機能が呼吸機能にかかわっていること,不安を引き起こす扁桃体の神経回路が明らかになっている.そのため光遺伝学は急速に発展し,神経科学の研究に不可欠な実験技術として幅広く普及しはじめている.そのことは2010年のNature Methodsが全分野の中から選ぶMethods of the yearに光遺伝学が選出されていることからも伺える.光遺伝学を用いた研究を行うには,十分な分子数の光活性化タンパク質を標的細胞の細胞膜へ発現させること,そして,その細胞へ十分な量の光を照射するという2つのステップが存在する.

著者

荒 義昭

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.3, pp.212-216, 2018 (Released:2018-03-01)

参考文献数

4

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審査報告書を読んだことはありますか?ページ数が多い、黒塗りでよく分からない、どこに何が書いてあるかわからない。初めて読んだときはそう思うかもしれない。しかし読み方を覚えると、なかなか良い医薬品情報源である。本稿では審査報告書の読み方とポイントを紹介し、医薬品リスク管理計画書(risk management plan:RMP)についても触れていきたい。

著者

宗像 達夫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.5, pp.436, 2016 (Released:2016-05-01)

参考文献数

3

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梅雨の季節も近づく中,青や赤といった様々な色彩で私たちの心をそっと和ませてくれる身近な花といえば,アジサイ(Hydrangea macrophylla)だろう.アジサイの色は自生している土壌の酸性度によって変化するが,これは酸性土壌において土壌中にアルミニウムイオン(Al3+)が溶け出し,それが根から吸収されることに起因する.またアジサイの様々な色彩はアントシアンに由来するものであるが,赤色色素としては着色料などに広く利用されているものの,青色色素としては安定性の問題もあり使用が限定的である.本稿では,アジサイの青色色素の多様性の解明について積極的に取り組んでいるOyamaらの研究を紹介する.なお,本稿は下記の文献に基づいて,その研究成果を紹介するものである.1) Oyama H. et al., J. Agri. Food Chem., 63, 7630-7635 (2015).2) Takeda K. et al., Phytochemistry, 24, 1207-1209 (1985).3) Takeda K. et al., Phytochemistry, 24, 2251-2254 (1985).

著者

髙橋 誠 高山 慎太郎 須賀 秀行 門村 将太 小島 雅和 岩尾 一生 武田 清孝 佐藤 秀紀 小林 道也 齊藤 浩司

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.140, no.1, pp.81-90, 2020-01-01 (Released:2020-01-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

3

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We previously reported the association of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcreat) calculated from the serum creatinine level (S-Cr) measured using the Jaffe method with the GFR (eGFRcys) estimated from the serum cystatin C level (CysC). However, few studies have compared the eGFRcreat using the enzymatic method with the eGFRcys. It is unclear whether there are differences in the results of renal function assessment. The purpose of this study was to compare the eGFRcreat calculated from the S-Cr with the eGFRcys calculated from the CysC in patients in whom the S-Cr and CysC were simultaneously measured using the enzymatic method, examine the correlations of respective parameters, and clarify physiological factors involved in differences among the parameters. The subjects were 1334 patients treated in 5 institutions. The mean values and correlation coefficient were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test and Pearson's test, respectively. Influential factors between formulae were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The mean eGFRcreat was 67.0 mL/min/1.73 m2, being significantly higher than the mean eGFRcys (63.2). Multiple regression analysis showed that factors influencing differences in the S-Cr and CysC included the sex, age, serum albumin, and blood urea nitrogen BUN/S-Cr. Furthermore, factors involved in the overestimation of the eGFRcreat in comparison with the eGFRcys included the serum albumin and BUN/S-Cr. The differences between the eGFRcreat calculated from the S-Cr and eGFRcys were less marked than when adopting the Jaffe method in our previous study. However, the eGFRcreat were higher than the eGFRcys in patients with malnutrition or dehydration.