著者

仲嶺 真

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.300-313, 2017-09-01 (Released:2018-03-01)

参考文献数

29

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The purpose of this study was to examine what information women search about and the information searching process that takes place when they are approached by a male stranger on the street. A total of 82 female Japanese undergraduates performed an information-monitoring task. In this task, participants were shown six scenarios,information list, and response list on the computer display. Each scenario described a situation in which a woman is approached by a male stranger on the street. After presenting the scenario, participants were asked to imagine the situation and recall the response list to decide whether they would talk to the male stranger or not. If participants would need more information before deciding, they could utilize the information list. After participants recalled the response list, participants were also asked how they would feel if they experience the situation in real life. This procedure was done in each of the six scenarios. Results showed that women searched for important information for high social uncertainty at an early stage of the information searching process and for other information at the last stage of the process. However, results suggested that the information searching process only took place when participants did not feel any positive emotions. The details of women ’s information searching process and the relationship between the process and emotions were also discussed.

著者

香川 秀太

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.604-623, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

73

被引用文献数

10

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This paper discusses some fundamental ideas of situated learning, activity theory, cross-contextual learning and a new field of situational boundary work. Firstly, I take up five questions or misunderstandings often had about situated learning theory and respond to these: 1) does it deny mental processing?, 2) does it consider that external circumstances determine learning?, 3) does it regard internalization of knowledge in a situation as learning?, 4) which does it focus on, individual transformation in a situation or whole collective transformation?, 5) does it consider that transfer doesn't occur? Secondly, I discuss cross-contextual learning or boundary crossing, a main subject in recent activity theory. Thirdly, I interrogate organization or states of boundary itself and our ways of recognition or ethnomethods of its use. This paper constructs some concepts of boundary transformation, multi-boundary, and distantiation.

著者

高野 陽太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.115-124, 1999-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1

著者

嶋田 総太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.343-351, 2011 (Released:2011-12-16)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

著者

新垣 紀子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.4_108-4_121, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

30

---

People often lose their way when they are trying to find a particular place. In Japan we call such a person “houkou onchi”. This is a common Japanese expression which means to have no sense of direction. Whether people are “houkou onchi” or not seems to be related to the quality of their cognitive maps, their ability to navigate and the navigation processes they employ. This research aims to reveal what “houkou onchi” is. To investigate this, I have focused on the difference between the navigation processes of people who are good and poor at navigating.The subjects undertook a series of tasks which involved watching video films of routes (taken from a moving car). I have analyzed their learning processes and their navigation simulation performance to understand how they interact with the environment they are moving through, while they are acquiring and using information. I have observed a number of features of houkou onchi. Such people do not interact well with the environment during route learning and navigation. They do not always focus on the relevant information required for navigation when they learn the route. Moreover, they cannot form useful cognitive maps after they have learnt the route, and they cannot effectively use such cognitive maps to navigate in space they have already visited. I have observed various kinds of interaction with the environment, and I will discuss the importance of this interaction to navigation.

著者

片桐 恭弘 石崎 雅人 伝 康晴 高梨 克也 榎本 美香 岡田 将吾

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.97-109, 2015-03-01 (Released:2015-09-15)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

3

---

Conversational interactions contribute not only to the sharing of information and establishment of consensus but also to the construction and sustenance of mutual trustamong conversational participants in our daily lives. The interrelationship betweentrust and conversational interactions has not been studied extensively in cognitive sci-ence. One reason for this lack of research is the fact that a study of social emotions suchas trust requires real fields, since social emotions in their natural, non-artificial formsare not readily observable in laboratory settings. We introduce a notion of concernalignment to describe the surface conversational processes toward mutual trust forma-tion. Focusing on medical communications as our research field, we collected healthguidance conversations between nurses and patients who were diagnosed as havingmetabolic syndrome, and we provide a qualitative analysis of the structure of conver-sations in terms of a set of dialogue acts we propose for the description of concernalignment processes. We demonstrate that the idea of concern alignment enables us tocapture and elucidate both the local and the global structures of mutual trust formationin conversational consensus-building processes. We also discuss underlying mechanismsconnecting concern alignment and mutual trust.

著者

二宮 由樹 岩田 知之 寺井 仁 三輪 和久

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.217-231, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

57

---

Why do humans try to discover better alternatives to solve a problem even when they already have a solution? Such flexibility to reject the familiar solution and to search for and discover better alternatives supports creative problem solving. Previous research has shown that participants who found alternatives are less likely to bias their attention toward the fixation-related areas, even when they are fixated on the trained procedure, compared to non-finder. The present study examined whether an intentional search for information irrelevant to the trained procedure under the successful situation is related to finding alternatives. Experimental results indicated that finders intentionally searched for a greater amount of information irrelevant to fixation, even when solving a problem with the trained procedure. In addition, it was shown that the difference in the intentional search might be caused by the strength of reinforcement of fixation on the trained procedure.

著者

白砂 大 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.404-414, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

74

---

In cognitive science, ir/rationality about human intelligence has been discussed for a long time. In this paper, we focused on simple heuristics that humans use and reviewed the historical background of the rationality of heuristics in order to understand several perspectives on rationality. Historically, the rationality of heuristics has been discussed mainly based on satisficing (Simon’s bounded rationality), deviations from logical principals (Tversky and Kahneman’s heuristic and bias program), matching between heuristics and environmental structures (Gigerenzer’s ecological rationality), and optimal allocations of cognitive resources (Lieder and Griffiths’s resource rationality). Finally, we discuss possible directions for future research on the rationality of heuristics.

著者

高橋 麻衣子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.121-124, 2006 (Released:2008-09-25)

参考文献数

3

被引用文献数

2

著者

土谷 尚嗣 西郷 甲矢人

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.221-225, 2020-06-01 (Released:2020-06-15)

参考文献数

24

---

In our recent essay [Tsuchiya, N. & Saigo, H. (2019). Understanding consciousness through category theory, Cognitive Studies: Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 26, 462–477], we provided a general introduction of category theory to consciousness researchers. Further, we also provided our tentative theoretical sketches on our latest ideas on how to apply tools in category theory into consciousness research. In particular, we discussed how we can propose categories of level of consciousness and categories of contents of consciousness. We also speculated what (if any) these efforts will bring into consciousness research. In this short piece, we will address several comments we received on our essay in the same issue from six experts, providing some clarification on three issues: 1) significance of our proposal of a novel viewpoint to enrich what it means to define consciousness, 2) possibility of category theoretical interpretation of consciousness,and 3) understanding of consciousness through the enriched category theoretical framework.

著者

秋谷 直矩

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.4, pp.497-498, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-15)

参考文献数

5

著者

西村 律子 岡ノ谷 一夫 川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.4, pp.750-760, 2010 (Released:2011-06-06)

参考文献数

12

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A Noh mask carved of wood is known to express various emotions as a result of slight changes in the vertical inclination of the mask during traditional Japanese Noh performances. In Noh, a face that looks up expresses happiness, whereas a face that looks down expresses sadness. We investigated whether pictures of a downward tilted Noh mask and body postures in various inclinations could be recognized as expressing sadness. Picture-frames were extracted every two seconds from a movie playing the stylized sad act of Noh drama, known as Shiori. Results indicated that the participants recognized pictures of masks with small inclinations (i.e., the initial movements in the action) as being sad, whereas the evaluation of sadness diminished in response to pictures with larger inclinations. These results were similar to those obtained for pictures of the complete body posture with small inclinations, which were recognized as being sad, whereas those with larger inclinations were recognized as being happy. The evaluation was significantly altered between two successive postures in which the actor's hand made a large movement. In Experiment 2, the actor's hand was concealed by an object used on the Noh stage, but the results were similar to Experiment 1. As expected, participants identified the emotions expressed by identical pictures showing just the Noh mask that was used in Experiment 1, as expressing emotions similar to those identified in Experiment 1. Pictures of the complete body posture were recognized as sad when they had a small inclination, whereas those with a larger inclination were recognized as being happy. These results suggest that emotions expressed by complete body postures during Noh dramas produce larger effects than those expressed by the Noh mask alone. Moreover, the initial movements of a stylized action determine the emotional label of the action.

著者

北村 英哉

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.293-306, 2013-09-01 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

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This review focuses on priming phenomena in social psychology area. First, various social priming phenomena were discriminated and I describe about trait priming. It is included in the conceptual priming. Second, I refer to goal priming. Goal priming activates motivation and often influences on behavior. Third, evaluative priming is a very interesting procedure and is now used for measurement of implicit attitudes. Fourth, affective priming is sometimes understood as mood congruent effect, however I will introduce various dependent measure and compare two models. Fifth, mind-set priming is a novel procedure and is paid much attention to as more complex procedure. Lastly, I will introduce goal-directed behavior and counteractive self-control theory and discuss the role of consciousness.

著者

眞嶋 良全

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.272-281, 2019-06-01 (Released:2019-12-01)

参考文献数

37

---

Crowdsourcing is a newer labor portal where anonymous workers earn small amount of money for completing Web-based tasks. Recent research investigating human behavior often recruit workers through these platforms to ask them to participate in online survey and experiment. To make it short, the advantage of crowdsourcing is that it enables researchers to collect empirical data at relatively lower economical, human,and temporal costs. However, it is also known that some professional survey takers who repeatedly participated in academic survey tasks are likely to show satisficing —behavior in which workers do not pay attention adequately to research materials. In addition, internet-based research practice has other concerns specific to ethical consideration in online data collection, including presenting proper post-survey debriefing and maintaining ethical level of compensation. Present article outlined a state of the art of internet-based research in the domain of social sciences, indicated both strong and weak point of the online study, and suggested possible future direction in cognitive studies with crowdsourcing.

著者

東 美由紀 島田 真希 嶋田 総太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.479-498, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

57

---

We often cheer for others in our daily lives, not only for our favorite celebrities but also for our family, friends, and even strangers. In actual cheering situations, some people cheer enthusiastically while others are less interested in cheering, indicating that there are individual differences in cheering tendencies. This study developed a cheering tendency scale to examine the factors of willingness to cheer for others. The exploratory factor analysis showed that the cheering tendency includes the following four factors: a) interest in a likable person, b) attunement to other observers, c) promoting a positive situation of others, and d) overcoming a negative situation of others. The result of Cronbach’s

著者

横山 拓 鈴木 宏昭 寺尾 敦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.255-268, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

46

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The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of meta learning in acquiring expertise in the field of insight problem solving. We gave 4 participants a series of 12 geometric insight problems and analyzed the process microscopically. By modeling causal relationships between observed variables using covariance structure analysis, we found that 1) an increase in both variety of trials and appropriateness of evaluation improves performance, 2) the variety of trials and appropriateness of evaluation are enhanced by activating cognitive coordination with external resources; that is, epistemic interaction with external resources to distribute the cognitive load to the environment and find information that is hidden or hard to compute mentally. These findings suggest that meta learning is a result of the activation of the interaction between the cognitive component (variety of trials and appropriateness of evaluation) and the situational-perceptual component (cognitive coordination with external resources).

著者

細馬 宏通

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.113-124, 2014

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Recent studies of interaction research have revealed that mind in the interaction is<br> embodied in gesture in the material world as the interaction resource. In this study,<br>we research interaction of turning pages each other when they decide the order of the<br> restaurant. Using a virtual menu with 6 pages, 2 participants in the experiment decided<br> to take one dish for each one for each page. Focusing on when and how the partici-<br>pants turn each page, we found that both participants touch or follow the page when<br> it was turned in 64/135 cases. The timing of the turning is organized not only by their<br> utterance of announcing their order but also the body movement of page manipulation.<br> They used the spatio-temporal pattern of page manipulation such as moving their hand<br> from the center to the edge of the page or lifting the edge of the page slightly. These<br> pre-sequences of turning pages, which were step by step process of sequential move-<br>ments with pauses and were embodied with material world of the page structure, seem<br> to project the next movement of page manipulation to prepare the simultaneous page<br> turning by the participants.

著者

渡邊 智也 楠見 孝

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.122-138, 2020 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

52

---

In this study, the effects of a theatrical activity on social abilities were examined. The participants (N = 40) were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. While the experimental group read a playscript, planned a performance, and performed, the control group read a playscript and summarized the content of the story. All the participants completed three social ability measures, namely, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Yoni Test, and Situational Test of Emotional Understanding as well as a questionnaire, namely, Interpersonal Reactivity Index on three occasions: pre, post, and followup measurement. Moreover, they completed the Narrative Transportation Scale immediately after the intervention, which assessed the psychological state of immersion into the narrative world. It was predicted that the extent of narrative transportation the participants experience would moderate the effect of theatrical activity. The results revealed that highly transported participants in the experimental group scored significantly higher than those in the control group on various scales including Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Yoni Test, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Empathic Concern scale. Furthermore, after the intervention, the extent of transportation predicted these social abilities in the experimental group.

著者

岡田 猛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.10-18, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2

著者

戸田 正直

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.2_31-2_41, 1994-11-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

24

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The urge theory, that has been developed by the author, intends to achieve a comprehensive model of human emotion, cognition, and individual and social behaviors. Any model that pursues as remote a goal as this has to employ, as a means to its verification, computational formalizations of whatever parts of the theory that allow them. In this paper, a few possibilities of such partial computational formalization are demonstrated, even though none of them is hardly complete as yet.The urge theory starts with an explication of emotions. Because of the inherent ambiguity of the everyday notion of emotions, the theroy introduces three basic concepts of its own: urge activity plan, mood-state, and emotional attitude. The major content of this paper consists of, first laying foundational remarks on these three major concepts, and then going on somewhat more in detail to discuss appraisal, attention and the structure of the urge activity plan. With this last topic, a new concept, the versatile system structure, an elaboration of the idea used by Minsky in his Society of the Mind model, is introduced.