著者
石谷 誓子
出版者
慶應義塾経済学会
雑誌
三田学会雑誌 (ISSN:00266760)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.99, no.3, pp.435(83)-453(101), 2006-10

日本における結核蔓延状況がスペイン風邪の死亡に影響を与えたのかを検討した。その結果, 死亡率に関してスペイン風邪の流行前後では関連がみられず, その流行期間のみインフルエンザと結核, 工場, 職工との間に関連があった。さらに女性が男性より幅広い年齢層でインフルエンザと結核との関連があった。これは, 既存の結核蔓延状況下でのスペイン風邪流行という危機によって死亡率増加の一端を説明できる可能性があることを示した。This study considers whether the conditions associated with the spread of tuberculosis in Japan influenced the deaths from the Spanish flu. To that end, a relationship with mortality rates before and after the epidemic of Spanish flu cannot be shown, and in the period of this epidemic only, a relationship exists between influenza and tuberculosis, factories, and factory workers. In addition, a relationship exists between influenza and tuberculosis in a wider age bracket for women than men. This suggests that a possibility exists of partially explaining the increase in mortality rates due to the crisis of the Spanish flu epidemic under conditions where tuberculosis prevailed.小特集 : 「人体計測・市場・疾病の社会経済史 : ユーラシア大陸とアメリカ大陸」(2006年度慶應国際ワークショップ)
著者
Yoshinao ISOBE Hisabumi HATSUGAI Akira TANAKA Yutaka OIWA Takanori AMBE Akimasa OKADA Satoru KITAMURA Yamato FUKUTA Takashi KUNIFUJI
出版者
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers
雑誌
IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences (ISSN:09168508)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.E102-A, no.2, pp.325-335, 2019-02-01

This paper presents a formal approach for generating train timetables in a mesoscopic level that is more concrete than the macroscopic level, where each station is simply expressed in a black-box, and more abstract than the microscopic level, where the infrastructure in each station-area is expressed in detail. The accuracy of generated timetable and the computational effort for the generation is a trade-off. In this paper, we design a formal mesoscopic modeling language by analyzing real railways, for example Tazawako-line as the first step of this work. Then, we define the constraint formulae for generating train timetables with the help of SMT (Satisfiability Module Theories)-Solver, and explain our tool RW-Solver that is an implementation of the constraint formulae. Finally, we demonstrate how RW-Solver with the help of SMT-Solver can be used for generating timetables in a case study of Tazawako-line.
著者
粕谷 元
出版者
日本中東学会
雑誌
日本中東学会年報 (ISSN:09137858)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.93-116, 1994-03-31 (Released:2018-03-30)

In this paper I have tried to analyze the arguments on the Caliphate in Turkey, during the period from the separation of the Caliphate from the Sultanate and the abolition of the latter (Nov.1, 1922) to the abolition of the Caliphate (Mar.3, 1924), and trace how layiklik developed in the Caliphal arguments. In chapter I, I have examined the idea of the so-called "spiritual" Caliphate put forth by the Birinci Grup (First Group), or the Kemalists after the abolition of the Sultanate, saying that a new Caliph, Abdulmecid should not enjoy any political power in the Turkish state and should stay as a purely spiritual dignity in the Sunni world. And I have disclosed the following points: that the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate was a kind of laicism and a romantic (non-political) pan-Islamism, and the controversy over the "spiritual" Caliphate between the Birinci Grup and the Ikinci Grup (Second Group), or the anti-Kemalists, has become a cover for the power struggle between them. In Chapter II, I have investigated the Caliphal controversy which took place in 1923 between the supporters of Hilafet-i Islamiye ve Buyuk Millet Meclisi (The Islamic Caliphate and the Grand National Assembly), who disagreed with the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate, and those of Hilafet ve Milli Hakimiyet (The Caliphate and National Sovereignty), who supported the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate. I also examined Mustafa Kemal's speeches made during his political campaign in early 1923 and clarified that Kemal had expressed some views that ran contrary to the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate-views which indirectly implied the future abolition of the Caliphate. Chapter III surveys the political situation surrounding the Caliphate during the period from Apr. 1923 to just before the abolition of the Caliphate. I have found that the combination of the Hiyanet-i Vatan Kanunu (High Treason Law) and the Istiklal Mahkemeleri (Independence Tribunals) served to make any free controversy over the Caliphate impossible. In Chapter IV, I analyzed the arguments on the abolition of the Caliphate made in the Grand National Assembly from Feb. 25,1924 to Mar. 3,1924. The ground for the arguments that justified the abolition of the Caliphate was mainly based on the idea of the Islamic state and was contradictory to the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate. In conclusion, I have pointed out that laicism and the idea of the Islamic state had existed side by side in the arguments on the Caliphate, and that layiklik still remained immature as a systematic thought in this period.

8 0 0 0 OA 地方競馬年鑑

著者
帝国馬匹協会 編
出版者
帝国馬匹協会
巻号頁・発行日
vol.昭和13年版, 1938
著者
川合 伸幸
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.1, pp.46-58, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)
参考文献数
35
被引用文献数
3

A Noh mask, carved out of wood, is often said to be a byword for impassivity. However, a Noh mask expresses various emotions during traditional Japanese Noh performances. A Noh mask that looks upward expresses happiness, while a mask looks downward expresses sadness. Nevertheless, previous studies reported the opposite results: people recognize pictures of masks with upward inclinations as being sad, whereas masks with the larger downward inclinations were perceived as happy. This absurdity seems to be occurred partly due to something realized in Mona Lisa’s smile. Livingstone (2000) pointed out that we cannot directly see Mona Lisa’s smile. Her smile appears only when we look at her eyes with seeing her mouth peripherally. A recent empirical study confirmed that this peripheral vision for smile makes a face more mysterious than a neutral or continuously smiling face. I will argue that a smiling mouth of Noh masks with downward inclinations makes a Noh mask mysterious during Noh performances,because hardly Eastern Asia people look at a mouth when they judge facial expressions (i.e., people see a mouth only peripherally). In experimental settings, people look at a mouth of a Noh mask directly, that causes the oppsite results from those expected in the framework of Noh world. I will also discuss similarities and differences between a Noh mask and “Hello Kitty”, which is a fictional character that also expresses countless facial expressions without a mouth.
著者
橋本 摂子
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, pp.123-142, 1999-05-15 (Released:2011-03-18)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
4 1

This paper aims to clarify the dynamic process in “ijime” situations, focusing on the practical role of bystanders in group dynamics.In “ijime” studies, bystanders have been identified as the key persons who influence the seriousness of the “ijime” situation. However, the practical effects of bystanders on the “ijime” situation isnot clear. Since the structure of an “ijime” group is presumed to be static, and the change of the “ijime” situation has been overlooked in previous studies. In this study, we attempt to show the different effects causedby the various roles bystanders play in the process of “ijime”.Through interviews conducted on 62 students at the university and high school level, we were able to classify their experiences inelementary school or in junior high school on the subject of “ijime”. There is a remarkable difference between the “ijime” situation in elementary school and in junior high school. Depending the role of the bystander in any given “ijime” situation, three patterns of “ijime” in elementary school and two patterns in junior high school were identified. These differences can be attributed to the varying attitude that bystanders have toward a particular “ijime” situation.In elementary school, bystanders act either as an audience or remain silent for personal safety reasons, thus allowing the “ijime” to attract more attention by adults. In junior high school, however, bystanders are no longer concerned with the role of “ijime” because they have lost interest in the “ijime” behavior. In this case, bystanders detract attention away from the “ijime” in such a way that the assailants behavior become more serious. Then the situation turns for the worst with the possibility that a victim will emerge.It is during the freshman and sophomore year in junior highschool that incidents of “ijime” can become most serious. This fact has been explained with the increase in the number of bystanders in previous studies.
著者
内田 忠賢
出版者
お茶の水女子大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2003

全国各地に伝播した「よさこい祭り」について、調査・研究した。本研究の特色は次の4点。1)現代の社会現象を代表する対象だが、先行研究が少なく、先駆的、独創的と自負する。2)巨視的な調査と微視的な調査を組み合わせ、個人に踏み込んだ新しい地理学を目論む。3)助成期間(3年間)、参与観察に徹し、内部者しか体験できない過程を調べられた。4)学術論文、学会発表だけでなく、マスコミ報道でも、研究成果の一部を公表できた。高知起源(1954年開始)の「よさこい祭り」は、90年代以降、札幌「YOSAKOIソーラン祭り」の影響で、各地に伝播した。独自性と地域性を上手く出せ、比較的安上がりなイベントだからである。鳴子踊りと民謡の組合せが基本だが、振付、音楽、衣装等が自由であるため、全国600カ所以上に伝播した。本研究では、全国で関連資料を収集し、現地調査を行った。特に千葉県内での伝播に着目した。県内のチームに参加、遠征や祭りの企画・運営に関わった。千葉県では、全国大会も始められた。ともかく、伝播のメカニズムとして、次の3点を指摘できる。1)応用が利く「よさこい祭り」は各地で受容されたが、常に、イノベータが存在する。2)インターネットを含む現代的なネットワークと都市的な人間関係が核心にある。3)商工会とNPO、匿名性を帯びる個人が、絶妙のバランスで組合わされる。
著者
横堀 伸一
出版者
東京薬科大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2009

尾索動物の複数ミトコンドリアゲノムの全塩基配列の決定を行い、一次配列とそれ以外の高次情報に基づいて分子系統解析を行い、尾索動物の進化経路を明らかにすることを試みた。特に、ヒカリボヤPyrosom atlanticumのミトコンドリアゲノム配列の情報を加え、尾索動物の分子系統解析を行うと、タリア綱は腸性目の群内郡となり、腸性目ホヤ(管鰓亜目と無管亜目)が側系統群である可能性が示唆された。特に、ユウレイボヤ科ユウレイボヤ亜科が無管亜目の姉妹群に、またユウレイボヤ科ムネボヤ亜科が無管亜目の内群である可能性が示唆された。
著者
水野 雅之 関口 雄一 臼倉 瞳
出版者
日本カウンセリング学会
雑誌
カウンセリング研究 (ISSN:09148337)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.2, pp.125-134, 2018-10-31 (Released:2020-01-05)
参考文献数
49

海外で実施された2つの場面緘黙のランダム化比較試験では,(1)段階的エクスポージャー法,(2)家庭や学校など生活場面での支援,(3)家族および教師との連携,の3つが有効である可能性が示されている。そこで,本研究では,日本における場面緘黙児への支援として,(1)段階的エクスポージャー法,(2)家庭や学校などの生活場面での支援,(3)家族および教師との連携,の3点に注目し,これらの支援がどの程度実施されているかを明らかにすることを目的とした。まず,系統的な文献収集を行い,38事例が収集された。文献を精査した結果,(1)段階的エクスポージャー法は18.4%のケースでしか実施されていないこと,(2)家庭や学校など生活場面での支援は31.6%のケースで実施されていること,(3)家族および教師との連携については,家族および幼稚園・学校関係者のいずれとも連携しているケースは28.9%であることが明らかにされた。今後,これら3つの支援方法を広めていくことが必要であるといえる。