著者

飯塚 隆

出版者

栃木県立文書館

雑誌

栃木県立文書館研究紀要 (ISSN:13493310)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.27-44, 2020

著者

森住 房則

出版者

栃木県立文書館

雑誌

栃木県立文書館研究紀要 (ISSN:13493310)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.図巻頭4p,45-85, 2020

著者

西村 陽子

出版者

栃木県立文書館

雑誌

栃木県立文書館研究紀要 (ISSN:13493310)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.15-26, 2020

著者

荒川 善夫

出版者

栃木県立文書館

雑誌

栃木県立文書館研究紀要 (ISSN:13493310)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.1-14, 2020

著者

小川 豊生

出版者

日本文学協会

雑誌

日本文学 (ISSN:03869903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.7, pp.43-55, 2006-07-10 (Released:2017-08-01)

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十三世紀の日本が体験した危機として蒙古襲来をあつかうことは、あまりに新味に欠けるというべきかもしれない。しかし、この国家的危機がひきおこした諸言説の根本的な変化については、それほど詳細に分析されているとは思えない。たとえば、北畠親房がその歴史叙述『神皇正統記』を超越神としての「国常立尊」から書き起こしていること、またその親房がその思想を度会家行をはじめとする伊勢神道にもとづいて形成していたことについては知られているものの、それまで言説化されることのなかった「超絶神」あるいは「世界を建立する神」が、いかなるプロセスで出現してくるのか、といった問題に関してはいまだ明らかにされていない。危機のなかでこそ惹起する、思考のある決定的な飛躍、この問題を十三世紀のテキストをもとに探究してみたい。

著者

Tasuku Okui

出版者

Information Processing Society of Japan

雑誌

IPSJ Transactions on Bioinformatics (ISSN:18826679)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.1-6, 2020 (Released:2020-01-08)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

5

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Microbiome data have been obtained relatively easily in recent years, and currently, various methods for analyzing microbiome data are being proposed. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) models, which are frequently used to extract latent topics from words in documents, have also been proposed to extract information on microbial communities for microbiome data. To extract microbiome topics associated with a subject's attributes, LDA models that utilize supervisory information, including LDA with Dirichlet multinomial regression (DMR topic model) or supervised topic model (SLDA, ) can be applied. Further, a Bayesian nonparametric model is often used to automatically decide the number of latent classes for a latent variable model. An LDA can also be extended to a Bayesian nonparametric model using the hierarchical Dirichlet process. Although a Bayesian nonparametric DMR topic model has been previously proposed, it uses normalized gamma process for generating topic distribution, and it is unknown whether the number of topics can be automatically decided from data. It is expected that the total number of topics (with relatively large proportions) can be restricted to a smaller value using the stick-breaking process for generating topic distribution. Therefore, we propose a Bayesian nonparametric DMR topic model using a stick-breaking process and have compared it to existing models using two sets of real microbiome data. The results showed that the proposed model could extract topics that were more associated with attributes of a subject than existing methods, and it could automatically decide the number of topics from the data.

著者

田向 健一

出版者

麻布大学

巻号頁・発行日

2014

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The animal trade has aided in pathogen dispersal and has frequently been the cause of pandemics such as SARS, H5N1, avian influenza, and koi herpes. Its effects may be sufficiently significant to cause declines in wild populations as well as serious economic losses around the world. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus which belongs to the Chytridiomycetes class of the Chytridiales order of fungi and which was first described in 1999, causes chytridiomycosis, a disease which infects amphibians. This fungus is responsible for the decline or extinction of more than 20 families and 200 species of amphibians.Abroad, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has designated B. dendrobatidis a pathogen that requires global monitoring and specific study in order to determine its role as a causative factor of chytridiomycosis, and also to evaluate its effects on ecological systems. B. dendrobatidis is also listed in the obligatory Aquatic Animal Health Code published by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The first cases of chytridiomycosis in Asia were confirmed in captive exotic amphibians in Japan by Une et al. (2007), with some of the cases resulting in death. Japan is home to 63 species of amphibians, 40 species of anurans, and 23 species of urodeles, including endemic species. Of these, 42 species (67%) are listed as endangered and near-threatened on the Red List compiled by the Ministry of the Environment of the Government of Japan.B. dendrobatidis has a broad host range, is highly infectious, and has a high fatality rate. B. dendrobatidis zoospores can spread through water and cause infection rapidly over a wide area. To date, however, no studies have sought to determine the prevalence of B. dendrobatidis in imported exotic amphibians in Japan. In addition, the prevalence of B. dendrobatidis in captive amphibians is unknown, and, moreover, treatment methods and elimination techniques for chytridiomycosis have yet to be established for many of the amphibian species at risk of infection.The aim of this study was to survey imported and captive exotic amphibians in Japan in order to determine the prevalence of B. dendrobatidis, and to establish chytridiomycosis treatment and B. dendrobatidis elimination techniques. An additional goal was to decrease the threat of B. dendrobatidis infection in endemic Japanese amphibians.This study consists of three areas of research, described in Chapters 1 to 3, respectively.Chapter 1. B. dendrobatidis Prevalence and Haplotypes in Domestic and Imported Pet Amphibians in Japan.In order to clarify the infection status of B. dendrobatidis, we surveyed amphibians imported into Japan and those held in captivity for a long period or bred in Japan. Between 2008 and 2011, samples were taken from 820 individuals of 109 amphibian species and were analyzed using nested-PCR assays. A total of 76 samples (9.3%) from these 820 amphibians were identified as B. dendrobatidis-positive. Although B. dendrobatidis prevalence was 6.9% (18/259) in sampled amphibians from private collections and those commercially bred in Japan, it was 10.3% (58/561) in imported amphibians. The high prevalence of B. dendrobatidis in imported animals is possibly a result of the increased opportunity for infection due to the high density of individuals in closed environments in the distribution process, particularly breeding facilities, as well as reduced immunity, resulting from the stress of living in an environment different from their natural habitats.Both captive amphibians and those from the pet trade that were surveyed for this study included a significant number of healthy B. dendrobatidis carriers. We identified the genotypes of this fungus using partial DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Sequencing the PCR products of all 76 B. dendrobatidis-positive samples revealed 11 haplotypes. The species infected with the greatest variety of haplotypes was the Japanese-bred Xenopus laevis, in which haplotypes A, C, Q, and V were detected. This finding supports the contention that Xenopus laevis is a key B. dendrobatidis host species. Whereas five haplotypes, A, C, Q, V and Bd28, were detected in captive Japanese amphibians, the proportion of B. dendrobatidis haplotypes found in samples from Japan differed from that of those from other countries. Haplotype A (DNA Data Bank of Japan accession number AB435211) was found in 90% (52/58) of imported amphibians. Haplotype A is a hypervirulent strain of the global panzootic lineage (Bd-GPL). In contrast, we respectively detected haplotypes C, A, V, Q, and Bd28 in 44%, 28%, 17%, 5.6%, and 5.6% of the sample collected in Japan. On the basis of these results, we determined the diversity of B. dendrobatidis ITS haplotypes in Japan. The exotic amphibians, which had been kept in captivity for a long period of time, would most likely have come into contact with native amphibians during transport and at rearing facilities, allowing the formation of a variety of haplotype phases.Nine B. dendrobatidis haplotypes (A, C, E, L, Q, V, Bd28, Bd38, and Bd41) were detected in amphibians originating from Asia, whereas only three (A, Bd29, and Bd43) were detected in amphibians from outside of Asia. It is clear that Asian amphibians are infected with a high diversity of B. dendrobatidis haplotypes, a fact that supports the “Chytrid out of Asia” hypothesis described by Goka (2009).Chapter 2. Treatment of Spontaneous Chytridiomycosis in Captive Amphibians Using Itraconazole.In Chapter 1, it was mentioned that exotic amphibians imported for the pet trade had a B. dendrobatidis prevalence of 10.3%, and that we confirmed infection and die-off from chyridiomycosis. B. dendrobatidis infects amphibians not only through direct contact but also through B. dendrobatidis zoospores in water, which can cause rapid widespread infection. One particular set of chyridiomycosis-infected amphibians released a large number of zoospore, necessitating the urgent development of treatment methods and elimination techniques for chytridiomycosis.In Chapter 2, we describe the development of an effective, simple, and safe treatment method that targets clinical cases of chytridiomycosis in various amphibian species. The subjects were 12 amphibians (11 anurans of 4 different species and 1 urodela) diagnosed with chytridiomycosis by clinical signs, microscopic findings of shed skin, and a PCR assay. The treatment protocol consisted of a 10-minute immersion in a 0.01% aqueous solution of itraconazole every other day for a total of 7 treatments. We evaluated the efficacy of the treatment using 3 methods: clinical signs, direct microscopy, and a nested-PCR assay. In addition, re-examination was performed to confirm the elimination of chytridiomycosis after treatment (20–57 days, average 34.4 days). As a result, we succeeded in curing 11 of the amphibians of chytridiomycosis and eliminating B. dendrobatidis. Recurrence of chytridiomycosis has not been observed in the past 12 months. This protocol is the first treatment method to cure a caudata of chytridiomycosis. Using the same protocol, coauthor Dr. Une et al. (2012) succeeded in eradicating B. dendrobatidis in a Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus), an endangered species considered to be a special natural monument of Japan. Therefore, we recommend this as a proven treatment method and elimination technique for chytridiomycosis for use in captive amphibians, including caudata.Chapter 3. Efficacy of Copper Ions (Cu2+) for Eradicating B. dendrobatidis : Assessment of Cu2+ on the African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis).In Chapter 2, we described the successful development of a method for treating chytridiomycosis in anuran and caudata. Although the medicinal agent used in that research, Itraconazole, is costly when employed to treat humans, it is very effective for treating chytridiomycosis. In the case of amphibians, test animals were placed in small, individual containers, enabling total immersion in the chemical agent and maximizing the cost performance of the medicine.Although this method is well suited for treating terrestrial amphibians, because of the complexity and high cost of managing breeding water, it is not suitable for treating the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) or other aquatic amphibians. The African clawed frog is an important laboratory animal that is widely used in biology, genetics, embryology and other fields around the world. The African clawed frog is also an important natural host and carrier of B. dendrobatidis. Indeed, some studies have proposed that the pervasiveness of the African clawed frog may have facilitated the global spread of B. dendrobatidis. As discussed in Chapter 1, B. dendrobatidis was detected in 26.9% of African clawed frogs surveyed and there is currently no established method for eradicating B. dendrobatidis in this species.In this Chapter, we focus on the use of copper ions (Cu2+) as a safe, simple, inexpensive and effective method for eradicating B. dendrobatidis in the African clawed frog. Cu2+ is already used to control bacterial and fungal diseases in fisheries. A previous study demonstrated the application of a 0.006 ppm Cu2+ solution to control Saprolegnia, a fungus which infects fish eggs. Une et al. (unpubl. data) used a B. dendrobatidis strain to examine the effect of Cu2+ on B. dendrobatidis in vitro, and found that 1 ppm of Cu2+ could inhibit fungal growth, while 5 ppm or more could prevent fungal proliferation. We therefore set out to assess the sensitivity of African clawed frogs to Cu2+ and to investigate the application of Cu2+ as means of eradicating B. dendrobatidis. We prepared a copper standard solution for the control group as well as six additional Cu2+ solutions with ion concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 19.68 ppm. The effects of Cu2+ on the African clawed frog were determined by observing physical changes (including changes in the breeding water), measurement of the 50% lethal time (LT50), blood biochemistry, and histopathological examination. No deaths were observed after exposure to the 0.02 ppm Cu2+ solution, one animal died after 239.5 hours of exposure to the 0.21 ppm solution, and half of the animals died after 287.6 hours of exposure to the 0.31 ppm solution; in other words, LT50 and Cu2+ are inversely proportional, with LT50 decreasing as the Cu2+ concentration increases. The optimum Cu2+ concentration of viable African clawed frog is therefore considered to be approximately 0.2-0.3 ppm However, even in the 0.21 ppm group, the breeding water at the end of the experiment was very cloudy due to excessive mucus secretion and/or the presence of sloughed skin. Histopathological examination of the skin revealed acanthosis, mild hyperkeratosis and detachment of the cornified layer in the low Cu2+ concentration group. There were severe changes in skin structure, such as intercellular dissociation accompanied by single cell necrosis, cleft formation between the epidermal cells, and reticular degeneration in the epidermal layer in the high Cu2+ concentration group. These findings indicate that Cu2+ is capable of harming a specimen being treated, even at 0.21 ppm, and that the severity of any damage could be expected to increase with continued exposure.The results described in this Chapter therefore show that Cu2+ concentrations of 0.2 ppm or higher damage the skin of amphibians. At higher concentrations, Cu2+ may cause chemical burns which result in protein denaturation and corrosion of the skin as well as blood electrolyte abnormalities, which result in the damaged skin being unable to function effectively in osmoregulation. Blood enzyme activities will also increase dramatically as the Cu2+ concentration increases and the solution becomes toxic. Thus, these findings show that Cu2+ is not well suited for eradicating B. dendrobatidis. However, Cu2+ can inhibit the proliferation of Saprolegnia at 0.006 ppm and Vibrio bacteria at 0.1 ppm. Culturing B. dendrobatidis is very difficult and establishing the first strain in Japan took one year. The reason it was so time-consuming was because bacteria from the surface of the frog skin could not be removed from the culture medium. However, it may now be possible to supplement the culture medium with Cu2+ and create a selective medium for B. dendrobatidis.We have clarified the extent of B. dendrobatidis infection in amphibians introduced to Japan from abroad using a molecular biology approach, and have established a method for treatment and eliminating spontaneous chytridiomycosis. The findings from this research now provide us with a method for preventing the proliferation of B. dendrobatidis in captive amphibians and show promise for developing medical treatments for wild amphibians threatened by chytridiomycosis.

著者

森田 淳 小松 敏 光部 貴士 中村 和洋 川瀬 領治 仲谷 正史 田中 浩也

雑誌

デジタルプラクティス (ISSN:21884390)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.434-455, 2020-04-15

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従来,3Dプリンタは3次元形状の自由なデザイン性に注目されてきたが,医療分野を初めとした個別化製造への適用実現には,形状だけでなく物理特性の自由度が求められている.また,熟練設計者の勘と経験だけでなく,ユーザの感性を生かした設計が必要とされている.近年では,材料分野で形状によって物理特性を発現するArchitected Materialの研究が進められている.本報では,ウレタンエラストマを用いた周期構造(ラティス)によって3DプリンタによってArchitected Materialを作製し,インソールの形状と硬さを,装着者の感性にしたがって自由に設計するためのプラクティスについて述べる.

著者

前川祐一著

出版者

英潮社

巻号頁・発行日

1978

著者

矢数 四郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬理学会

雑誌

日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.5, pp.880-894, 1958-09-20 (Released:2010-07-09)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2 2

著者

平林 公男 山本 優 津田 良夫 高村 健二 今藤 夏子 上野 隆平

出版者

日本衛生動物学会

雑誌

衛生動物 (ISSN:04247086)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.1, pp.61-65, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-09-25)

参考文献数

19

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The aftereffects of the Tsunami on the chironomid fauna were studied in the suburban Sendai area in Miyagi Prefecture and Minami-Souma area in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan during June 4–6 in 2013. A total of 31 individuals of 7 species were collected at 13 sampling stations. At the suburban Sendai area, we could mainly collect the larvae of Chironomus biwaprimus in small swamps. Moreover, Pseudosmittia sp. which is semi-terrestrial species, and Polypedilum nubifer were also collected there. The larvae of Chironomus salinarius inhabit halophytic swamps or small water bodies formed in grassy areas affected by the seawater in both investigated areas. Almost all chironomid species larvae collected in this study were preferred sandy mud conditions. Especially, C. salinarius may be regarded of a wide range of saline conditions. C. salinarius larval brackish and sandy mud habitat had expanded in that area two year after the Tsunami.

出版者

日本神経回路学会

雑誌

日本神経回路学会誌 (ISSN:1340766X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.113, 2019-09-05 (Released:2019-10-31)

著者

庄司 香 磯崎 典代

雑誌

学習院大学計算機センター年報 (ISSN:09134514)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.65-66, 2013-07-01

著者

竹尾 茂樹

出版者

明治学院大学国際学部

雑誌

明治学院論叢. 国際学研究 = Meiji Gakuin review. International & regional studies (ISSN:0918984X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.77-78, 1990-02-14

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【書評/Book Review】

著者

田中 一男

出版者

日本知能情報ファジィ学会

雑誌

日本ファジィ学会誌 (ISSN:0915647X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.25-28, 1993-02-15 (Released:2017-09-23)

著者

大日本実業商工会 編纂

出版者

大日本実業商工会

巻号頁・発行日

vol.昭和10年度 台湾版(附・朝鮮,満洲), 1935

著者

藤田 喜久 野甫 斉 諸喜田 茂充

出版者

日本甲殻類学会

雑誌

CANCER (ISSN:09181989)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.9-12, 2005-05-01 (Released:2017-07-05)

参考文献数

15

著者

木村 利美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.9, pp.875-877, 2002-09-01 (Released:2018-08-26)

参考文献数

6

著者

立部 紀夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本デザイン学会

雑誌

日本デザイン学会研究発表大会概要集 44

巻号頁・発行日

pp.164, 1997-10-15 (Released:2017-11-08)

著者

北川初音 乃村能成 谷口秀夫

出版者

一般社団法人情報処理学会

雑誌

情報処理学会研究報告. [システムソフトウェアとオペレーティング・システム]

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2013, no.17, pp.1-8, 2013-07-24

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計算機の性能の向上にともない,1 台の計算機上で複数の OS を動作させる方式が研究されている.これらの研究において,複数の種類の OS を動作させることで,それぞれの OS が持つ特性を同時に利用できる.しかし,OS 混載のために仮想計算機方式を用いた場合,OS 間で依存関係が発生する.そこで,1 台の計算機上で Linux ベースの OS を複数混載する方式を提案する.本提案方式では,Linux の機能に制限をかけることなく動作可能である.本稿では,Linux ベースの OS を混載する場合に,改変を加える必要がある部分を明らかにする.また,本提案方式を実現するために必要な改変量は小さいことを示す.最後に本提案方式の実例として,Linux と Android の混載と 32/64bit Linux の混載について述べる.