著者

シエクスピア 著

出版者

画報社

巻号頁・発行日

1918

著者

松尾 純 Jun Matsuo 桃山学院大学経済学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.59-80, 2008-12-10

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Professor Noriko Maehata and I have been engaged in discussions concerning the understanding of the concept of "actual overproduction of capital" as contained in Karl Marx's Das Kapital Volume III. The discussion originated in Professor Maehata's criticism("'Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall' and 'Absolute Overproduction of Capital' - An Issue in Research on the Theory of Crisis," Economic Society of Rikkyo University(Rikkyo Keizai Gaku Kenkyu), Vol. 55, No. 1, July 2001)of my understanding of "actual overproduction of capital." I immediately responded in my paper entitled, "'Actual Overproduction of Capital' and 'Absolute Overproduction of Capital' - A Response to the Criticisms of Professor Noriko Maehata -"(St. Andrew's University Economic and Business Review, Vol. 43, No. 4, March 2002). In answer to my response, Professor Maehata published a second paper entitled, "Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall and Crisis - Regarding 'Actual Overproduction of Capital'"(Keizaigaku Kenkyu(Hokkaido University), Vol. 56, No. 2, November 2006). This second criticism more clearly delineated the differences in our two views. Specifically, the problems contained in Professor Maehata's understanding of "actual overproduction of capital" became very clear. The purpose of this present paper is to examine the problems in Professor Maehata's understanding of "actual overproduction of capital." In her second paper, Professor Maehata explained the mechanism of the occurrence of "actual overproduction of capital" in the form of the following causal nexus: "increased producing powers of labor → advancement of the organic composition of capital → fall in profit rate and increased mass of profit → 'concurrence among capitals("small split capitals" and "fresh branches of capital")' → rapid absorption of relative overpopulation and 'reduction' in relative overpopulation (but not its 'exhaustion')→ rise in wages → diminished degree of exploitation of labor → rapid decrease in profit rate → occurrence of 'actual overproduction of capital' → 'concurrence among capitals' → 'exhaustion' of relative overpopulation → occurrence of 'absolute overproduction of capital'." I cannot agree with Professor Maehata's explanation that "actual overproduction of capital" occurs as a result of the causal nexus: "rapid absorption of relative overpopulation → rise in wages → decrease in mass of profit → rapid decrease in profit rate." My disagreement is based on the following expositions of "actual overproduction of capital" contained in the manuscripts of Volume III of Das Kapital.(1)"Actual overproduction of capital" is the "overproduction of means of production which may serve to exploit labor at a given degree of exploitation." "A fall in the intensity of exploitation below a certain point... calls forth disturbances and stoppages in the capitalist production process, and the destruction of capital."(2)"Overproduction of capital is accompanied by more or less considerable relative overpopulation."(3)The rate of profit is lowered through the process of "increased producing powers of labor → accumulation of capital." This process simultaneously creates relative overpopulation.(4)Relative overpopulation is not employed by the surplus-capital. Even if employed, relative overpopulation would be employed at a "low degree of exploitation," which would "call forth disturbances and stoppages in the capitalist production process, and the destruction of capital." Professor Maehata makes the following argument. "Faced with a declining rate of profit, 'small split capitals' and 'fresh branches of capital' are used as capital(that is, these capitals are combined with relative overpopulation), which gives rise to 'concurrence among capitals.' In the process of 'concurrence among capitals,' overpopulation is used by capital newly trying to become independent and additions to existing capital. As a result, overpopulation is reduced." However, this is not the thinking of Marx. Marx's assertion is as follows.<" The rate of profit will fall as increased producing powers and accumulation of capital advances. However, at the same time, the mass of profit will increase. While the "increase in the mass of profit compensates for the decline in the rate of profit," this "compensation" applies "only to the total social capitals and to the big, firmly placed capitalists. The new additional capital operating independently does not enjoy any such compensating conditions. It must still win them." If they cannot "win them" through competitive struggle, these capitals become excess capital. If concurrence among capitals becomes intensified, an even greater number of "small split capitals" and "fresh branches of capital"(in other words, capital newly trying to become independent and additions to existing capital)that are unable to "exploit labor at the 'intensity of exploitation' necessary for the 'sound' and 'normal' development of the capitalist production process"(Maehata)become excess capital. At the same time, the excess population employed by excess capital will continue to increase.>

著者

小田切 耕司

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経Linux (ISSN:13450182)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.11, pp.50-55, 2011-11

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企業のネットワークはWindowsが一般的だ。デスクトップLinuxを加えようとすれば、種々のハードルが存在する。サーバーにログインできるのか、セキュリティは確保できるのか、資産管理はどうか――。ここではこれらに対する現実的な解を紹介しよう。

著者

実吉純一

雑誌

音響学講演論文集, Oct. 1977

巻号頁・発行日

1977

被引用文献数

1

著者

小谷 一夫 KOTANI Kazuo

雑誌

兵庫県立大学環境人間学部研究報告 = Research reports (ISSN:13498592)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.89-98, 2013-03-10

著者

Zhao Chris

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経コンピュ-タ (ISSN:02854619)

巻号頁・発行日

no.624, pp.72-74, 2005-04-18

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中国市場では現在、Linuxの動作するIAサーバーの性能向上と政府の支援が相まって、業務システムにおけるLinuxの導入が進んでいる。その中国でシェア50%を超す最大のLinuxディストリビュータ最高幹部として、年率50%以上の成長を実現してきた。現在の売り上げは企業向けのサーバー用途が中心だが、デスクトップLinuxの導入にも力を注ぐ。

著者

中島 路可

出版者

JAPAN TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

雑誌

紙パ技協誌 (ISSN:0022815X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.9, pp.837-843, 1989-09-01 (Released:2009-11-16)

参考文献数

23

著者

大津 雄一

出版者

岩波書店

雑誌

文学 (ISSN:03894029)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.55-69, 2015-03

著者

高松 聡 丸山 徳見 井澤 邦輔

出版者

The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.9, pp.864-878, 2005-09-01 (Released:2009-11-13)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

2 3

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Lodenosine, [9- (2, 3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine, FddA, 1] is an acid-stable purine nucleoside analog with activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are two possible approaches to 1 - the glycosylation of a nucleoside base with a fluorinated sugar or direct nucleoside fluorination. However, both methods have drawbacks in terms of the number of steps, the use of toxic agents and low overall yields. In this review article, we describe two industrial synthetic approaches to 1 via 6-chloropurine riboside and 6-chloropurine 3'-deoxyribo-side, the latter being derived from inosine, a readily available starting material produced by fer-mentation. Several deoxygenation and fluorination methods are compared considering reaction yields, cost, safety and environmental concerns.

著者

大蔵省印刷局 [編]

出版者

日本マイクロ写真

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1932年12月28日, 1932-12-28

著者

飯沼 勝春 村井 安

出版者

The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.5, pp.368-373, 1999-05-01 (Released:2009-11-16)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

2 2

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Arbekacin, aminoglycoside antibiotic, was synthesized in 1973 by Kondo et al starting from Dibekacin by the acylation of 1-amino group with (S) -4-amino-2-hydroxybutyric acid (AHB), and approved as a chemotherapeutic agent in 1990 limiting to MRSA infection. In the development of industrial large scale synthesis, the main theme was selective protection of four amino groups except 1-amino group. We focused our effort to set up large scale synthetic method by taking advantage of zinc-chelation reaction. By the optimization of reaction conditions and minimization of isolation procedures, final production method was completed. We herein report the development course of high yield and low cost production method by the selective protection of amino group.

著者

Galina N. Azarkina Christos Zoumides Michael Hadjiconstantis

出版者

Arachnological Society of Japan

雑誌

Acta Arachnologica (ISSN:00015202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.1, pp.49-54, 2018-08-31 (Released:2018-09-05)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1

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Aelurillus cypriotus Azarkina 2006 is known from the holotype male collected in Cyprus without an exact locality. Here we describe the female of this species for the first time, provide new data on species distribution and biology.

著者

田中 則章

出版者

安全工学会

雑誌

安全工学 (ISSN:05704480)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.128-130, 1998-04-15 (Released:2017-04-30)

著者

杉浦 浩美 Hiromi SUGIURA

出版者

埼玉学園大学

雑誌

埼玉学園大学紀要. 人間学部篇 = Bulletin of Saitama Gakuen University. Faculty of Humanities (ISSN:13470515)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.99-106, 2016-12-01

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On January 1, 2017, it will be made obligatory for companies to take measures to prevent maternity harassment at workplace. “The guidelines of the measures which employers must take in relation to the problems caused by the behavior toward pregnancy and childbirth at workplace” were publicly announced on August 2, 2016. In this essay, we consider the contents of the guidelines announced by the government and check what kind of acts are prohibited in the guidelines and what are not. This process shows that the guidelines does not cover some aspects and that the aspect not covered is essential.As a consequence of the public announcement of the guidelines, working pregnant women must have less difficulty to assert “the right to work and give birth healthily” and it must lead to the protection of the right. As to the aspect of the protection of the right, however our current society has a long way to go. The guidelines has to necessarily contain the viewpoint to reconsider working environment and way of working itself. We should discuss how to protect the right to work and give birth, rather than emphasize solely the prohibition of harassment.

著者

西脇 正憲

出版者

The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.5, pp.464-471, 2003-05-01 (Released:2009-11-13)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

3 4

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Recently, green chemistry (GC) plays an important role for manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) at pharmaceutical companies. For example, large amount of aluminum waste was originally involved and dichloromethane used as a solvent in the process of a new anticholinergic agent, Vamicamide (FK 176), useful for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Non-selective and tedious procedures for alkylation of quinazoline nucleous were used on a laboratory scale in the process of a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, Zenarestat (FK 366) developed for the remedy of diabetic complications. These problems must be excluded before realizing a truly efficient process on a large scale. New process involved much less amount of waste in the case of Vamicamide, and utilized regioselective alkylation reaction for Zenarestat. As a result, E-factor and reaction mass efficiency (RME) were dramatically improved. Herein, we report our efforts leading to an efficient, practical and environmentally friendly process amenable to a large scale synthesis.

著者

菅原 二三男 倉持 幸司

出版者

公益社団法人 日本農芸化学会

雑誌

化学と生物 (ISSN:0453073X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.198-209, 2004-03-25 (Released:2009-05-25)

参考文献数

57

著者

高島明子

雑誌

日産内視鏡誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, 2008

被引用文献数

1

著者

三原 陽子 森川 大 野村 泰志 西井 良典

出版者

日本コンピュータ化学会

雑誌

Journal of Computer Chemistry, Japan (ISSN:13471767)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.4, pp.102-105, 2017 (Released:2017-10-31)

参考文献数

4

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The (−)-podophyllic aldehydes (Figure 1) exhibit notable antineoplastic cytotoxicity by apoptosis-inducing activities. In this study, we analyzed the selectivity mechanisms of some important reactions in the asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-podophyllic aldehydes which are enantiomers of the (−)-podophyllic aldehydes, by the molecular orbital method. As a result, it was shown that the selectivity of the Grignard reaction in compound 1 (Figure 2) is caused by steric hindrance. Furthermore, it was also indicated that the selectivity of the reduction in compound 2–1 is caused by the localization of LUMO at the reactive site, and the reduction in compounds 2–2 and 2–3 Scheme 2) does not proceed due to the steric hindrance by the trimethoxyphenyl group.

著者

白川 茂 脇坂 行一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.5, pp.339-343, 1974-05-15 (Released:2018-08-26)

著者

山田 将司 菊地 聡 今尾 茂樹 李 根燮 小里 泰章

出版者

一般社団法人 日本機械学会

雑誌

東海支部総会講演会講演論文集 2018.67 (ISSN:24242748)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.324, 2018 (Released:2018-09-25)