著者

市川 英子 加藤 國基

出版者

The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.4, pp.331-345, 2001-04-01 (Released:2010-01-22)

参考文献数

181

被引用文献数

6 7

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In the search for effective, selective, and nontoxic antiviral and antitumour agents, a variety of strategies have been devised to design nucleoside analogs. These strategies have involved several formal modifications of the naturally occurring nucleosides, especially, alteration of the carbohydrate moiety. Since the naturally occurring purine nucleoside analog oxetanocin A and its derivatives have been found to be effective as anti-HIV-1 and anti-herpes virus agents in 1986, the syntheses of different types of sugar-modified nucleoside analogs have been reported. In this review we will give an overview of the sugar-modified nucleosides synthesized since the late 1990 according to their structural types along with the synthetic routes of some nucleosides.

著者

田中 博道 早川 弘之 宮坂 貞

出版者

The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.12, pp.1142-1155, 1991-12-01 (Released:2009-11-16)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

2 6

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Lithiation of nucleosides has been shown to be a highly general method for chemical modification of the base moiety. A wide range of substitutions can be accomplished simply by using different electrophiles in the reaction with the respective lithiated species.In the case of uridine, the protecting group of the sugar hydroxyl groups appeared to be an important determinant of the efficiency and regiochemical outcome of the lithiation. Regiospecific abstraction of H-6 in uracil moiety with LDA takes place only when 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups are simultaneously protected with an alkylidene group, e.g. isopropylidene group. Subsequent reaction with a variety of electrophiles furnishes 6-substituted derivatives, which are difficult to synthesize by any other methods.As an application of the C-6 lithiation with LDA, a series of 6-iodo and 6-phenylthio acyclouridines were synthesized. Among these derivatives, 1- [(2-hydroxyethoxy) methyl] -6-phenylthiothymine (HEPT) was found to be a new lead for anti-HIV agents. The activity of HEPT is highly specific to HIV-1 : other viruses, including HIV-2, are totally non-susceptible to HEPT. Further synthetic study improved the activity to a greater extent. In terms of excellent activity, low toxicity, and effectiveness against AZT-resistant HIV-1, these HEPT analogues constitute promising candidates for AIDS chemotherapy.

著者

熊本 浩樹 田中 博道

出版者

The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.145-154, 2002-02-01 (Released:2009-11-13)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 2

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Described herein are three types of anionic migration of silyl and stannyl groups observed during the lithiation (hydrogen-lithium exchange) of nucleosides. In the first example of 9- [2, 3, 5-tris-O- (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) -β-D-ribofuranosyl]-6-chloropurine, the 8-trimethylsilyl or 8-tributylstannyl group introduced by lithiation underwent migration to the 2-position (migration within the base) through further lithiation of the less acidic H-2. The second example was observed by using 1- (2-deoxy-D-erythro-pent-1-enofuranosyl) uracil as a substrate, wherein the lithiationbased migration took place from the 6-position of the nucleobase to the 2'-position of the sugar (furanoid glycal). The last example came from the lithiation of the 5'-O-silylated or -stannylated anti-HIV agent d 4 T (2', 3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine). As a result of highly unusual vinylic lithiation in the presence of allylic hydrogen, these 5'-O-protecting groups were transferred to the 3'-position of the unsaturated sugar (migration within the sugar). Since stannyl group can be transformed in various ways, the above three examples have opened up access to nucleoside derivatives that have been difficult to be synthesized by other methods.

著者

Zbigniew JASTRZEBSKI Jakub KORTAS Katarzyna KACZOR Jedrzej ANTOSIEWICZ

出版者

Center for Academic Publications Japan

雑誌

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (ISSN:03014800)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.88-92, 2016 (Released:2016-06-03)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

15

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In the skin vitamin D3 is synthesized from cholesterol, which leaves the question whether a feedback mechanism controlling the level of blood cholesterol exists. Here we investigate the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum lipids in professional rowers. The rowers were divided into two groups following the same training schedule for 4 wk: one received placebo (TP) while the second received 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 every day (TD3). Plasma total antioxidant status, total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D3) were determined in pre- and post-intervention. The ratios of TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C were also calculated. Furthermore, maximal oxygen uptake was also measured at baseline. There were significant decreases over time in the TD3 group in TC 186±18 vs 163±21 (p<0.05) and HDL-C; LDL-C also decreased, but the changes were not statistically significant. Moreover, the supplementation caused a significant rise in blood 25-OH-D3 (+98%). Neither training nor vitamin D3 supplementation had an effect on total antioxidant status. In conclusion, the alterations in the lipoprotein profile seen in this study would suggest that effects of regular exercise on lipoprotein profile may linked to vitamin D3 status.

出版者

ダイヤモンド社

雑誌

週刊ダイヤモンド

巻号頁・発行日

vol.104, no.21, pp.42-43, 2016-05-28

著者

小林 夏子

出版者

日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.4, pp.379-388, 1990-12-30

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A personal expression indicates a position of the person who tells the story, that is whether he is involved in the story or not. The 1st person : he stands inside of the story and is a teller. The 3rd person : a teller stands outside. In order to make use of the personal expression as a clue to a deeper story comprehension, the purpose of this study is to investigate what kind of knowledge is related with the position of the teller. Subjects (76 university students) are asked to produce a sequel of the beginning of a story which implies that the protagonist suffers adversity. Ss are given two types of the beginnings whose protagonist is written in the 1st-or 3rd-person. The major results are as follows : 1) The number of phrases is larger in the 1st-person type, but the frequency of the movement is smaller. 2) The 1st-person type produces more on mental states, while the 3rd-person type produces more on action. 3) Moreover, the substance of productions differs in the way of solving the problem.

著者

Lubaale Grace Wanjiru Rose

出版者

龍谷大学

雑誌

社会科学研究年報 (ISSN:0288481X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.134-153, 2006-05

著者

小山 恵子 中會 奈美 宮崎 大 井上 幸次 板持 知恵美

出版者

メディカル葵出版

雑誌

あたらしい眼科 = Journal of the eye (ISSN:09101810)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.5, pp.661-663, 2003-05-30

被引用文献数

3

著者

小出 良平

出版者

昭和大学学士会

雑誌

昭和医学会雑誌 (ISSN:00374342)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.5-7, 1999-02-28 (Released:2010-09-09)

参考文献数

4

著者

中井 俊介

出版者

日本海洋学会

雑誌

海の研究 (ISSN:09168362)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.5, pp.433-440, 1995-10-30

著者

中井 俊介

出版者

日本海洋学会

雑誌

海の研究 (ISSN:09168362)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.6, pp.399-408, 1997-12-05

著者

松本 啓二朗

出版者

宗教哲学会

雑誌

宗教哲学研究 (ISSN:02897105)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, pp.111-115, 2016

著者

永山 聡子

出版者

女性労働問題研究会 ; 1996-

雑誌

女性労働研究 = The Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Working Women

巻号頁・発行日

no.60, pp.182-185, 2016

著者

大石 正夫 宮尾 益也 阿部 達也

出版者

Japanese Society of Environmental Infections

雑誌

環境感染 (ISSN:09183337)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.4, pp.255-257, 1998-11-30 (Released:2010-07-21)

参考文献数

5

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最近経験されたmethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 眼感染症の7症例について報告した.症例は全眼球炎1例, 眼窩蜂巣炎2例, 角膜炎1例, 眼瞼結膜炎1例および慢性結膜炎2例である.全例に脳疾患, 糖尿病, 腎不全, 気道感染症など全身合併症を有しており, compromisedhostであった.分離されたMRSA7株はvancomycin, arbekacinには全株が感受性で, ペニシリン剤, セフェム剤, 他のアミノグリコシッド系薬剤には耐性であった.治療はVCM点滴静注, ニユーキノロン点眼剤が投与されて症状の改善をみた.MRSA眼感染症の現況と対策につき言及した.

著者

内尾 英一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.196-200, 2014 (Released:2016-04-19)

参考文献数

2

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結膜(conjunctiva)は眼表面を覆う粘膜組織で,角膜以外の部分を指す.球結膜(bulbar conjunctiva)と瞼結膜(palpebral conjunctiva),その移行部である結膜円蓋(conjunctival fornix)から成っている.表面は涙液で保護されている重層扁平上皮組織であり,上皮には結膜上皮細胞以外に粘液を分泌する杯細胞がある.上皮下には血管や各種の細胞が豊富に存在する.眼球とは疎に結合し,眼球を保護し滑らかに運動させる機能がある(図1).結膜は眼表面(ocular surface)を形成し,外界に直接接している部位である.そのため感染症やアレルギーなどの炎症を生じやすい特徴があり,臨床所見は様々である.本来動物は海の中で進化していたが,両生類以降陸上で生活をするようになると,眼表面の乾燥を防ぐために涙液を持つようになり,さらに眼瞼も陸上生活に対応して備わった.魚類には眼瞼はない.瞬目(まばたき)をすることにより乾燥を防ぎ,涙液を行き渡らせることができるが,これは進化の結果として獲得したものである.しかし現代の生活では様々な要因で乾燥しがちであり,ドライアイも増加している.結膜炎は結膜の炎症性疾患であるが,原因によりアレルギー性結膜疾患と感染性結膜炎とに大別される.すなわち,非感染性結膜炎と感染性結膜炎である.

著者

菅原 二三男

出版者

Pesticide Science Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of Pesticide Science (ISSN:1348589X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.279-283, 2004-08-20 (Released:2014-06-07)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

3 4

著者

小林 昭雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本農芸化学会

雑誌

日本農芸化学会誌 (ISSN:00021407)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.6, pp.1003-1007, 1991-06-15 (Released:2008-11-21)

参考文献数

30

著者

小椋 秀亮

出版者

口腔病学会

雑誌

口腔病学会雑誌 (ISSN:03009149)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.199-218, 1981-06-30 (Released:2010-12-08)

参考文献数

101

被引用文献数

1

著者

森岡康

雑誌

東洋学報 / The Toyo Gakuho

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.27-62, 1984-01

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In 1637 (the fifteenth year of In-jo 仁祖), after being defeated by Ch'ing China, Korea became a Chinese tributary state. As one of the conditions of surrender, China issued an order that Koreans who wanted to redeem thejr captured relatives, who had been taken away to China as prisoners of war, should transact the trade at Shên-yang 瀋陽, the then capital of Ch'ing China, under the control of both countries concerned by paying the price asked by their Chinese owners. There were two types of redemption of captured Koreans: one in which the expenses for buying prisoners of war were paid by the national treasury, kung-shu 公贖, and another in which the expenses were borne by private persons, ssŭ-shu 私贖.Just after the surrender, to transact the trade of Korean captives with China, the Korean government dispatched government officials to Shên-yang, and private persons who wanted to redeem their captured relatives by themselves accompanied the officials. A huge number of Korean captives were gathered at Shên-yang and a market to transact the trade was organized. The Korean government resorted to every possible means to help the captives by lending money to private redeemers, by buying back poor captives who did not have any relatives to redeem them, and so on. These arrangements, however, eventually failed because of a sharp rise in the price of captives.The trade in prisoners of war in its later stages, which is the main topic of this article, was handled at the Shên-yang kuan-so 瀋陽館所, which was the residential place of the two Korean royal princes and their families who were taken to China as hostages as well as their retinue. The Shên-yang kuan-so also functioned as the Korean embassy in China. The following four characteristics are evident in the war prisoner trade at this stage:1. The Korean side gradually stopped providing money to buy back poor Korean captives due to a reduction in the availability of funds from the national treasury.2. The redeemed Korean captives were not released but retained by the government and put to work as officials and labourers.3. Chinese notables who owned Korean captives forced the Korean government to buy back them.4. The Shên-yang kuan-so forced the Korean government to pay money for run-away prisoners and to compensate them for any money owing on other redemption transactions demanded by the Chinese government.These characteristics clearly reveal the Korean government's change of attitudes towards the captives. At that time due to the sharp rise in the price of captives and the limitations added to the Koreans' entering to Shên-yang, it was almost impossible for them to redeem their captured relatives through due formalities. As a result, they often violated the regulations so as to help their relatives, causing many bad effects on the relations between China and Korea.As it is seen, the redemption of prisoners of war became more and more difficult for the Koreans, and finally in 1644 (the twenty-second year of In-jo), after the southward move of the Chinese capital from Shên-yang to Peking, it was abandoned. The issue of Korean war prisoner trade, nevertheless, had a severely harmful effect on Korean politics, society, and economics at that time and after.

著者

大倉徹也著

出版者

星雲社(発売)

巻号頁・発行日

1991