著者

百橋 明穂

出版者

大和文華館

雑誌

大和文華 = Semi-annual journal of eastern art (ISSN:05134846)

巻号頁・発行日

no.134, pp.図巻頭2p,27-32, 2019-03

著者

小山 博

出版者

宮崎民俗学会

雑誌

みやざき民俗 (ISSN:13415751)

巻号頁・発行日

no.71, pp.42-47, 2019-03

著者

寺澤 悠理 梅田 聡 斎藤 文恵 加藤 元一郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本高次脳機能障害学会

雑誌

高次脳機能研究 (旧 失語症研究) (ISSN:13484818)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.349-358, 2010-06-30 (Released:2011-07-02)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1 1

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島皮質は,我々が感情を経験するために,自身の身体内部から生じる感覚と環境情報を統合する中心的な機能を担う部位として注目されている。本研究では,右島皮質に限局的な損傷を持ち基礎的な認知能力に問題のない症例 A を対象に,表情判断および,表している感情の強さの評価課題を実施した。島皮質が感情処理における身体反応の受容・調整とどのような関係にあるかを調べるために,課題実施中の皮膚コンダクタンス反応 (SCR) を記録した。喜びや中性表情の識別は正確であったが,怒りや嫌悪といったネガティブ表情については識別能力の低下が観察された。さらに,表情が表す感情の強さを低く評価する傾向にあった。一方,顔表情に対する SCR は健常群とほぼ同一であった。本研究の結果は,右島皮質が特殊な感情の認識にとどまらず,主観的に経験する感情の強さを調整し,感情の正確な識別に重要な役割を担っていることを示唆している。

著者

西岡 加名恵 NISHIOKA Kanae

出版者

名古屋大学高等研究教育センター

雑誌

名古屋高等教育研究 (ISSN:13482459)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.197-217, 2017-03

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本稿の目的は、2020年に向けた高大接続改革(以下、2020年改革)の動向について、特に大学入試において用いられる評価方法という視点から検討することである。「質的転換答申」以降の政策論議においては、「資質・能力」を育成するために、大学入試において「多元的な評価」の導入が推奨された。現在の一般入試においては、大学入試センター試験と個別入試を併用する割合が低くなり、また試験科目が2科目以下になっている例も多数にのぼる。AO・推薦入試については学力不問と揶揄される状況が見られる。そうした中、2020年改革で導入される「大学入学希望者学力テスト(仮称)」では、短答式・条件付き記述式などの問題を取り入れることにより、大学入試センター試験よりも幅広い学力を評価対象とすることが期待されている。また、ポートフォリオや課題・口頭試問を導入した京都大学教育学部の特色入試は、受験生の幅広い学習履歴や論理的・批判的思考力などを評価対象とするものとなっている。しかしながら、2020年改革は、各教科で取り組まれるパフォーマンス課題を大学入試に取り入れるという構想は示されていないという点では限界が見られる。This paper aims to examine the 2020 reform of the articulationbetween high schools and universities in Japan, focusing on theassessment methods used in university entrance examinations. Policydiscussions following the Report on Qualitative Change promotedmulti-dimensional assessment in university entrance examinations inorder to develop competencies and abilities.The number of universities that use both the National Center Testsand the second round of tests given independently by each universityfor general entrance examinations have both declined. There aremany universities that demand that candidates take no more than twosubjects for examination. Admission office (AO) entranceexaminations, or examinations for candidates recommended byhigh-school principals, are recognized to be inadequate measures ofexamining academic achievements.Against this backdrop, the University Candidate Academic Achievement Tests (provisional name) to be introduced in the 2020 reform are expected to evaluate wider achievements than the presentNational Center Tests through their use of problems such asshort-answer questions and conditional descriptive questions. Theunique entrance examination of the Faculty of Education, KyotoUniversity, examines a wider learning history and logical/criticalthinking of candidates by using a portfolio, tasks, and oralexamination.The 2020 reform, however, has a limitation in that it has notproduced a plan to incorporate performance tasks that are in theprocess of being introduced in various subjects for the universityentrance examination.

著者

堀田 修

出版者

日本口腔・咽頭科学会

雑誌

口腔・咽頭科 = Stomato-pharyngology (ISSN:09175105)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.37-42, 2010-03-31

参考文献数

7

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慢性上咽頭炎はそれ自体が症状を欠き, 内視鏡検査では肉眼的に判別困難であるため, 臨床現場で耳鼻咽喉科医の注目を集めることは稀である. しかし, 上咽頭表層のリンパ球は健常者においてもT, B細胞とも活性化された状態にあり, 上咽頭は口蓋扁桃同様に生理的炎症部位である. 急性咽頭炎を伴う感冒時にはCD4細胞の活性化が増強され, 回復期にはB細胞の活性化の亢進が認められる. 上咽頭の線毛上皮細胞はMHC class II抗原を発現し抗原提示能を有することから, 上咽頭における抗原の慢性刺激により生じた慢性上咽頭炎が扁桃性病巣感染, 歯性病巣感染と同様な病巣感染的役割を果たし, 二次疾患の発症に関与することが推察される.

著者

杉藤美代子/中納千佳子 スギトウミヨコ/ナカノウチカコ

雑誌

樟蔭国文学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.109-124, 1987-03-24

著者

堀 哲郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬理学会

雑誌

日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.115, no.4, pp.209-218, 2000 (Released:2007-01-30)

参考文献数

57

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従来,脳と免疫系は各々それ自体,独立した自律系として捉えられ,別個に研究されてきた.しかし,近年,生体に社会心理的なストレスを与えたり,脳の特定部位を破壊,刺激すると,免疫機能が影響を受けることや,免疫反応の条件付けが可能であることなどから,脳の活動変化が免疫系に影響を及ぼすことが示された.また,感染,炎症に伴い誘起される神経系と内分泌系の反応が免疫系からの情報に依存することも明らかになってきた.そのような知見を背景に,脳と免疫系とはお互いに影響し合うという「脳・免疫系連関」は一つの研究領域として1970年代に確立し,爾来急速に発展し,現在に至っている.この現象が成立する背景には,脳と免疫系が情報伝達物質(サイトカイン,ホルモン,神経・内分泌ペプチド,古典的神経伝達物質)と受容体を共通に持っているという事実がある.脳は,免疫臓器を支配する自律神経系や内分泌系とを操作して免疫系の働きを修飾している.一方,免疫系も上記の情報伝達物質を産生し,体液性および神経性に神経および内分泌系へ信号を送り,多彩な急性期反応を発現させ,それらの反応が逆に免疫系の働きに影響を与えるという複雑な干渉が両者の間に存在する.かくして脳と免疫系とは共同して個体全体として生体防衛に当たることが明白になってきた.本稿では,脳・免疫系連関において主要な働きをする情報伝達物質であるサイトカインの中枢神経作用とそれを媒介する神経伝達物質について,インターロイキン-1の働きを中心に抄述する.

出版者

九州教育学会

雑誌

九州教育学会研究紀要 (ISSN:02870622)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.69-76, 2018 (Released:2019-07-01)

著者

筒井 清次郎

出版者

愛知教育大学

雑誌

愛知教育大学研究報告. 芸術・保健体育・家政・技術科学 (ISSN:03887367)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.29-36, 1990-02-20

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The purpose of this study was to explore the best structure of practice variability in the motor learning. The task was to reproduct the angle. The number of training trials was 24. Test was composed to a criterion test ant two transfer tests. One of the transter tests was easire test than criterion test, and the other was more dificult test. The results were as follow: 1) In criterion test, practice variability group in all training trials was superior to others. 2 ) In easier transfer test, the orderly practice variability group was superior to constant practice group and non-orderly practice variability group. 3 ) In more difficult transfer test, the orderly practice variability group was not sunerior to others.

著者

工藤 孝幾

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.103-111, 1994-06-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1

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Shea and Kohl (1990) reported that acquisition practice with variations of the criterion task leads to better retention than practice on the criterion task alone. The purpose of this study was to determine the locus of this retention benefits. Experimental task was the speed reproduction task. Eighty undergraduate male students were randomly assigned to eight practice conditions differing in the activities performed during the intertrial intervals. All subjects were administered retention test immediately and twenty-four hours after the practice. Results indicated that the retention benefits demonstrated by subjects provided variable practice was produced by the contextual interference effect not by the formation of motor response schema. Results also suggested that both of reconstruction of action plan and elaborative processing resulted in the retention benefits.

著者

柳田邦男著

出版者

新潮社

巻号頁・発行日

1986

著者

中村政則著

出版者

小学館

巻号頁・発行日

1998

著者

奥 圭一 矢来 篤史 中西 卓二

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.97-104, 2000-03

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

3 2

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When using glasses as musical instruments (also referred to as the glass-harp), the pitch needs to be minutely adjusted. That is, it needs to be tuned. A wide adjustment range has been achieved by a new method that locally shaves the bottom of the cup of each vessel circumferencially. The pitch decreased in proportion to the quantity of glass shaved. This relationship between the quantity of glass shaved and the change in pitch was clarified both experimentally and analytically by Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. The amount of pitch change accompanied with the shaving method is occasionally limited by the vessel shape. In such cases, pitch can be changed by filling wine glasses with specific quantities of water, a well-known conventional tuning method. This auxiliary method has been measured experimentally and analyzed by FEM to clarify the relationship between the water quantity in vessels and the amount of pitch change. A harmonics analysis was also performed. Using these procedures, prediction of vibration frequency could be done in advance, which means a desired pitch can be easily obtained.

著者

劉 超然 石井 カルロス寿憲 石黒 浩 萩田 紀博

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.112-121, 2013 (Released:2013-01-17)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

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A suitable control of head motion in robots synchronized with its utterances is important for having a smooth human-robot interaction. Based on rules inferred from analyses of the relationship between head motion and dialog acts, this paper proposes a model for generating head tilting and evaluates the model using different types of humanoid robots. Analysis of subjective scores showed that the proposed model can generate head motion with increased naturalness compared to nodding only or directly mapping people's original motions without gaze information. We also evaluate the proposed model in a real human-robot interaction, by conducting an experiment in which participants act as visitors to an information desk attended by robots. The effects of gazing control were also taken into account when mapping the original motion to the robot. Evaluation results indicated that the proposed model performs equally to directly mapping people's original motion with gaze information, in terms of perceived naturalness

著者

山田 吉彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本マリンエンジニアリング学会

雑誌

マリンエンジニアリング (ISSN:13461427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.388-393, 2007-05-01 (Released:2010-05-31)

参考文献数

4

出版者

日本幼稚園協會

雑誌

幼兒の教育

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.6, 1929-06

著者

二村 郁美 FUTAMURA Ikumi

出版者

名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科

雑誌

名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科紀要. 心理発達科学 (ISSN:13461729)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, pp.165-172, 2014

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This study examined about the consequences and expectation of consequences in several kinds of everyday prosocial behavior. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 graduate students (6 men, 11 women). The interviews were about emotion, cognition, and behavior experienced in the following three real life scenes: giving a seat to elderly people on a train (train scene), reporting a lost belongings (lost belonging scene), and making a donation for charity (donation scene). The main findings were as follows: (1) prosocial behavior was more likely to be performed in lost belonging scene, train scene, and donation scene respectively. (2) In train scene, it was ambiguous whether performing prosocial behavior was helpful for the recipient, and negative emotion was experienced in both situations: the behavior had not been performed and when it had been performed but it had not been accepted. (3) In lost belonging scene, negative emotion was not likely to occur, and it was expected that performing the behavior would be helpful basically. (4) In donation scene, negative emotion was likely to occur, donors were not likely to be evaluated as positive, and non-donors were not likely to be evaluated as negative. From these findings, when performing prosocial behavior, there are several ambiguities about the consequences: ambiguity of recipient's need, ambiguity of the recipient's utilization of help, and ambiguity of evaluation to benefactor. It was suggested that those ambiguities were significant inhibition factor of prosocial behavior.

著者

Ramprasad Muthukrishnan Ayesha Abdul Rashid Fatma Al-Alkharji

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.7, pp.493-497, 2019 (Released:2019-07-02)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

9

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[Purpose] This study examined the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus ultrasound therapy, combined with the mobilization and therapeutic exercise in both groups, in participants with diabetic frozen shoulder. [Participants and Methods] Twenty participants with diabetic frozen shoulder were divided into an experimental group who received extracorporeal shock wave therapy, mobilization and exercises (n=10, Mean: 43.70) and the control group who received ultrasound, mobilization and exercises (n=10 Mean: 45.50). The clinical outcomes, i.e., a) pain b) active range of motions of the shoulder, c) disability scores by Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scale and d) global rating of change was measured weekly for four weeks. [Results] Significant improvements in pain, all active range of motions and disability scores were observed at the end of the 4th week in both groups. Additionally, the experimental group benefitted significant pain reduction (median difference: 7 in experimental versus 6 in control group), reduced number of therapy sessions and thus the costs of treatment compared to the control group. [Conclusion] Extracorporeal shock wave therapy significantly reduced pain in people with diabetic frozen shoulder with a reduction of treatment cost compared to the control group.

著者

大蔵省印刷局 [編]

出版者

日本マイクロ写真

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1924年04月14日, 1924-04-14

著者

平松 潤奈

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.321-349, 2004

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From the period of perestroika, there has been an argument in the criticism of Soviet culture that the Stalinist culture suppressed the representation of the body, which is irreducible to the canonical language. In this body/language opposition, the body is seen as deviation, excess or something antagonistic to the social and language order. But it is not appropriate to think that the body can be represented outside of and autonomous from language because, taking this assumption and regarding the body as something that needs release from the yoke of the language order, we only repeat the same scheme of such sayings that the body must be suppressed by language. The body should, therefore, be seen as that formed in the practice of language. In this light, dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's text appears to tell how the body is formed in the language activity and treated by the language order. His text does not take the body/language opposition for granted, but probes the mechanism which this opposition stands on. Solzhenitsyn's novel, The First Circle, describes the process of the formation of the body far more clearly and elaborately than in any other of his writings. The central motif of the novel is voice-hearing, which inevitably raises the question of the relation of language and body. That is because, on one hand, voice carries linguistic messages, but on the other, it is a part of the human body. Voice separates from the body and goes through various media (recorder, telephone, radio etc.), but in this process it does not seem to lose the trace of the body in the form of its materiality, such as frequency and amplitude. This duality of voice plays a decisive role in The First Circle. In the beginning of the story, Innokentii Volodin, a young diplomat, calls the embassy of the United States in Moscow and reveals that a Soviet agent will receive information about the manufacturing of an atomic bomb. His conversation is tapped and recorded, and the Ministry of State Security (MGB) commits the tape to a special prison-institute commonly called a sharashka, where confined scientists and engineers are working for the benefit of the government. Gleb Nerzhin, a mathematician, and Lev Rubin, a linguist, are ordered to analyze the tape and identify the criminal among five suspects. The novel depicts in detail the process of voice analysis, which is to be examined concretely in this paper. Previous studies on Solzhenitsyn's novels have not read these technology motifs in their literal meaning. If attention is paid to descriptions of technology, they tend to concentrate on metaphorical and ideological interpretations of them (the telephone network stands for the bureaucratic system of the socialist state, for instance) and ignore the material and practical aspect of them. Solzhenitsyn himself lived in a sharashka for three years, and the model of Nerzhin is the author. He compared the sharashka to "the first circle" (borrowed from Dante's The Divine Comedy), which is the most privileged place among the concentration camps. There, prisoners were exempted from hard labor and even enjoyed freedom of speech, unthinkable in the outside society. Their work was directly connected with the benefit of the state, and significant contribution sometimes freed them. Many technical experts imprisoned in the sharashka, however, belonged to the generations before the Revolution, and a part of them were anti-Stalinist sympathizers. What sustained this inclination was their assurance of the autonomy of "techno-elite," but in fact their life depended on the technological innovation which they devised for the regime. In other words, the channels of their voices are strictly controlled, but at the same time their technology regulates the conditions on how voices are transmitted. Located in this ambiguous position of sharashka, the prisoners in The First Circle are confronted with difficult ethical questions to decide one after another. The depiction of the analysis of Volodin's voice is based on a true story Solzhenitsyn experienced in the sharashka and that Rubin's model Lev Kopelev wrote a detailed memoir about. By the time they take up Volodin's case, the prisoners have been engaged in the development of a scrambler phone that can protect Stalin's telephone conversation from being tapped by encoding and decoding human voices. The decoded voice must be identifiable with the speaker as well as being clearly heard. Looking back to the duality of voice mentioned above, clarity of voice (what one is saying) is related to its linguistic aspect, while identification (who is speaking) to its materiality or body. The latter is considered more complicated than the former, and what is necessary for the analysis of Volodin's voice is the latter (who is the criminal). To develop this special apparatus, Nerzhin (Solzhenitsyn) and Rubin (Kopelev) used a device called "visible speech," the prototype of today's sound spectrograph. It gives voiceprints which records frequency and energy of voices according to time. Rubin thinks their patterns differ from person to person, so he can identify the criminal by comparing the voiceprints of given tapes. But, in fact, voiceprint does not reveal the owner of the voice by itself. It only transcribes the materiality (body) of voice, which is unique and unrepeatable every time. To identify the owner, one must find some distinct features of his voice, always unchangeable. Rubin (Kopelev) has inmates and staff in the sharashka read the same words and syllables in various ways, but, as he confessed, Kopelev could not discover such features. What is important here is that the identity of voice is sought by articulating its materiality (voiceprints) linguistically (by particular words and syllables). In The First Circle, through voice analysis, Rubin focuses his attention on two suspects, Volodin and Shchevronok, and he tells his boss that Shchevronok is more suspicious. But that is a mistake. His boss reports to a MGB official about two suspects, requiring more data, but the official rejects the request and announces that he will arrest both. Here the strict examination of voice properties turns to absurdity. We might wonder, with all of the complicated investigation, which Rubin is forced to work on, why the author lets Rubin make a mistake and for the authorities to arrest an innocent man. Before answering this question, we should reexamine the special nature of Volodin's case -- a crime on the telephone line. As it was already seen, voice has two aspects; it is regarded as a trace of the body (and this trace also has materiality) and a carrier of language simultaneously. This duality of voice makes Volodin's case very unique. On one hand, his voice transmits linguistic message, which is recognized as a crime in the social order. On the other hand, his voice is the criminal act itself. It means that the language order and the bodily act are connected directly in his voice. Usually, bodily acts, occurring in particular time and space, are unrepeatable. But Volodin's recorded voice makes it repeatable. Through the process of voice analysis, the repeatable body (materiality) of voice is articulated to the language order and identified with its owner. In this sense, the identifiable body of the criminal is formed in the practice of the language order. We may think that Rubin's mistake shows the imperfection of this articulation system: he could not tell the difference between two men's voices. This imperfection, however, is necessary to the order. Stalin in the novel suspects that 5 to 8 percent of the people in the state are not content with the present regime although they vote for it in elections. Stalin asserts that the MGB can exist only because there are always hidden enemies in the society. His suspicion keeps on creating newly imagined enemies, who do not appear in elections, that is, who are not articulated to the language order (election has the simplest linguistic form -- yes or no). This supposed percentage of hidden enemies can be seen here as corresponding to the percentage Rubin mistakes. For Rubin's identification process is accompanied with the possibility of misidentification, and this misidentification (the imperfection of articulation) produces the hidden body of enemies behind the language order. Thus, the imperfection of the articulation technology makes the language order produce suppressible body. The voice analysis depicted in the novel shows the process of how the deviant body is produced, identified and oppressed in the regulation of social and linguistic order. Along with Rubin's voice analysis, the novel presents a different kind of voice-hearing. Nerzhin is said to have "strange hearing," with which he has been able to hear suppressed people moaning and shrieking since his childhood. This voice reaches him without going through any material medium -- newspaper, radio, or telephone. He does not trust them at all. Volodin's voice is carried by the telephone line and analyzed by the device of visible speech, by which, as a result, he is arrested. Adding to such media technologies, one more medium participates in voice analysis -- the body of the analyzer (Rubin); the clarity of decoded voice is examined by his ears, one of which is deaf, a fact which Rubin hides from people around him. Furthermore, when Rubin (Kopelev) has to infer from a voiceprint what the voice is saying in front of a MGB official, Nerzhin (Solzhenitsyn) secretly tries to help Rubin by showing the answer by gesture. All these mediums are described as things which deceive people. Among the mediums in the novel, written letters in documents are particularly deceptive. Recorded letters are easily placed under the control of a third party so they do not hold the truth. The cause of the deceptiveness is the materiality of media and body. Nerzhin's hearing is "strange" and fantastic because it omits such media technology and body, which seems indispensable for normal communication, and still can catch voices. Denying all the mediums, Nerzhin tries to approach the origin of suppressed people's voice. In the sharashka he likes to go and listen to Spiridon, a plain peasant, because Spiridon is a blind and illiterate man that is cut from the deceptive media networks (Rubin calls this Nerzhin's "going to the people" in fun). Nerzhin cannot learn any principle of life from Spiridon's tales, but just listens to his voice through his "soul" while sitting side by side; Nerzhin's hearing is independent of reason and media. Nerzhin goes further this way "to the people" and takes a much more radical step by refusing to take part in the work on the cryptography for the scrambler phone, as a result of which he is sent to a regular concentration camp. To leave the sharashka, which serves the regime with media technology, means that he will join the truly suppressed people. At the last moment in the sharashka, Nerzhin sees the van that will transport him and fellow prisoners elsewhere through Moscow city. He sees the word "Meat" painted on the body of the van for disguise. This detail has rich implication. The word "Meat" does not only hide the body of prisoners in the car, but exposes by accident the violence of the language order which treats the human body as "meat." In this scene, violence is not generated in the situation where language has already screened out the body as recent criticism insists, but when language designates the body in a certain way. Throwing his own body from the language order to outside of it, Nerzhin reveals such violence because in this moment he can observe both aspects of Soviet society. This is the point where the relation between language and body is determined. After that, the viewpoint of the narrative suddenly switches to a foreign newspaper reporter who sees the van on the street and takes the word "Meat" as it is. Nerzhin's body vanishes to outside of language but leaves the strange hearing to readers, who now know the violence of language. This consequence of Solzhenitsyn's novel has been criticized in two ways; first, it distinguishes the world of suppressed ordinary people as something sacred. Secondly, it stands in an omnipotent position which commands view of both sides of Soviet society. These arguments are apparently true, but, as we have seen in this paper, The First Circle narrates how two aspects of society (suppressing language order and suppressed body) are being separated. In this separation consists violence, which is depicted in the last scene of the novel (the scene about the "Meat" van). In fact, Nerzhin's vanishing body acts as the medium that informs readers of the two aspects of Soviet society, though he will not admit that the human body functions as a medium. It can be said that Solzhenitsyn himself, when he writes The Gulag Archipelago, for example, works as such a medium, articulating the "reality" of concentration camps to language text.