著者
楠本 大 Dai Kusumoto 東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科:(現)宇都宮大学野生植物科学研究センター Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo:(Present office)Center for Research on Wild Plants Utsunomiya University
出版者
樹木医学会
雑誌
樹木医学研究 = Journal of tree health (ISSN:13440268)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, no.2, pp.65-74, 2004-09-30
参考文献数
71
被引用文献数
4

針葉樹の多くは傷害樹脂道を形成し,樹脂を分泌する.傷害樹脂道とは,傷などの刺激によって形成される樹脂道のことで,菌や昆虫の侵入を妨げるのに重要な役割を果たしていると考えられている.傷害樹脂道は木部あるいは師部の形成層付近に形成され,形成が完了するには1〜2カ月間を要する.傷害樹脂道はエチレンを人為的に処理することでも誘導され,処理により樹脂生産は促進される.このことから,樹木がストレスを受けたときに生成するストレスエチレンの関与が示唆されている・菌や昆虫の加害のような継続的刺激は,物理的傷害のような一時的な刺激よりもエチレン生成を促進し,傷害樹脂道の形成範囲や樹脂の分泌量を増加させると考えられる.また,エチレンは環境ストレスによっても生成され,病虫害と複合して作用することによって,著しいエチレン生成を誘導する可能性が推察される.

1 0 0 0 OA [駒場]2001

著者
東京大学大学院総合文化研究科 東京大学教養学部
出版者
東京大学大学院総合文化研究科
雑誌
[駒場]
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2001, 2002-03-31

(表紙から目次)
著者
東京大学大学院薬学系研究科育薬学講座 NPO法人医薬品ライフタイムマネジメントセンター
出版者
日経BP社
雑誌
日経ドラッグインフォメーションプレミアム版
巻号頁・発行日
no.233, pp.PE30-32, 2017-03

●初の免疫チェックポイント阻害薬●現在の適応は4つの癌腫。今後さらに増える見込み●自己免疫疾患関連の副作用に注意、投与終了後も要観察 オプジーボ(一般名ニボルマブ[遺伝子組換え])は、2014年7月に「根治切除不能な悪性黒色腫」に対して承認されたヒ…
著者
苅谷 剛彦 Kariya Takehoko 東京大学大学院 Graduate School University of Tokyo
雑誌
教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, pp.63-73, 1981-09-12

The problems of "school as organization" have been studied mainly from the viewpoint of school administration and education administration, in the field of educational research in Japan. But such studies have taken interest in the organization of school staff to rationalize school administration. Therefore they have not treated the more elemental problem - How do schools organize the behaviour and learning activities of their pupils ? This article aims to explore its elemental mechanism of school organization, forcusing on Japanese high schools. In the social context which contain the school organization objectively, the school staff members organize the educational activities subjectively. How do they organize the school ? It is the problem for me to explore the mechanism. At the first, I review the study of Ronald Kings "School Organization and Pupil Involvement". Then I point out the important point of his study. It is that he treated organizing schools as teachers' subjective "action". And I point out the limit of his study. It is that his analysis was based on the static bureaucratic model. To get over the weakness, I look into the decision-making process about organizing educational activities. For this purpose, I review the study of March, J.G. &amp Simon, H.A.s' Organization". They pointed out that the decision-making is based on staffs "definition of situation". And based on the study of Becker, H.S. et al., I point out that "group perspective" orientate "definition of situation". So I can say that teachers' group perspectives control the decision-making process about organizing educational activities. After reviewing such studies, I propose the hypothetical model which can explain the mechanism of Japanese high school organization in the schools' hierarchical structure dynamically.
著者
五十嵐 悠紀 五十嵐 健夫 鈴木 宏正 Yuki Igarashi Takeo Igarashi Hiromasa Suzuki 東京大学大学院工学系研究科 東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科:JST ERATO 東京大学大学院工学系研究科 Dept. of Engineering The University of Tokyo Dept. of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo:JST ERATO Dept. of Engineering The University of Tokyo
雑誌
コンピュータソフトウェア = Computer software (ISSN:02896540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.1, pp.51-58, 2009-01-27

"あみぐるみ"は毛糸を使って作るぬいぐるみであるが,毛糸の編み方によって形状をデザインしていくため,初心者にはデザインすることが困難である.我々は3次元モデリングプロセスにインタラクティブな物理シミュレーションを組み合わせることであみぐるみを効率的にデザインできるモデラーを作成した.本システムは自動で編み目を計算してあみぐるみモデルをシミュレーション結果として提示するため,初心者にでも直感的にデザインでき,編み図も容易に得ることができる.また,初めてあみぐるみに挑戦する初心者でも製作手順を容易に理解できるようにするために,製作手順を視覚的に提示する製作支援インタフェースも備えた.あみぐるみ初心者でも容易にオリジナルなあみぐるみを作成できることを確認したので報告する.
著者
村上 陽子 Murakami Yoko 沖縄大学地域研究所 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科
出版者
沖縄大学地域研究所
雑誌
地域研究 (ISSN:18812082)
巻号頁・発行日
no.13, pp.119-132, 2014-03

「ギンネム屋敷」には、レイプ、従軍慰安婦、沖縄戦、民族差別など、さまざまな主題が書き込まれている。「沖縄人」の主人公「私」をはじめ、「朝鮮人」、「米軍人」、「ナイチャー二世」など、民族性を強く帯びた男性登場人物の語りによって構成されるこのテクストの中で、レイプの被害者としてあらわれる女性登場人物は沈黙を強いられている。そのため、従来「ギンネム屋敷」の男性登場人物が、帝国主義や植民地主義、冷戦構造をふまえた関係を形成している点が注目されてきた。その一方で、女性登場人物の位相は十分に論じられることがなかった。それを踏まえて、本稿では女性登場人物の位相を詳細に分析していくことにする。沈黙を強いられる女性たちはテクストの中で空所化され、男性の言葉によって意味付けられていく。だが、彼女らはときに、他者の言葉によって表象され、統御される以上の存在となってあらわれる。本稿では、そのような意味付けられない女性たちの、あるいは言葉を奪われた死者たちの回帰を〈亡霊〉と呼ぶ。〈亡霊〉が物語を構築する語りの主体に取り憑き、物語空間を飛び交っていることをテクストの分析を通して明らかにしていく。語りの主体がすでに〈亡霊〉に取り憑かれていたのだとすれば、テクストから排除されていた彼女たちの声を、物語を構成する言葉の中に潜勢するものとして読み直すことが可能となるだろう。The themes of Matayoshi Eiki's "Ginnemu yashiki" varies from rape, "comfort women", Battle of Okinawa, and ethnic discrimination. This text consists of the narratives of male character with strong racial traits. Female characters are, in contrast, forced to bear the silence, and described as victims of wars and rapes. Therefore, previous studies have focused on the relationship among male characters and have critically discussed structural outline of imperialism, colonialism, and cold war. On the other hand, issues of women have been left unexamined.Now therefore, I examine the phases of female character. Female characters of those forced to be silent become the blank of the text inside. Male characters represent her words and attempt to fill up the blank. However, those forced to be silent have already gotten into male characters, the narrator of the story, and are not just being represented by the word of others. In this study, I call these deprived of their words and obsess narrating agents as "disembodied spirit" and articulate their influence on the narratives of agents. Through rereading this piece, I reexamine the issue of female characters of those remain unexplored and argue that they present in the text.
著者
日下田 岳史 Takeshi HIGETA 東京大学大学院 Graduate School of Education The University of Tokyo
出版者
THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY
雑誌
教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.79, pp.67-84, 2006-12-10
被引用文献数
1

One premise of studies on the Japanese university participation rate is that there have been three stages: expansion, stagnation, and re-expansion. A second premise is the prefecture is used as the unit to determine whether students have moved upon entrance to university. However, the prefecture as a measurement unit does not always coincide with the zone from which students can attend university from home, or "the hometown." Therefore, using data from the "Student Life Survey" of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, this study directly measures the ratio of members of the 18-year-old cohort who entered university from home, and the ratio of those living away from home (1968-1998). In this paper, the former is called the university participation rate from home, and the latter the university participation rate from away from home. The finding is that for girls, the university participation rate from home has risen fairly consistently. This is important knowledge for the first premise of studies on the university participation rate. It appears that the reason why preceding studies have not given a successful explanation of the university participation rate of girls based on economic variables, whereas that of boys has been successfully explained, is because the cost of movement has not been considered. Therefore, this study confirms the effect of the cost of movement, and clarifies the difference of the determining factors of the university participation rate from home according to gender or university location. Furthermore, this study confirms a difference between girls and boys for each economic variable effect including the movement cost effect after controlling for factors peculiar to university location. The results are that the limiting conditions are more sensitive in large cities than in rural areas, and that girls are more sensitive to the limiting conditions than boys when controlling for the factor peculiar to the area. This suggests the reproduction of the composition where "girls remain in the local area, and boys move out."
著者
西田 健志 五十嵐 健夫 Takeshi Nishida Takeo Igarashi 東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科 東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科:科学技術振興機構さきがけ Graduate School of Information Science and Technology the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Information Science and Technology the University of Tokyo:JST PRESTO
出版者
日本ソフトウェア科学会
雑誌
コンピュータソフトウェア (ISSN:02896540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, no.4, pp.69-75, 2006-10-26
参考文献数
7
被引用文献数
3

本論文では,参加者間で画像を共有し,それら画像の特定部分に会話を結びつけることのできるチャットシステムLock-on-Chatとその運用により得られた様々な知見をまとめる.文書や画像と会話を結びつけるほかのシステムが,ひとつの文書について深く議論するのに適しているのに対して,我々のシステムは複数の画像に分散した会話をしやすくすることに重きを置いてデザインされている.Lock-on-Chatは学術会議において発表中に聴衆が会話するためのシステムとして運用された.Lock-on-Chatが局面に応じてさまざまな使われ方がされる様子,多くの参加者が活発に議論する様子が観察された.
著者
清水 睦美 Mutsumi SHIMIZU 東京大学大学院 Graduate School Tokyo University
出版者
東洋館
雑誌
教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, pp.137-156, 1998-10-20
被引用文献数
1

This paper is an ethnographic study on the teaching practice of an elementary school teacher. Teacher's activities in the classroom are analyzed as strategies which are ways of achieving a variety of goals such as survival, classroom control and so on.In this pape r, I analyze strategies used to achieve teacher's pedagogical goals, which I call them "pedagogical strategies." One of these strategies is teacher's behavior, or more specifically, how the teacher situated himself in relation to the students in order to achieve his pedagogical goals. My informant's pedagogical goals are to create his ideal classroom setting and to understand his pupils. His behavior for achieving these goals in the classroom takes various forms. In my research, I identify five kinds of teacher behavior. The first kind is where the teacher acts as if he is the same as the pupils. The second kind is where the teacher leaves classroom activities up to the students. The third kind is where the teacher disciplines pupils. However this kind of behavior is prevented by a certain dilemma and is left incomplete. The fourth kind is where the teacher coordinates the interests and demands of the pupils or of the teacher and pupils. Through this behavior, the teacher leads pupils to mutual agreement on the content and enactment of classroom activities. The last kind is where the teacher guides pupils in classroom activities.Here, the teacher presents students with activities that are required by the educational institution rather than by teacher or pupil demands. These results suggest that if the teacher tends to avoid stating his demands, teacher-pupil relationship does not have to be oppositional. If we take into account the physical, mental and institutional distinctions between teacher and pupils, teacher-pupil relationship is oppositional. However, by using institutional advantage, the teacher tries to avoid an oppositional relationship between himself and pupils and to behave as if he is equal with the students.
著者
油布 佐和子 Sawako Yufu 東京大学大学院 Graduate School Tokyo University
出版者
東洋館
雑誌
教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, pp.165-178, 283, 1985-09-30

Recently, it has been pointed out that the studies about the process of schooling is very important. Especially since Pygmalion in the Classroom was published, it has been argued that teachers have much influences upon their students. However, in Japan there are few studies that refer to the relevance of teachers' perceptions to educational problems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formation of teachers' perceptions for the analysis of the Japanese educational problems. First of all, I reviewed some American and English studies which are concerned with teachers' perceptions and their formation. Then I examined the variables which seem to be useful when the educational problems are analyzed. I pointed out the significance of societal prejudice (social consciousness) that shapes the perceptions of students. Nevertheless we couldn't perfectly explain the formation of teachers' perceptions in Japan from the point of societal prejudice. Secondly, I investgated two educational trends that affected the teachers' perceptions: 1) the transformation of school function, 2) specializations of teacher's work. In conclusion, I can consider that teachers' perceptions based on their students' achievements are formed under these educational trends.