文献一覧: 永井博 (著者)

4 0 0 0 OA カントとニュートン

著者: 永井博
出版者: The Japan Academy
雑誌: 日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.52, no.2, pp.91-99, 1997 (Released:2007-06-22)

The transcendental philosophy of Kant (1724-1804) has been considered to be one reliable justification for the classical mechanics established by Newton (1642-1727) in the 17th century. Such a viewpoint used to be accepted as common sense in learned circles. Kant was born in Königsberg and studied Newton's physics at the university of his birth place. Since that time he became devoted to the physics of Newton, and furthermore he even obtained the nick name“Newton in Königsberg”.In those days (1755) Kant anonymously published Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels. At the beginning of this book, he said expressly that he had written it in accordance with the physical principles of Newton. Such a comment proved that he was a sincere Newtonian. Kant's earnest devotion to Newton, however, could not remain permanently, because in his old age Kant became unable to admit the term“natural philosophy, ”as used in the usual term Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, 1687. Using a few words in his Opus postumum Kant pointed out that Newton has fallen into the error of terminology (Kants Gesammelte Schriften, Akademie Ausgabe XXI, Opus postumum Erste Hälfte, 1936, pp. 190, 230, 510, etc.).According to Kant, using“natural philosophy”is nothing but a tautology or a contradiction. Therefore, natural philosophy must be corrected to natural “science”. Then, the concept of natural“philosophy”will disappear and the correct Principia in two different forms ought to take respectively the place of Newton's Principia as follows.X Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica1 Scientiae naturalis principia philosophica2 Scientiae naturalis principia mathematicaHowever, was Newton's terminology of natural philosophy really erroneous? It was not necessarily the truth of the matter. The philosophy of Kant was transcendental. Accordingly philosophy should be neither defined nor qualified, although it could define all other things. From the viewpoint of transcendental philosophy it seemed to Kant that natural science must substitute for natural philosophy. Thus Kant separated philosophy from science here, and the concept of natural science came into existence. Such being the case I can not approve easily Kant's criticism of Newton's Principia. Moreover, the English had not yet the term“natural science”apart from natural philosophy. The term of natural science first appeared there in 1840. Nevertheless, Newton continued to be called“our philosopher”until later years.Since the era of ancient Greek civilization, the idea of philosophy viz. science had been a traditional expression of European thought. Kant, however, separated science from philosophy against the historical tradition in Europe. But all the pioneers of early modern science like Descartes, Kepler, Galileo, Pascal, etc. were always indeed, the philosophers. Needless to say, Newton certainly associated himself with them as well.After the separation between science and philosophy, science has unfortunately developed without philosophy and philosophy also has developed without science. But many of the results brought about expressly by scientific technology are not only undesirable, but also very confusing. An urgent question of today must be the realization of a newly constructive philosophy of science in a practical way.Philosophy without science is empty, Science without philosophy is blind.

2019-08-30 19:06:44
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2 0 0 0 OA 数学的思考について

著者: 永井博
出版者: 科学基礎論学会
雑誌: 科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.10, no.4, pp.162-165, 1972-03-30 (Released:2009-09-04)

2 0 0 0 OA 放射線のリスクコミュニケーションに係る基本的事項

著者: 篠原邦彦大内浩子近本一彦谷口和史永井博行森本恵理子米澤理加渡辺浩
出版者: 日本保健物理学会
雑誌: 保健物理 (ISSN:03676110)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.44, no.4, pp.374-379, 2009 (Released:2011-01-12)
参考文献数: 19
被引用文献数: 1 2

In the field of atomic energy and radiation utilization, radiation risk is considered as one of the social uneasy factors. About the perception of risks, there is a gap between experts and general public (non-experts). It is said that the general public tends to be going to judge risk from intuitive fear and a visible concrete instance whereas the experts judge it scientifically. A company, an administration or experts should disclose relating information about the risks and communicate interactively with the stakeholders to find the way to solve the problem with thinking together. This process is called “risk communication”. The role of the expert is important on enforcement of risk communication. They should be required to explain the information on the risks with plain words to help stakeholders understand the risks properly. The Japan Health Physics Society (JHPS) is the largest academic society for radiation protection professionals in Japan, and one of its missions is supposed to convey accurate and trustworthy information about the radiation risk to the general public. The expert group on risk communication of ionizing radiation of the JHPS has worked for the purpose of summarizing the fundamental matters on radiation risk communication. “Lecture on risk communication for the members of the JHPS.” which has been up on the JHPS web-site, and the symposium of “For better understanding of radiation risk.” are a part of the activities. The expert group proposes that the JHPS should enlighten the members continuously for being interested in and practicing risk communication of radiation.

2020-07-01 03:30:00
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2 0 0 0 OA GISを用いた近世城下絵図の解析と時空間データベースの構築

著者: 平井松午鳴海邦匡藤田裕嗣礒永和貴渡邊秀一田中耕市出田和久山村亜希小田匡保土平博天野太郎上杉和央南出眞助川口洋堀健彦小野寺淳塚本章宏渡辺理絵阿部俊夫角屋由美子永井博渡部浩二野積正吉額田雅裕宮崎良美来見田博基大矢幸雄根津寿夫平井義人岡村一幸富田紘次安里進崎原恭子長谷川奨悟
出版者: 徳島大学
雑誌: 基盤研究(A)
巻号頁・発行日: 2013-10-21

本研究では、城下町絵図や居住者である侍・町人の歴史資料をもとに、近世城下町のGIS図を作成し、城下町の土地利用や居住者の変化を分析した。研究対象としたのは米沢、水戸、新発田、徳島、松江、佐賀など日本の約10ヵ所の城下町である。その結果、侍屋敷や町屋地区の居住者を個別に確定し地図化することで、居住者の異動や土地利用の変化を把握することが可能となった。その点で、GISを用いた本研究は城下町研究に新たな研究手法を提示することができた。

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-25244041/

2 0 0 0 偕楽園の領域 : 徳川斉昭の「庭園」構想

著者: 永井博
出版者: 茨城県立歴史館
雑誌: 茨城県立歴史館報 (ISSN:02870738)
巻号頁・発行日: no.41, pp.61-72, 2014-03

2015-11-15 17:25:36
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https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40020022497

2 0 0 0 フィリピンにおける労働力移動と資源の持続的再生産に関する総合的研究

著者: 梅原弘光永井博子 BALLESCAS C. BAUTISTA G.M 早瀬晋三永野善子
出版者: 立教大学
雑誌: 国際学術研究
巻号頁・発行日: 1996

本研究では、労働力移動には通常の農村-都市間移動の外に、山地などフロンティア向けの移動が大規模に存在し、それが森林資源などの環境後退につながっているとの仮説に立ち、その実態の把握とそこでの住民の生存戦略の確認に努めてきた。その結果、以下に列挙するような事実が確認された。1.フィリピンの森林面積は、ここ20〜30年の間に急激に後退したが、その跡地ではすでに夥しい数の住民が生活していること。2.これら住民の多くは、かつて低地に住んでいたということであるから、低地農村から山地向けの労働力移動はかなり広範に存在するとみて間違いないこと。3.こうした住民の多くは、伐採跡地で生存のための焼畑農業を始めるが、やがて商品作物が入ってきて集約栽培が繰り返されたため森林の回復はなく、むしろ草地の拡大が進行していること。4.森林の後退は、一般には人口圧力、労働力移動、入植などの必然的結果と考えられてきたが、原因はむしろ政府の農業入植政策、森林開発政策、累積債務返済のための商業伐採の促進、伐採権の積極的付与と伐採企業による公有地の囲い込み、林道建設、伐採のための労働力吸収などが大勢の住民の山地移住を促進していること。5.低地住民をして山地移住を決意させたのは、近代的所有権制度による伝統的所有権剥奪、地主による小作人追放、「緑の革命」後の農業商業化の進展、工業団地建設のための農地転用などであった。

2015-10-22 08:15:31
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https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-08041031/

1 0 0 0 マウス加速型nephrotoxic serum腎炎の形態学的検討

著者: 能勢高志鶴見介登川田憲司永井博弌山田博章薬王郁久尾島昭次江田昭英
出版者: 日本炎症・再生医学会
雑誌: 炎症 (ISSN:03894290)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.10, no.6, pp.471-476, 1990

A glomerulonephritis was induced in mice by injection of subnephrotoxic dose of nephrotoxic serum (NTS) after preimmunization with rabbit IgG. In order to characterize this glomerulonephritis, light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopic studies were carried out 15 days after NTS injection, the time when increases in urinary protein and serum cholesterol and a decrease in serum albumin were apparent.<BR>Characteristic changes were widespread thickening of capillary walls and narrowing of the capillary lumen owing to widening of mesangial areas. In those capillary walls, the mesangial interposition into subendothelial areas was often noted ultrastructurally and double track was confirmed on sections stained with PAM. Linear deposition of mouse IgG was detected in capillary walls by immunofluorescence. In severely affected glomeruli, PAS-positive hyaline nodular lesion was observed light microscopically and massive mesangial deposits ultrastructurally.<BR>Visceral epithelial cells demonstrated fusion of the foot processes, microvilli formation, occasional proliferation and enlargement. Parietal epithelial cells proliferated, forming cellular or fibrocellular crescent.<BR>Based on these characteristics, it appears this nephritic model shares a common pathology with human membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1 and crescentic glomerulonephritis and can be considered an appropriate model for producing severe nephritis for short periods.