著者

James P. Fisher James Steele Patroklos Androulakis-Korakakis Dave Smith Paulo Gentil Jürgen Giessing

出版者

Active Aging Research Center

雑誌

Journal of Trainology (ISSN:21865264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.1-8, 2020-01-18 (Released:2020-03-19)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

5 15

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Objectives: The accepted wisdom within resistance training is that differing loads and corresponding repetition maximum (RM) ranges are optimal for inducing specific adaptations. For example, prominent organizations and their respective publications have typically prescribed heavy loads for maximal strength increases ( ≥ 85% 1RM/ ≤ 6RM), more moderate loads for hypertrophy (67-85% 1RM/6-12RM) and lighter loads for local muscular endurance (LME; ≤ 67% 1RM/ ≥ 12RM). Since we believe these recommendations originate from a misunderstanding and misinterpretation of DeLorme’s strength-endurance continuum, the aim of this narrative review is to discuss the preponderance of research surrounding training load and strength and LME adaptations. Design & Methods: Narrative Review Results: The current body of literature fails to support recommendations for the use of specific loads for specific strength, hypertrophy or LME adaptations. Furthermore, that the strength-endurance continuum originally presented by DeLorme was never intended to compare the use of heavier- and lighter-load resistance training, but rather to consider the adaptations to strength training and aerobically based endurance exercise. Finally, a lack of clarity considering absolute- and relative- LME has confounded understanding of this adaptation. Conclusions: The body of research supports that absolute LME appears to adapt as a result of maximal strength increases. However, relative LME shows minimal response to strength training with either heavier- or lighter-loads. We present the limitations of the current body of research and promote specifically detailed recent research as well as the importance of generality of strength and LME in both sporting and real-world settings.

著者

FUMIO UMEDA KEN-ICHI KATO KAZUO MUTA HIROSHI IBAYASHI

出版者

The Japan Endocrine Society

雑誌

Endocrinologia Japonica (ISSN:00137219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.287-292, 1982 (Released:2011-01-25)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

19 22

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The role of vitamin E in the endocrine system, in particular the pituitary-gonadal axis, was studied in humans and male rats by examining the hormonal differences between vitamin E deficient and supplemented conditions.In vitamin E deficient rats, pituitary content and basal plasma level of FSH and LH were significantly lower than those of the control rats, but testicular content and basal plasma level of testosterone were not significantly changed.On the other hand, in vitamin E supplemented rats, FSH and LH content in pituitary tissue was significantly higher than that of the controls, but there was no significant rise in basal FSH and LH level in plasma. The testosterone level was significantly elevated in both testicular tissue and plasma. It was also demonstrated that basal plasma testosterone and F. T. I. were increased in normal male subjects following oral vitamin E administration and the responsiveness of plasma testosterone levels to HCG was significantly higher during vitamin E administration than before administration.These results suggest that vitamin E may play an important and potent role in hormone production in the pituitary-gonadal axis in humans and rats.

著者

Hiroshi Takasaki Kazuki Kikkawa Hiroki Chiba Yusuke Handa Albert Sesé-abad Juan Carlos Fernández-domínguez

出版者

The Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine

雑誌

Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine (ISSN:24321354)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.20210034, 2021 (Released:2021-08-27)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

5

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Objectives: The Health Sciences Evidence-Based Practice (HS-EBP) questionnaire was recently developed for measuring five constructs of evidence-based clinical practice among Spanish health professionals by applying content and construct validity investigation. The current study aims to undertake a cross-cultural adaptation of the HS-EBP into Japanese and to investigate the internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the Japanese HS-EBP among undergraduate students of nursing and physical and occupational therapies.Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation was undertaken by following Beaton’s five-step process. Subsequently, the Japanese HS-EBP test–retest reliability was assessed with a 2-week interval. Participants were recruited from among third and fourth grade undergraduate students of nursing and physical and occupational therapies with clinical training experience.Results: Pilot testing included 30 participants (11 nursing students, 11 physical therapy students, 8 occupational therapy students). Consequently, we developed the Japanese HS-EBP to be understandable for undergraduate students of nursing and physical and occupational therapies. Data from 52 participants who completed test–retest reliability questionnaires demonstrated adequate test–retest reliability in the total scores of Domains 1, 3, 4, and 5 [intraclass correlation coefficients were (ICC)=0.74, 0.70, 0.75, and 0.74, respectively]; the exception was Domain 2, which had an ICC of 0.66. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was adequate for Domains 1–5, for which α was 0.87, 0.94, 0.86, 0.93, and 0.95, respectively.Conclusions: This study developed the Japanese version of HS-EBP and provided preliminary evidence of adequate internal consistency and test–retest reliability in most domains for undergraduate students of nursing and physical and occupational therapies.

著者

Hiroyuki Yokoyama Naohiro Yonemoto Kazuya Yonezawa Jun Fuse Naoki Shimizu Toshimasa Hayashi Teppei Tsuji Kei Yoshikawa Hiroya Wakamatsu Nozomu Otani Satoru Sakuragi Masahiko Fukusaki Hideki Tanaka Hiroshi Nonogi the J-RCPR Investigators

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.4, pp.815-822, 2011 (Released:2011-03-25)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

20 20

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Background: In-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is an important issue, but data in Japan are limited. Methods and Results: To investigate in-hospital CPA, we conducted a prospective multicenter observational registry of in-hospital CPA and resuscitation in Japan (J-RCPR). During January 2008 to December 2009, patients were registered from 12 participating hospitals. All patients, visitors and employees within the facility campus who experience a cardiopulmonary resuscitation event defined as either a pulseless or a pulse with inadequate perfusion requiring chest compressions and/or defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) were registered. Data were collected in 6 major categories of variables: facility data, patient demographic data, pre-event data, event data, outcome data, and quality improvement data. Data for 491 adults were analyzed. The prevalence of pulseless VT/VF as first documented rhythm was 28.1%, asystole was 29.5% and pulseless electrical activity was 41.1%. Immediate causes of event were arrhythmia 30.6%, acute respiratory insufficiency 26.7%, and hypotension 15.7%. Return of spontaneous circulation was 64.7%; the proportion of survival 24h after CPA was 49.8%, the proportion of survival to hospital discharge was 27.8% and proportion of favorable neurological outcome at 30 days was 21.4%. Conclusions: This is the first report of the registry for in-hospital CPA in Japan and shows that the registry provides important observational data. (Circ J 2011; 75: 815-822)

著者

Lina Madaniyazi Xerxes Seposo Chris Fook Sheng Ng Aurelio Tobias Michiko Toizumi Hiroyuki Moriuchi Lay-Myint Yoshida Masahiro Hashizume

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2021.312, (Released:2021-08-31)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

12

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The nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on COVID-19 can impact current and future dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus infections (RSV). In Tokyo, RSV activity declined by 97.9% (95%CI: 94.8% - 99.2%) during NPIs. A longer period of NPIs could expand susceptible populations, enhancing the potential for larger RSV outbreaks after NPIs ends.

著者

Fumio WATANABE Shigeo TAKENAKA Hiromi KITTAKA-KATSURA Shuhei EBARA Emi MIYAMOTO

出版者

Center for Academic Publications Japan

雑誌

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (ISSN:03014800)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.5, pp.325-331, 2002 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

43 90 76

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Substantial amounts of vitamin B12 were found in some edible algae (green and purple layers) and algal health food (chlorella and spirulina tablets) using the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC7830 microbiological assay method. Corrinoidcompounds were purified and characterized from these algae to clarify the chemical properties and bioavailability of the algal vitamin B12. True vitamin B12 is the predominate cobamide of green and purple layers and chlorella tablets. Feeding the purple layer to vitamin B12-deficient rats significantly improved the vitamin B12 status. The results suggest that algal vitamin B12 is a bioavailable source for mammals. Pseudovitamin B12 (an inactive corrinoid) predominated in the spirulina tablets, which are not suitable for use as a vitamin B12 source, especially for vegetarians.

著者

ボエ ルイ-ジャン ヴァレ ナタリー シュワルツ ジャン-リュック アブリィ クリスチャン

出版者

一般社団法人 日本音響学会

雑誌

日本音響学会誌 (ISSN:03694232)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.7, pp.450-458, 2002-07-01 (Released:2017-06-02)

参考文献数

22

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世界の言語における母音体系の普遍性を研究する枠組として,分散集束理論(Dispersion-Focalization Theory:DFT)による母音体系予測の仕組みを紹介する。更に,その予測結果をUPSID(UCLA音素目録データベース)所収の実データとの比較により検証し,モデルによる母音体系予測研究の可能性を論じる。DFTは言語で用いられる母音体系がどのように選択され得るかを予測する理論である。母音ホルマント間の知覚的距離を想定した二つのコストが最小となる系が選ばれるとされる。二つのコストとは,(i)母音間距離の拡散度(分散コスト)と(ii)各母音内のホルマント周波数の近接度(集束コスト)であり,前者は母音体系全体の安定性に,後者は個々の母音の安定性に寄与する。DFTによる予測は二つの自由パラメータλとαで制御される。前者は分散コストにおける第1ホルマントに対する高次ホルマントへの相対加重,後者は分散コストに対する集束コストへの相対加重である。最後に,3〜7母音の体系に対して得られた予測結果とUPSID所収の母音体系との比較により,実在の音素目録にうまく適合するλ-α空間の領域を示す。その領域では,現存する母音体系中最頻の系が予測されるだけでなく,ある母音体系の中で生じ得る変異系がその変異が許される程度と共に示される。

著者

Kazuki Fukushima Toko Kanomata Aoi Kon Hiromi Masuko-Suzuki Kana Ito Sadayoshi Ogata Yoshinobu Takada Yukihiro Komatsubara Tsuyoshi Nakamura Takumi Watanabe Saori Koizumi Hitoshi Sanuki Jong-In Park Satoshi Niikura Keita Suwabe Sota Fujii Kohji Murase Seiji Takayama Go Suzuki Masao Watanabe

出版者

The Genetics Society of Japan

雑誌

Genes & Genetic Systems (ISSN:13417568)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20-00066, (Released:2021-06-18)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

1

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In various coastal areas of Japan, naturalized radish populations are observed. Radish is a cruciferous plant and exhibits self-incompatibility, involving a system controlled by a single locus with multiple S alleles. Although the S allele diversity of radish cultivars and wild radishes has been characterized, the S allele distribution in naturalized populations has not yet been analyzed in relation to the positions of the plants in situ. Here, we show the S allele distribution in naturalized radish populations of Yakushima, a small island in the East China Sea, with positions of the plants. Radish plants were sampled in coastal areas in Yakushima, and their S alleles were detected and characterized. Most of the S alleles had been previously identified in radish cultivars. However, four novel S alleles, which may be unique to Yakushima, were also found. Moreover, seeds in siliques from plants growing in the study areas were sampled, and S allele determination in DNA extracted from these seeds suggested that the plants had exchanged their pollen among their close neighbors. There was also a problem in that the PCR amplification of some SRK alleles was difficult because of their sequence diversity in the naturalized populations, as occurs in cultivars. Our results suggest that the exchange of S alleles between cultivars and naturalized populations occurs and that S alleles in naturalized populations are highly diverse. The methodology established in our study should be applicable to other self-incompatible species to dissect the diversity of S allele distribution in naturalized populations.

著者

Keisuke Kida Miho Nishitani-Yokoyama Shogo Oishi Yuji Kono Kentaro Kamiya Takuya Kishi Koichi Node Shigeru Makita Yutaka Kimura for the Japanese Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation (JACR) Public Relations Committee

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CR-21-0042, (Released:2021-05-27)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

5

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Background:Since the reporting of a cluster outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in sports gyms, the Japanese Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) shared a common understanding of the importance of preventing patients and healthcare providers from contracting COVID-19. This questionnaire survey aimed to clarify the status of CR in Japan during the COVID-19 outbreak.Methods and Results:An online questionnaire survey was conducted in 37 Japanese CR training facilities after the national declaration of a state of emergency in 7 prefectures. Among these facilities, 70% suspended group ambulatory CR and 43% suspended cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX). In contrast, all facilities maintained individual inpatient CR. Of the 37 facilities, 95% required CR staff to wear a surgical mask during CR. In contrast, 50% of facilities did not require patients to wear a surgical mask during CR. Cardiac telerehabilitation was only conducted by a limited number of facilities (8%), because this method was still under development. In our survey, 30% of the facilities not providing cardiac telerehabilitation had specific plans for its future use.Conclusions:Our data demonstrate that ambulatory CR and CPX were suspended to avoid the spread of COVID-19. In the future, we need to consider CR resumption and develop new technologies for cardiovascular patients, including cardiac telerehabilitation.

著者

NOBORU ADACHI HIDEAKI KANZAWA-KIRIYAMA TAKASHI NARA TSUNEO KAKUDA IWAO NISHIDA KEN-ICHI SHINODA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2012132, (Released:2021-03-31)

被引用文献数

7

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Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the first genome analysis of the initial Jomon people of Kyushu Island. These results provide important data for understanding the temporal transition and regional differences of the Jomon people. The mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups were similar to those found in the previously reported later Jomon people. Moreover, comparison of three nuclear genomes from the initial to final Jomon periods indicated genetic continuity throughout the Jomon period within the Japanese archipelago with no significant evidence of admixture. This indicates that the genetic differentiation found among the Jomon people was promoted by the progression of regionalization throughout the Jomon period. Further accumulation of high-quality Jomon genome data spanning a wide range of regions and ages will clarify both intimate regional and temporal differences of the Jomon people and details of their admixture history with rice farmers, as suggested by Jomon mitochondrial genome data. The results obtained from this study provide important information for further analysis.

著者

Wei-Ting CHEN Chien-Ming WU Wei-Ming TSAI Peng-Jen CHEN Po-Yen CHEN

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, no.6, pp.1155-1171, 2019 (Released:2019-11-29)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

3

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In this study, the climatological characteristics of object-based precipitation systems (OPSs) and moisture development are analyzed over the South China Sea (SCS) during the sharp transition of the summer monsoon onset. The satellite-observed statistics of the OPSs showed that over the 20-day pre-onset period, OPSs of small (< 100 km) to medium size (100-300 km) are active over the lands surrounding the SCS. The pre-onset composite mean shows a basin-scale (∼ 1000 km) local circulation with anomalous subsidence over the ocean, and ocean convection is mostly suppressed. Over the 20-day post-onset period, large (> 300 km) OPSs develop over the coastal ocean and contribute to over 60 % of the total precipitation. The number of large OPSs observed significantly increases along with the sharp moisture buildup within 10 days after the onset. The moisture budget suggests that the local contribution from convective vertical mixing is the major moisture source during the first pentad after the onset. The relationship between moisture buildup and convection organization is then examined using a set of idealized cloud-resolving model (CRM) experiments, with a land–ocean configuration approximating the SCS basin. The CRM appropriately represents the observed development of coastal convection. In the no-shear environment, a strong basin-scale circulation is formed, which suppresses the ocean moisture development. When large-scale vertical wind shear is imposed to represent the changes of large-scale circulation during the onset pentad, organized convection systems are increased over the coastal ocean and propagate toward the open ocean, accompanied by fast ocean moistening within 5-10 days.

著者

Samuel Galley avec une préface de M.L. Durand-Réville

出版者

H. Messeiller

巻号頁・発行日

0000

著者

par André Raponda-Walker Roger Sillans préface de Jean L. Trochain

出版者

Paul Lechevalier

巻号頁・発行日

1961

著者

Green CHOI Hyung-Kyu NAM Seok-Jun SON Min Seock DO Jeong-Chil YOO

出版者

The Ornithological Society of Japan

雑誌

ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE (ISSN:13470558)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.27-37, 2021 (Released:2021-02-09)

参考文献数

56

被引用文献数

3

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Rice fields provide important inland stopover sites for migratory shorebirds. However, stopover duration and habitat use depend on the environmental conditions in the rice fields, which constantly change due to agricultural activities. This study determined the characteristics of habitat use in two shorebird species, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and Common Greenshank T. nebularia, in rice fields with different habitat conditions resulting from physical changes (field type: fields flooded after plowing, with high water levels after harrowing, or with low water levels after harrowing) and chemical changes (pesticide use: environmentally friendly or conventional farming) from agricultural activities around the time the migratory shorebirds arrive. The study was conducted during the spring stopover periods of these shorebird species in 2015 (May 2–20, 19 days) and 2016 (May 2–21, 20 days), during which we observed the characteristics of their habitat use and estimated the densities of potential prey. Both Wood Sandpiper and Common Greenshank were observed to use flooded fields with low water levels after harrowing. As for pesticide use, potential prey animals were most densely populated in environmentally friendly fields, for which only the large-bodied Common Greenshanks showed selection. This species-specific habitat use seems to be closely associated with body size-dependent prey availability and prey species selection. The small-bodied Wood Sandpiper was more affected by physical than chemical factors. These findings suggest that rice fields—major inland stopover sites for shorebirds—provide different habitats depending on agricultural activities. The study results also have practical implications for future improvement of inland shorebird habitat through efficient rice field management sensitive to the needs of migratory shorebirds.

著者

高 成鳳 コ セオンgーボンg Seong-Bong Ko

出版者

白山人類学研究会

雑誌

白山人類学 = Hakusan jinruigaku (ISSN:13415980)

巻号頁・発行日

no.12, pp.7-33, 2009-03

著者

Trummer-Fukada Stefan

出版者

神戸大学

巻号頁・発行日

2012

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博士論文

著者

Blandine Barret-Kriegel

出版者

Presses universitaires de France

巻号頁・発行日

1988

著者

Igor RADUN Inkeri PARKKARI Jenni RADUN Helinä HÄKKÄNEN-NYHOLM

出版者

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

雑誌

Industrial Health (ISSN:00198366)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020-0115, (Released:2020-11-18)

被引用文献数

1

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Professional heavy vehicle drivers can experience a traumatic event at work when suicidal drivers deliberately crash into their vehicles or a pedestrian jumps in front of them. This study adopts a qualitative approach, aiming to gain an understanding about the psychological and other consequences that these crashes have for this occupational group. We organized a semi-structured focus group meeting with six drivers who reported experiencing a deliberate crash into their vehicle. The meeting was moderated by two psychologists. The participants reported that avoiding the crash was difficult. These events can have long-lasting effects on drivers’ well-being although individual differences in the response to the event and coping strategies do exist. Participation in our meeting was regarded as a positive experience. This encourages us to believe that organizing similar meetings that allow drivers under the supervision of professionals to share their own experiences with those who experienced similar events, could perhaps be one way of providing support to such drivers who experienced a traumatic event at work.

著者

Kazunori Toyoda Shinichiro Uchiyama Yasushi Hagihara Takahiro Kuwashiro Takahisa Mori Kenji Kamiyama Yasuhisa Urano Atsushi Taniguchi Kenma Nozaki Lisa Cronin Claudia Grauer Martina Brueckmann Hans-Christoph Diener

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-20-0563, (Released:2020-10-30)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

12

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Background:The international Randomized, Double-Blind, Evaluation in Secondary Stroke Prevention Comparing the EfficaCy and Safety of the Oral Thrombin Inhibitor Dabigatran Etexilate versus Acetylsalicylic Acid in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (RE-SPECT ESUS) trial did not demonstrate superiority of dabigatran over aspirin for reduction of recurrent strokes in patients with embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS). Based on pre-defined subanalyses, the safety and efficacy of dabigatran vs. aspirin in Japanese patients was assessed.Methods and Results:ESUS patients were randomized to receive either dabigatran (150 or 110 mg twice daily) or aspirin (100 mg once daily). Of 5,390 patients randomized, 594 were Japanese. Most Japanese patients (99.8%) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging for trial screening, compared to 76.8% of non-Japanese (P<0.0001). In the Japanese cohort, over a 19.4-month median follow-up period, recurrent stroke as the primary outcome occurred in 20/294 patients (4.3%/year) in the dabigatran group and 38/300 (8.3%/year) in the aspirin group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32–0.94). Major bleeding occurred in 12 patients (2.5%/year) and 17 patients (3.5%/year), respectively (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.34–1.52). In contrast, in the non-Japanese cohort, recurrent stroke occurred in 4.1%/year and 4.3%/year, respectively, showing no apparent difference in recurrent stroke for dabigatran vs. aspirin (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.74–1.14). The P-interaction for treatment and region did not reach statistical significance (P=0.09).Conclusions:Dabigatran was putatively associated with a lower relative risk of recurrent stroke compared with aspirin in Japanese ESUS patients.

著者

Ki-Hun Kim Kyoung-Min Park Gi-Byoung Nam Dae-Kyeong Kim Minkyung Oh HyungOh Choi Taek Jong Hong Bo-Min Park Guang-Won Seo Pil-Sang Song Dong-Kie Kim Sang-Hoon Seol Doo-IL Kim You-Ho Kim Kee-Joon Choi

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.4, pp.865-871, 2014 (Released:2014-03-25)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

9 28

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Background: Long-term data on lead complication rates are limited for both the axillary and subclavian venous approaches for permanent pacemaker implantation. Methods and Results: We conducted a single-center, retrospective, nonrandomized comparison. We reviewed the patients who had consented to receiving a permanent pacemaker implant. A superficial landmark or radiographic contrast guiding was used for the axillary venous approach, whereas conventional landmarks were used for the subclavian venous approach. From January 1992 to December 2005, we analyzed 1,161 permanent pacemaker leads in 655 patients [subclavian venous approach (group I: 338 patients, 542 leads) and axillary venous approach (group II: 317 patients, 619 leads)]. Baseline characteristics of the patients did not differ. However, DDD-pacemakers and atrial leads were used more often in group II than in group I (94% vs. 62% and 49% vs. 40%, P<0.01). During the 8-year follow-up, lead complication rates were lower in group II (17 leads, 3%) than in group I (31 leads, 6%) (P=0.03), and group II had a better complication-free survival curve than group I with a 49% relative risk reduction in lead complication rates (hazard ratio =0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.27–0.94; P=0.03). Conclusions: The axillary venous approach for permanent pacemaker implantation has better long-term efficacy and lower lead complication rates than the subclavian venous approach.  (Circ J 2014; 78: 865–871)