著者

沼田 恵太郎 嶋崎 恒雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.1, pp.54-60, 2009 (Released:2012-02-14)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 1

---

We demonstrated second-order retrospective revaluation with three cues (T1,T2, and C) and an outcome, in human contingency learning. Experimental task, PC-controlled video game in which participants were required to observe about the relations between firing missiles and the tank destruction, consisted of three training phases and two rating phases. Groups C+ and C− consisted of same first two training phases, CT+ (cues C and T with an outcome) and T1T2+ followed by C+, or C− training for Groups C+, C−, respectively. In rating phases, it is clearly demonstrated that the judgment of predictive value for the outcome of the T2 were higher by C+ training (second-order unovershadowing) and lowered by C− training (second-order backward blocking). The results for Groups RC+ and RC−, in which the orders of the first two training phase for Groups C+ and C−were interchanged, also showed second-order unovershadowing and second-order backward blocking. These results, the robustness of second-order retrospective revaluation against the order of the first training phases, can be explained by the extended comparator hypothesis and probabilistic contrast model. However, these results cannot be explained by traditional associative learning models.

著者

嶋田 美和 遊間 義一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.16208, (Released:2018-02-20)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

---

This study examined three validity types from the Functional Aggression Scale –factorial validity, cross validity, and criterion validity– using data from 382 Japanese juvenile delinquents referred to Japanese family courts. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Functional Aggression Scale consisted of four factors; however, free estimations were determined to be a better fit for the data than limiting the factor loading to 1. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed the same degree of measurement invariance for the four juvenile delinquent characteristics studied (i.e., age, sex, residential area, and level of delinquency). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test for the factor scores indicated that the violent group’s mean scores for three separate factors (influence/coercion, punishment/retaliation, and identity) were significantly higher than those of the nonviolent group. Also, the violent group’s mean avoidance/defense factor score was not significantly higher than the nonviolent group.

著者

横田 賀英子 渡邉 和美 和智 妙子 大塚 祐輔 倉石 宏樹 藤田 悟郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.3, pp.209-218, 2015 (Released:2015-08-25)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

7 3

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The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to create an index for a behavioral linkage analysis of serial sex crimes, and second, to construct a predictive model for the analysis. Data on 720 sex crimes (rape, indecent assault) committed by 360 offenders arrested between 1993 and 2005 throughout Japan were collected. The following seven behaviors were examined during a series of analyses aimed at illustrating the effectiveness of crime linkage in serial sex crimes: victim age group, area type, publicness of offense site, weapon, time, contact method, and day of the week. The results indicated that six of the seven behaviors (excluding “day of the week”) significantly distinguished between linked and unlinked crime pairs. Under a logistic regression of these six variables, which were dichotomously coded in terms of the concordance or discordance between each pair of incidents, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.82–0.87), indicating a high level of discriminative accuracy in identifying disparate sex crimes committed by the same person.

著者

井上 裕香子 長谷川 寿一 齋藤 慈子 清成 透子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.16347, (Released:2018-01-15)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2

---

The Social Value Orientation (SVO) explains individual differences in cooperation attitudes. In this study, we examine whether the SVO affects the time taken, and amount of information gathered, when judging the trustworthiness of other people. Participants were able to choose a partner based on the past allocation patterns of candidates, mimicking how people are able to select with whom they cooperate in their social environments. We investigated the effect of the SVO on the method of gathering information on character and choosing a social exchange partner. The results revealed that participants with a prosocial (cooperative) orientation took less time to choose a partner, gathered less information, and tended to choose partners who behaved equally with everyone, compared to participants with an individualistic (selfish) orientation. Our findings suggest that people with a prosocial orientation prefer partners who treat everyone equally, regardless of the relationship, while people with an individualistic orientation deliberately seek out candidates who are likely to provide a relationship which is beneficial to themselves.

著者

寺井 仁 三輪 和久 浅見 和亮

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.4, pp.419-428, 2013

被引用文献数

21

---

The Remote Associates Test (RAT) is one of the most popular tasks in experimental studies of insight in psychological and neuroscience studies. Since the RAT was originally developed for English-speaking countries, we developed a Japanese version of the RAT. This paper provides a brief overview of the structure of the task based on chunk decomposition using Japanese kanji characters and a list of sets of words as experimental stimuli, with representative data for experimental studies of insight.

著者

櫻井 茂男 葉山 大地 鈴木 高志 倉住 友恵 萩原 俊彦 鈴木 みゆき 大内 晶子 及川 千都子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.2, pp.123-131, 2011 (Released:2011-12-06)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

5 5

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The purposes of this study were to develop and validate the Empathic-Affective Response Scale, and to examine the relationship of empathic-affective responses with prosocial behaviors and aggressive behaviors. Undergraduate students (N = 443) participated in a questionnaire study. The results of factor analysis indicated that empathic-affective responses involved three factors: (a) sharing and good feeling toward others' positive affect, (b) sharing of negative affect and (c) sympathy toward others' negative affect. Correlations with other empathy-related scales and internal consistency suggested that this scale has satisfactory validity and reliability. Cluster analysis revealed that participants were clustered into four groups: high-empathic group, low-empathic group, insufficient positive affective response group and insufficient negative affective response group. Additional analysis showed the frequency of prosocial behaviors in high-empathic group was highest in all groups. On the other hand, the frequency of aggressive behaviors in both insufficient positive affective response group and low-empathic group were higher than others' groups. The results indicated that empathic-affective responses toward positive affect are also very important to predict prosocial behaviors and aggressive behaviors.

著者

中谷内 一也 渡部 幹

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.3, pp.235-243, 2005

被引用文献数

1

---

This research examined the effects of providing a monitoring and self sanctioning system, called "hostage posting" in economics, on the improvement of trustworthiness. We conducted two questionnaire-type experiments to compare the trust-improving effects among the three conditions, (a) a voluntary provision of a monitoring and self-sanction system by the manager, (b) an imposed provision, and (c) an achievement of satisfactory management without any types of provisions. Total of 561 undergraduate students participated in the experiments. Results revealed that perceived integrity and competence were improved to almost the same level in both conditions (a) and (c), whereas these were not improved in condition (b). Consistent with our previous research, these results showed that the voluntary hostage posting improved trustworthiness level as well as a good performance did. The estimation of necessity of the system, however, was not different across these conditions. The implications for management practice and directions for future research were discussed.

著者

二瀬 由理 行場 次朗

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.3, pp.227-231, 1996

被引用文献数

1 8

---

It is a well-known observation that when a <i>Kanji</i> character is viewed steadily and continuously, the viewer often becomes unable to recognize the <i>Kanji</i> as a whole pattern and it becomes difficult to judge whether or not the <i>Kanji</i> is orthographically correct. Such a phenomenon is called the "Gestaltzerfall" of <i>Kanji</i> characters. In the present study, two experiments were carried out to examine delays in the recognition of test <i>Kanji</i> following 25 s of prolonged viewing of adaptation <i>Kanji</i>, which were comprised of either the same or different parts and structures. When the size of the adaptation <i>Kanji</i> was equal to that of the test <i>Kanji</i>, there were significant delays of more than 50 ms, both when the stimuli were of the same pattern, and when they had the same structure but different components. However, when their sizes were different, delays were found only when the test and the adaptation <i>Kanji</i> were of the same pattern. These results suggest that a <i>Kanji</i> pattern may be internally represented as a whole, independent of its size, while the processing of <i>Kanji</i> structure may be dependent upon its size. Prolonged viewing may produce an adaptation effect specific to such representations.

著者

長谷 和久 中谷内 一也

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.16064, (Released:2017-11-10)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

3

---

Literature in the field of regulatory focus theory argues that individuals who are promotion-focused in creativity-related tasks are more successful than those who are prevention-focused. However, recent studies have shown that prevention-focused individuals are persistent when solving tasks, potentially leading to improved task performance. This study, which considered two kinds of regulatory focus (chronic/situational), investigated the hypothesis that prevention-focused individuals employ a persistent style when performing creative tasks. A Japanese version of the Remote Associates Test (RAT) was used as a creative task, and subjective depletion after the RAT, as well as the time spent deciding to skip RAT items, were measured as indicators of persistence. The results showed that both chronic and situational prevention focuses made participants more depleted than did the promotion focus. Furthermore, in the situational promotion-focus condition, chronic prevention focus made participants more depleted and lengthened the time taken to skip items. Thus, chronic prevention focus promoted persistence in a regulatory nonfit condition (i.e., situational promotion focus).

著者

武内 智弥

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.16336, (Released:2017-09-30)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

3

---

In the Dohsa-hou theory, the mechanism of therapeutic effectiveness is defined by “the mode of striving” and “experience of the Dohsa”. Quantifying the experience for two fundamental Dohsa-tasks, the author attempted to demonstrate the experience of the Dohsa-hou. Factor analysis extracted three factors related to the dohsa-experiencing and four factors related to the accompanied-experiencing, which were defined as “the Dohsa-hou experience scale”. Furthermore, by covariance structure analysis, the author attempted to model the seven factors in a scale. The results revealed that clients started by accepting dohsa assistance, and then experienced a proactive sense of action and turned their own attention to their own mode of activity. Subsequently, they became aware of their own existence, which led to experiencing controllable self dohsa. Finally, the path of the model reached “experiencing bodily relaxation” via “experiencing mental relaxation”, but not in the reverse order. This means that the Dohsa-hou session deals with the mental state in addition to the physical state. This model helps us to understand the mechanisms of the Dohsa-hou.

著者

水野 りか 松井 孝雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.16327, (Released:2017-09-30)

参考文献数

21

---

Homophone effects, which refer to the phenomenon in which lexical decision times are longer for homophones than nonhomophones, have not been consistently observed for Japanese homophones with multiple mates. Mizuno and Matsui (2016) explored this inconsistency, finding that phonological familiarity of homophones—namely, the total frequencies of a homophone and all of its mates—can countervail homophone effects. However, it remains unclear why phonological familiarity has such a great influence on homophone processing by native Japanese readers, who rely very little on phonological information when processing words (Mizuno & Matsui, 2013). We hypothesized that high phonological familiarity influences lexical decision. Accordingly, we conducted lexical decision and semantic categorization experiments using Japanese homophones with high and low phonological familiarity. The results revealed that high phonological familiarity decreased lexical decision time, but not semantic categorization time, indicating that lexical decision tasks are sensitive to the phonological familiarity of stimulus words. Finally, we discuss the need to control the phonological familiarity of homophones in some way in the context of lexical decision tasks.

著者

小松 佐穂子 箱田 裕司

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.3, pp.217-224, 2012 (Released:2012-11-23)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3 3

---

This study constructed and evaluated a facial expression database of children age 11 to 13 years old. To construct the database, we took 535 facial images of 53 male and 54 female Japanese children. The children were requested to express one neutral and four other emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, and anger). To evaluate the subjective strength of the facially-expressed emotions, we had 43 Japanese participants (mean age = 22.67 years old) rate the strength of the four emotions for the facial images using a seven-point scale. We found that (a) the participants appropriately recognized the emotions from all the facial images except those showing sadness, (b) the male faces were rated as expressing surprise, sadness, and anger more strongly than the female faces, and (c) the female faces were rated as expressing happiness more strongly than the male faces. These results suggest that there may be a gender difference in the production of facial expressions in children 11 to 13 years old.

著者

田村 昌彦 三輪 和久

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.103-111, 2013-06-25 (Released:2013-09-01)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 2

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To solve an insight problem, a problem solver needs to relax mental constraints that prevent solving the problem, and to shift a search in an incorrect problem space into a search in a correct problem space. In this paper, we investigate how a tracking stimulus that guides problem solvers’ eye movements affects the formation and relaxation of constraints in insight problem solving. We conducted two experiments using an insight task and an eye-tracking task in which participants’ eye movements were expected to inhibit the fixation constraints in the insight task. Participants engaged in the tracking task before the constraints were formed in Experiment 1 and after the constraints were formed in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, participants who performed the tracking task were inhibited in forming the constraints more than those in the control condition. In both Experiments 1 and 2, the tracking task affects the participants’ hypothesis formation in the insight problem solving processes. In particular, participants who were presented the tracking stimulus found a target rule faster after beginning to relax the constraints than those in the control condition.

著者

Michel Sabourin

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.51-64, 1999-04-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

38

---

After briefly describing the need for ethics in the development of professional regulation and analyzing the historical emergence of codes of ethics, the goal of this paper is to scrutinize the process by which the American Psychological Association developed its own Code of Ethics and proceeded to revise it periodically. Different lessons can be derived from these efforts and from the criticisms that were formulated. The need for international standards in professional and research ethics is then considered, and the results of a recent study on this subject are presented. Five major conclusions can be derived from the preceding analysis: (1) Codes of ethics can help professional recognition by stressing the importance given to the protection of the public, (2) the development of a code of ethics is usually related to the advancement of professional practice, (3) ethical standards should be in tune with the cultural values and the belief system of a given community, (4) a well-balanced code should incorporate both general aspirational principles and enforceable standards, and (5) the method used to define principles and standards should be empirically based.

著者

高橋 美保 森田 慎一郎 石津 和子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.100-107, 2012 (Released:2012-11-20)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 3

---

This study investigated the images that people have of the unemployed. In Study 1, general images of the unemployed were ascertained through qualitative and quantitative research. Various images, both positive and negative, were found for the unemployed in general. In Study 2, a scale to measure the level of stigma associated with the unemployed was created based on the images from Study 1. The results yielded four sub-scales for stigma associated with the unemployed. University students seemed to show more stigma for the unemployed on some sub-scales than typical adults did. Working experiences, such as an internship or a part-time job during student life, would promote the reduction of the stigma associated with the unemployed.

著者

吉川 左紀子 乾 敏郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.175-178, 1986-08-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

2

---

For use in experiments investigating semantic processing of nonverbal materials, 82 drawings of familiar objects are presented, along with their most common names, the mean ratings of image agreement, adequacy of complexity, and familiarity. Most concepts were exemplars from one of 10 familiar categories (animals, insects, vehicles etc.). Names and ratings were obtained from 81 undergraduates and graduate students. The moderate correlation (r=.40) was found between percentage of the most common name and image-agreement rating, but the other correlations were negligible. The mean ratings of three variables except adequacy of complexity were compared with those of Matsukawa (1983), obtained from Japanese subjects using Snodgrass and Vanderwart's (1980) drawings. The high correlation between familiarity of both studies (r=.88) indicates that this variable is not affected by visual characteristics of the particular stimulus set. The possible uses of the present stimulus set were suggested.

著者

白間 綾 石口 彰

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.2, pp.114-122, 2009 (Released:2012-03-06)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Does amodal completion occur homogeneously across the visual field? Rensink and Enns (1998) found that visual search for efficiently-detected fragments became inefficient when observers perceived the fragments as a partially-occluded version of a distractor due to a rapid completion process. We examined the effect of target eccentricity in Rensink and Enns's tasks and a few additional tasks by magnifying the stimuli in the peripheral visual field to compensate for the loss of spatial resolution (M-scaling; Rovamo & Virsu, 1979). We found that amodal completion disrupted the efficient search for the salient fragments (i.e., target) even when the target was presented at high eccentricity (within 17 deg). In addition, the configuration effect of the fragments, which produced amodal completion, increased with eccentricity while the same target was detected efficiently at the lowest eccentricity. This eccentricity effect is different from a previously-reported eccentricity effect where M-scaling was effective (Carrasco & Frieder, 1997). These findings indicate that the visual system has a basis for rapid completion across the visual field, but the stimulus representations constructed through amodal completion have eccentricity-dependent properties.

著者

佐藤 功

出版者

The Japanese Psychological Association

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.4, pp.173-181, 1970

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The present study was conducted, in developing Zajonc's study on "cognitive tuning" phenomena, to investigate in detail the interrelationships between the transmissionreception (T-R) conditions and the cognitive structure of certain information. In this study, therefore, T-R conditions as situational variables were dealt with in relation to the predispositions conditions as subject varialbles, and the content index of the cognitive structure as well as Zajonc's morphological index was used.<br>The main findings are as follows.<br>1. The effects of the T-R and predispositions conditions on the cognitive tuning phenomena differ according to the properties (morphology and content) of the cognitive structure.<br>2. The level of the cognitive organization in morphological properties is directly related to the intensity of the predispositions. No appreciable interaction is found between the T-R and predispositions conditions.<br>3. The level of the cognitive organization in content properties is considerably influenced by the interaction of the predispositions with the T-R conditions: the level of the cognitive organization in content properties markedly increases, when the receiver's role is assigned to the subject having higher familiarity with a certain referent, or having deeper interest in it.<br>4. As to these results above-mentioned, some differences between morphological and content properties in the cognitive structure were discussed: it was suggested that the morphological index may reflect the general activation level of individuals, while the content index may reflect the specific psychological mechanism (such as defensive resistance to communication) of individuals who expect to receive certain information.

著者

相澤 直樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.3, pp.200-208, 2015 (Released:2015-08-25)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

3

---

Many studies have demonstrated that individuals with social anxiety interpret ambiguous social situations negatively. It is, however, not clear whether the interpretation bias discriminatively contributes to social anxiety in comparison with depressive automatic thoughts. The present study investigated the effects of negative interpretation bias and automatic thoughts on social anxiety. The Social Intent Interpretation Questionnaire, which measures the tendency to interpret ambiguous social events as implying other’s rejective intents, the short Japanese version of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised, and the Anthropophobic Tendency Scale were administered to 317 university students. Covariance structure analysis indicated that both rejective intent interpretation bias and negative automatic thoughts contributed to mental distress in social situations mediated by a sense of powerlessness and excessive concern about self and others in social situations. Positive automatic thoughts reduced mental distress. These results indicate the importance of interpretation bias and negative automatic thoughts in the development and maintenance of social anxiety. Implications for understanding of the cognitive features of social anxiety were discussed.

著者

榊 美知子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.3, pp.217-226, 2006-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2 5

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Some people recall more positive memories in negative moods than in neutral moods, which is called mood-incongruent effect. Although previous research suggested that structure of self-knowledge influences mood-incongruent effect (Sakaki, 2004), it is possible that motivation for mood-regulation mediates relation between structure of self-knowledge and mood-incongruent effect. The present study aimed at exploring this possibility by using self-complexity. In Study 1, participants with higher self-complexity, whose self-knowledge has more self-aspects with a higher level of differentiation, recalled more positive memories in negative moods (compared to neutral moods) than participants with lower self-complexity, whose self-knowledge has a fewer self-aspects with larger overlap. Study 1 also revealed that these effects hold even when the motivation for mood-regulation was partialed out. Study 2 examined mood-incongruent effect under positive moods, in which participants are unlikely motivated to alter their moods, and it was found that participants with higher self-complexity recalled more negative memories in positive moods (compared to neutral moods) than participants with lower self-complexity.