著者

下竹 亮志

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.223-238, 2015 (Released:2015-06-13)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1

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Prior research on extracurricular sports in Japan has focused on the survival of such activities as an apparatus of discipline after postwar reform of democratic education. This situation has been criticized, whereas a philosophy of “childhood autonomy” has been idealized as an intrinsic value; research in this field has advocated “student freedom” through release from the apparatus of discipline. However, the current situation is paradoxical, as repeated discussions about “childhood autonomy” have not yet led to realization of their goals. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the strategy employed in previous research, and the present study attempted to do this by focusing on the activities of students in a high school track and field club based on Foucault's theory of power.   An important component of Foucault's theory is not to aim for release from power, but to describe the function of power in relation to knowledge. However, prior research has tended to overlook how “childhood autonomy” can be recognized in relation to the function of power. Therefore, the present study attempted to clarify the function of power within the context of extracurricular sports activities, while capturing the process whereby students recognize the philosophy of “childhood autonomy”.   Unexpectedly, it was found that free practice allows students to gain affinity for discipline within the context of extracurricular sports activities as an apparatus of discipline, but it is not for becoming “docile bodies”, and that it is possible to find potential avenues of freedom, as defined by Foucault, in such activities. Foucault's freedom requires individuals to experience the functions of power rather than being released from them. Therefore, extracurricular sports activities as an apparatus of discipline provides a milieu that enables students to engage in free practice, rather than inhibiting their freedom. Our findings highlight the possibilities and limitations of freedom that students can experience within the context of extracurricular sports activities.

著者

寺田 進志 佐野 淳

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.169-186, 2017 (Released:2017-06-22)

参考文献数

48

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In soccer, passing has a decisive influence on the match, and can be said to be one of the game's most important elements. Regardless of playing style, in order to win, soccer players must master the ability to deliver the ball accurately to teammates. Therefore, the training menu of coaches must ensure precise passing of the ball. Even if coaches teach this, the outcome depends on the skills of individual players. If it is possible to reduce the number of failed passes as far as possible, then a better strategy than the opposing team can be achieved. For this purpose, it is necessary to refine the “passing wisdom” of soccer players. As the importance of passing in soccer is widely recognized, a number of studies have addressed this aspect. For example, an attempt has been made to clarify the mechanical structure of the kick from a biomechanics perspective, and to clarify the structure of cognitive perception from a sports psychology perspective. However, to our knowledge, there has been no phenomenological analysis of “passing wisdom” in soccer players to date. In order to analyze this, a phenomenology (Bewegungslehre des Sport) perspective needs to be adopted, and this was done in the present study.  This revealed the following 7 abilities:  1)  The ability to sense other players' intention.  2)  The ability to sense whether the criteria for successful action meet other players' intention.  3)  The ability to construct a situation based on one's own analysis.  4)  The ability to recognize the criteria for effective passing.  5)  The ability to sense the receiver of the pass.  6)  The ability to visualize the course of the pass.  7)  The ability to apply the technique to a constructed situation based on one's own analysis.

著者

佐良土 茂樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17149, (Released:2018-06-25)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

2

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The purpose of the present paper was to lay the groundwork for a “coaching philosophy.” In the first section, the article analyzes the term “coaching philosophy” from a linguistic perspective. The second section aims to clarify the definition by critical examination of the literature. The third section explores the reasons why coaches need a “coaching philosophy”. Through these processes, the proposed definition of “coaching philosophy”is presented as a “comprehensive statement of the ends aimed at as coaching principles, the basic guidelines that give coaches direction, and the values set by coaches in practice to develop, improve, and realize the excellence of athletes and teams”.

著者

川上 吉昭

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.5, pp.217-221, 1957-07-30 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

矢野 裕介

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13094, (Released:2014-10-13)

参考文献数

37

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This study examines the transformation of the do-waza (techniques for striking the opponent's torso) in kenjutsu motivated by a philosophy of physical education rooted in medical rationalism. This transformation was initiated with the goal of fostering balanced physical development. The study materials were do-waza-related descriptions in representative kenjutsu manuals published around 1900, and handed down from person to person. Through examination of do-waza in modern Japan, it was concluded that bujutsu-taisoho (martial art exercises) were introduced and endorsed by Unosuke Ozawa, Kenzo Nakajima, Tokuichiro Nakano, and others in their attempt to incorporate kenjutsu teaching materials into regular physical education in schools. This was the point when standard kenjutsu instruction techniques shifted from one-to-one to group-exercise instructions.   Results obtained in this study can be summarized as follows:   1.  The core contents of do-waza in representative kenjutsu textbooks published between 1884 and 1897 only describe methods for striking the migi-do (right do or right torso) but not the hidari-do (left do). Shingoro Negishi (1884) states that it is better to strike the migi-do in preference to the hidari-do, while Daijo Kameyama (1895) and Minoru Yoneoka (1897) state that only migi-do strikes are rationally acceptable from a technical perspective, whereas hidari-do strikes are strictly unacceptable.   2.  Between the late 1890s and 1900s, Unosuke Ozawa, Kenzo Nakajima, and Tokuichiro Nakano developed the bujutsu-taisoho with the aim of implementing bujutsu (martial arts, i.e., kenjutsu) as part of the regular school curriculum. This became a key opportunity to shift kenjutsu instruction from one-on-one to group instruction. Simultaneously, the training came to present do-waza methods for striking both the migi-do and the hidari-do (Ozawa, 1897; Shizuoka Prefecture Teacher's School, 1902; Nakayama/Nakano, 1906).   3.  The do-waza in the bujutsu-taisoho as proposed by Ozawa, Nakajima, and Nakano effectively gave hidari-do strikes, which had been previously rejected in the field of kenjutsu, equal standing with migi-do strikes, with the aim of achieving balanced physical development on both sides of the body. The motivation for this revised do-waza was a physical education philosophy founded upon principles of medical rationalism.

著者

堀内 元 中島 大貴 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.695-705, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the exertion of torque and motion related to the generation of mechanical energy in both hip joints during baseball batting. The participants were 98 male amateur baseball players (body height: 172.6±5.6cm, body weight: 70.3±8.1kg, age: 19.0±1.9yr, career: 11.0±2.8yr). The batting motion was recorded using a motion capture system (10cameras, 250Hz), and the ground reaction forces acting on each foot were estimated using 2 force plates (1000Hz). Hip joint angles were expressed as Euler angle of the thigh relative to the lower torso. Hip joint torques were calculated using inverse dynamics. Other kinetic variables–e.g. hip joint torque power, mechanical work by hip joint torque–were also calculated. The main results were as follows: 1. Throughout the analysis phase, there was no significant correlation between the bat head speed at impact and the angles of both hip joints. 2. For the hip joint on the pitcher side, the generation of mechanical energy by flexion and adduction torque was large during the phase before maximum pelvis rotational velocity. 3. For the hip joint on the catcher side, the generation of mechanical energy by extension torque was large in the phase before maximum pelvis rotational velocity. These results suggest that there are no differences in the kinematics of both hip joints depending on the bat head speed at impact. In addition, it is indicated that the ability to exert flexion and adduction torques for the hip joint on the pitcher side and the extension torque for the hip joint on the catcher side during baseball batting motion contribute to the generation of mechanical energy.

著者

中野 浩一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.5, pp.318-327, 1997-01-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

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In Japan spreading of skiing is said to have originated from the ski instruction of Lerch, an Austrian officer, in Takada district since January 12 in 1911. But Nagai, a professor of gymnastics in Tokyo Higher Normal School, indicated that he had done it before Lerch. Staying in Sweden to search for Swedish gymnastics from 1907, Nagai had practised skiing for the study of the physical activity of the Japanese nation. From the end of December in 1910 fell on the 3rd ski season (1910-11) since his return to Japan in early 1909, he started an action to spread skiing in the prefecture of Akita, next to Yamagata, because he got a chance to go to snow area in winter for a course in gymnastics, and after returning to Tokyo, he wrote an article introducing Swedish winter sports in the newspaper "Jijishinpoh (時事新報)" and so on, and in the next ski season (1911-12) he gave ski instruction in the north-eastern section of Japan in the first half of January in 1912. But these activities amounted to no more than an introduction of skiing, and had little influence. On the other hand, at the end of December in 1910 was the same time Nagai started his action, Takada Division started a research for popularizing skiing before Lerch arrived at his post. They accomplished its study in this ski season (1910-11), and in the next ski season (1911-12), they started an action to extend their influence all over Japan, and almost succeeded in it after holding the opening ceremony of Esshin Skiing Club (越信スキ-倶楽部) on February 11 in 1912 fell on the next month Nagai visited the north-eastern section of Japan. Though Nagai used a skiing style with two poles, Lerch's one with one pole has consequently spread in the north-eastern section of Japan.

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.151-163, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

28

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Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics (now known as physical education) at Tokyo Higher Normal School, was the only person who maintained that the aim of kendo (swordsmanship) should be not simply to advance its techniques but to build up spiritual ability through swordsmanship practice, taking the place of gekiken, a part of kenjutsu (swordsmanship), which was hitting practice with a bamboo sword. He first suggested this idea at the first special school for swordsmanship instructors selected from middle schools across Japan, held by the Ministry of Education in 1911. The aim of this article is to clarify when Nagai decided to change the name from gekiken to kendo by researching all of his articles and books describing martial arts, including swordsmanship, published from 1909, when he returned from abroad study, to 1915, when he wrote the foreword for kendo, the first great reference book for instructors, written by S. Takano, the swordsmanship instructor of the School. It is concluded that because Nagai did not have any idea about the name for swordsmanship with a bamboo sword at the beginning of his research, he used gekiken as the subject name for the School. However, he decided to use kendo instead of gekiken in August 1910, when the School adopted kendo as the subject name. As soon as the Ministry adopted gekiken as the official term for the school subject in July 1911, he acted publicly to use kendo for the School, in spite of the decision of the Ministry.

著者

田村 雄志 湯浅 景元 石村 和博 磨井 祥夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.47-57, 2012 (Released:2012-06-02)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

3 1

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that pole vaulters regulate their stride length during the approach run, and to determine the effects of differently regulated gait patterns on take-off velocity and performance. The approach runs and take-off movements of ten male pole vaulters were analyzed.   It was revealed that each pole vaulter regulated his gait pattern in the approach run in order to adjust for the distance to the toe-box at take-off, in a similar way to the technique used by long jumpers and triple jumpers. The standard deviation of the distance to the toe-box at take-off and the length of each step in the approach run showed no significant difference between high- and low-performance-level vaulters. However, vaulters with a higher personal best started to adjust their stride length earlier than vaulters with a lower personal best, and had finished most of their run-up adjustment by the second to last stride. To clarify the effect of run-up adjustment on the velocity in the take-off phase, the subjects were classified into three groups according to the timing of their adjustment: Early, Medium, and Adjacent. It was found that the take-off velocity of Early Adjusters tended to be higher than in the other groups, and that Adjacent Adjusters had the lowest velocity.   The present findings suggest that in order to perform well in the pole vault, it is important for the vaulter to regulate his stride length in the approach run, rather than performing a stereotyped run-up. In addition, regulation of stride in the first half of the approach run and avoidance of stride regulation immediately before take-off seem to be more effective for achieving better performance.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 鈴木 智晴 岩本 峰明 中島 一 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.737-757, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

39

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify the profiles of the lower limb and trunk motion during baseball pitching in relation to their differences between the wind-up and the set positions, and to determine how the ball pitching velocity can be increased in the set position. The subjects were 12 high school baseball pitchers (age: 16.4±0.5 yr, height: 173.7±4.8 cm, weight: 64.8±8.1 kg). Pitching was assessed using a three-dimensional motion system and 2 multicomponent force plates. It was found that 1) the maximum and average pitched ball velocities were significantly lower in the set position than in the wind-up position, 2) the maximum ground-reaction force of the pivot and stride legs and the impulse of pivot during the stride phase (from the time of maximal stride knee height to the time of maximal anterior push-off force) were significantly lower in the set position than in the wind-up position, and 3) the maximum upper torso/trunk twist angular velocity and the pelvis/upper torso angular velocity at moment of the stride foot contact were significantly lower in the set position than in the wind-up position. These results indicate that 1) the ball pitching velocity in the set position is lower than in the wind-up position. In addition, the factors associated with this lower ball velocity are suggested to be 2) decreased momentum of the pivot leg and 3) decreased rotation motion of the trunk during the arm acceleration phase.   Therefore, in order to increase ball pitching velocity in the set position, increasing the moment to the rear of the pivot leg during a short period and improvement of lower limb strength/power with the extension movement of the hip and knee joint may be important factors.

著者

今宿 裕 朝倉 雅史 作野 誠一 嶋崎 雅規

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.18078, (Released:2019-05-10)

参考文献数

108

被引用文献数

1

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The present study had 3 objectives. First, we aimed to categorize the effectiveness of participation in school athletic clubs in accordance with findings from preceding studies (study 1). Second, studies on the effectiveness of athletic club activities were to be organized by generation with the changes observed in each generation also described with a view towards clarifying research tasks (study 2). Third, we aimed to clarify the effectiveness of athletic club activities that had not yet been demonstrated in previous research (study 3). In study 1, when we categorized the effectiveness of athletic club activities, we confirmed the construct, the subscale, and the observable variable that determined effectiveness in each study. Each concept was grouped based on similarity and made types having higher degree. The categories we derived were "school adjustment"; "scholastic ability"; "character"; "stress and mental health"; "psychosocial development"; "physical growth and development"; "sport as a habit"; "attitude towards sports"; "fatigue"; "lifestyle"; and "others". In study 2, when we investigated the transition of studies on the effectiveness of athletic club activities, we focused on the problem establishment in these studies. This was considered while examining the association between each problem establishment and social background or policies of the day. As a result, at first, researchers continued selecting students who participated in athletic clubs as appropriate subjects for examining the effectiveness of physical exercise or sports activity. Second, researchers are also interested in the negative effectiveness of participation in athletic clubs. Positive trends are particularly strong for "school adjustment" and "stress and mental health" studies conducted after 1998. Third, studies that demonstrated significance or effectiveness of athletic club activities increased after 1983, and the effectiveness that were determined diversified since that time. Researchers found out various significance and effectiveness of athletic club activities, and recognition of the potential for athletic club activities to address issues also increased. It can be said that we researchers don’t reach a common understanding on the significance and effectiveness of athletic club activities. In study 3, we brought attention to the effectiveness of athletic club activities that had been overlooked in previous studies by comparing effectiveness as determined in empirical studies how it had been determined in theoretical studies. Unnoticed effectiveness of athletic club activities was the acquisition of abilities and attributes necessary for developing sports society and culture.

著者

森山 達矢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.12061, (Released:2013-05-13)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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This paper examines the relationship between ethics and the Japanese martial arts (budo). The issue of this relationship has been studied mainly from the standpoint of history, and has not been much researched from the standpoint of practitioners. Therefore, in this paper, I describe how practitioners acquire the ethics of budo by approach the topic through the concept of “becoming,” as maintained by Sakuta, Yano and Kameyama, with the intention of clarifying the inner processes adopted by practitioners. For this purpose, I observed participants at an aikido dojo. Generally, participant observation means describing the experiences of field work objectively. In this paper, however, I describe the aikido practitioners' inner experiences, and from that I try to clarify the practical aspect of the relationship between ethics and budo. The findings of my study were as follows. In the practice of aikido, the practitioners are instructed to harmonize with each other and are taught that this feeling of harmonization is the “Aikido spirit”. Not only by developing this feeling, but also an awareness that the mind and body don't match each other, and control of mind and body cannot be achieved together, aikido practitioners gain a new view of the world, and reflect on everyday life and communication with others through the feeling gained in the dojo. Aikido practitioners acquire ethics through constant reflection on mind and body. Such reflection is indispensable in order for practitioners to embody morality. I think it is possible to consider fundamentally the roles of modern Japanese martial arts by clarifying these processes.

著者

加藤 謙一 宮丸 凱史 松元 剛

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.179-194, 2001-03-10

被引用文献数

3

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A study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of sprint motion in top-ranking elementary school sprinters. The subjects were 10 first-class elementary school sprinters (sprinter group), and 31 standard elementary school children (control group), all aged 12 years. Measurements were performed for sprint speed, step frequency, step length, and sprint motion in terms of angular kinematics for both groups. In addition, the isokinetic peak torques at 60 and 180 deg/s were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows: The mean values of body height and mass were larger for the sprinter group than for the control group. Isokinetic peak torques during knee extension and flexion (angular velocity; 60, 180deg/s) were greater for the sprinter group than for the control group. The sprint speed, step length, and step frequency of the sprinter group were significantly greater than those of the control group. On the other hand, the support time of the sprinter group was significantly shorter than that of the control group. The relationship between sprint speed and sprint motion in the sprinter group was as follows: The maximal thigh lift angle (θT) showed a negative correlation (r = - 0.369) with sprint speed, and the ankle joint angle at the moment of foot contact (θA-on; r = - 0.619) and the minimal angle of the ankle joint during the foot contact phase (θA-min; r = - 0.372) showed a negative correlation with sprint speed. However, the maximal extension velocity of the ankle joint (ωA) showed a positive correlation (r = 0.326) with sprint speed. Although sprint motion in the sprinter group showed specific features, the correlation between sprint speed and sprint motion was not significant in either group. In particular, positively and negativity were contrary in the relation between θA-on, θA-min and ωA and sprint speed in the sprinter group, compared with the correlations in adult sprinters. The relationship between sprint speed and sprint motion showed that sprint motion in the sprinter group was not always similar to that in adult sprinters.

著者

渋倉 崇行 西田 保 佐々木 万丈

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.0807090077-0807090077, (Released:2008-07-10)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

5 2

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The purpose of this study was to reconstruct a cognitive appraisal scale for high school athletes (Shibukura and Mori, 2004), and to examine the scale's reliability and validity. The subjects were 1370 first and second year high school athletes (903 males and 467 females). They were required to complete a questionnaire that consisted of a cognitive appraisal scale and a stress-coping scale for high school athletes. In this study we tried to devise a cognitive appraisal scale that contained “threat” and “challenge” as a primary appraisal and “controllability” as a secondary appraisal. First, as a result of factor analysis, it was revealed that a cognitive appraisal scale for high school athletes consisted of the three factors mentioned above. In this way, the cognitive appraisal scale was reconstructed. Second, the reliability of the scale was examined through the split-half method and the test-retest method. Furthermore, the content validity and the factorial validity were verified. Finally, multiple regression analyses were performed in order to examine the relationship of cognitive appraisal and coping. It became clear that a cognitive appraisal scale explained stress-coping, and the scale's predictive validity was supported. Consequently, a cognitive appraisal scale for high school athletes that contained “challenge”, “threat” and “controllability” was reconstructed, and it was considered that this scale would contribute to clarification of the psychological stress process and effective stress management.

著者

平嶋 裕輔 中山 雅雄 内藤 清志 浅井 武

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.805-816, 2014 (Released:2014-12-20)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the principal factors related to shot situations that affect the outcome of goalkeeping saves in soccer and to build a regression formula that would predict the difficulty of saving a shot. The samples were 551 shots at goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The shots data were collected using game performance analysis. For statistical processing, the principal factors affecting the outcome of a save in soccer were revealed using logistic regression analysis. The principal factors that influenced the results of a save attempt were: the duration between initiation of the shot and when the ball reached the goal, the presence or absence of a defender in front of the shooter, the presence or absence of a defender located lateral or posterior to the shooter, the part of the body used to perform the shot, i.e. the head or the leg, the type of shot, i.e., a liner, a lob, or a grounder, the shot course in a mediolateral direction, the shot course in a vertical direction, the presence or absence of a change in the direction of the shot by other players, the shooter's position angle in relation to the goal line and the line from the goal post to the shooter, and the distance from the center of the goal to the ball when the ball reached the goal line. In addition, a regression formula was constructed to predict the difficulty of the save by combining the odds ratios of the main factors. It was verified that the difficulty in making a save could be accurately predicted using the regression formula (84.8%). As a future task, using our regression formula, it would be practically important to develop predictors for evaluating the ability of a goalkeeper.

著者

和田 哲也 友添 秀則

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.5, pp.337-348, 1994-01-01

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify the activity of kenjyutsu, the traditional physical culture in Japan, practiced as a match or sport in the latter period of Edo era. The object of this study was Sekiguchi-school of Takeda family that was transmitted in the Yoshino River area in the province of Awa (Tokushima prefecture) . The authors investigated the actual condition and character of kenjyutsu in those days using the historical materials of "nogeiko" (the outdoor meet of kenjyutsu) of the school. The findings of this study were summarized as follows : 1) The "taryu-jiai", in which kenjyutsu had come to be practiced as a match in the latter period of Edo era, was carried mainly by the common people rather than the people in the class of samurai and was activated all over the country. 2) "Nogeiko" of Sekiguchi-school of Takeda family was intended to open to the public from the beginning, and it was planned elaborately and practiced systematically. Almost all of the matches in the "nogeiko" were practiced by one person against one, though these were practiced with some formations supposing an actual battle, and there were "metsuke"(referee) who judged victory or defeat. 3) These matches were practiced under the free and large-hearted atmosphere beeing unbound to the ethical idea of Confucianism, and this "nogeiko" had a character of an amusement or pleasure of the common people. 4) This case means that kenjyutsu was practiced as an activity of a match or sport, whose style agreed with several melkmarls pointed by Guttmann, in the province far from the governmental center of this country. This is assumed not to be particular in the area of Tokushima prefecture but to be general in the localities of this country in those days. 5) Practice of kenjyutsu as a match or sport like this and accumulation of the experience,which became a basic condition to accept modern sports since Meiji era in japan, seems to make the rapid diffusion of it easily.

著者

末木 新

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.289-295, 2017 (Released:2017-06-22)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2

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Baseball is a thriving sport in Japanese high schools. However, there have been demands to shorten the instructional time for school extracurricular activities, resulting in a need to increase the effectiveness of such instruction. The present study was designed to examine the effects of 3 elements of team strength in high school baseball—pitching strength, batting strength, and defensive strength—on the outcome of a game. The materials used for analysis were the records of all of the 390 games and 780 teams involved in the National High School Baseball Championship from 2008 to 2015. Pitching strength, batting strength, and defensive strength were calculated using Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP), On-base Plus Slugging (OPS), and Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER), respectively. Logistic regression analysis (forced entry method) was conducted on the game outcome as the dependent variable and team FIP, team OPS, and DER as the independent variables. This analysis showed that the team FIP (odds ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.74—0.86), team OPS (odds ratio 8145, 95% confidence interval 1957—33898), and DER (odds ratio 5699019, 95% confidence interval 341274—95169408) were significantly associated with the outcome of the game. An assessment of the Wald statistic, which indicates the contribution rate of the dependent variables, showed that batting strength had the strongest effect on game outcome, followed by defensive strength. Compared to batting and defensive strength, pitching strength appeared to have only a small influence on game outcome. Therefore, for efficient improvement of team strength, it is considered that resources should be directed towards improving batting and defensive strength over pitching strength.

著者

服部 恒明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.4, pp.435-446, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

70

被引用文献数

11 5

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Obesity is a condition resulting from excess body fat, and is associated with several risk factors for chronic diseases in later life. Hence, the prevention of obesity is a public health priority, with much of the concern focusing on childhood and adolescence. Recently, body mass index, calculated as weight divided by height squared (BMI, kg/m2), has been widely used as a surrogate measure of adiposity for children and adolescents, and international age- and sex-specific cut-off points to define overweight and obesity have been proposed. Various surveys using the international BMI criteria have revealed that the prevalence of child obesity is accelerating throughout the developed world. However, BMI is a measure of excess weight relative to height, rather than excess body fat. The interpretation of BMI among children and adolescents is further complicated by the changes that occur in weight, height, and body composition during growth. There is a now a considerable body of evidence that during the growth stages, weight increase is frequently due to an increase in fat-free mass rather than fat mass. Therefore, application of the BMI norm to define overweight and obesity in children and adolescents should be done with caution. Furthermore, it is necessary to be aware that adopting an international standard for a specific population may introduce error because the relationship between BMI and adiposity is race-specific. For this reason, it is expected that race-specific standards of BMI with additional body composition-related information for children and adolescents will become available in the future to ensure reliable assessment of adiposity levels.

著者

村上 祐介

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.507-522, 2011 (Released:2011-12-28)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1

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Previous studies have suggested that children with developmental disorders often display clumsiness when attempting tasks that require higher body coordination ability. Long rope skipping is one such activity, but while it is usually difficult for such children, it is also effective for helping develop body coordination ability and fostering cooperative attitudes. Thus, it is important to make the most of the benefits of long rope skipping for children with developmental disorders. However, appropriate teaching methods in this context have not been well established, nor have the developmental levels of jumping movement in long rope skipping been adequately addressed. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental levels of jumping movement in long rope skipping for children with developmental disorders. The subjects were five children with developmental disorders who participated once a week in private physical activity sessions. The sessions were conducted by members of a laboratory for adapted physical activity. Specifically, body coordination ability in long rope skipping was evaluated in terms of the number of double bounce movements (jumping twice during one rotation of the rope), the interval of movement, the ground and foot interval, the trunk inclination motion angle, the hip joint flexion motion angle, the knee flexion motion angle, and the number of times that the children jumped with both legs. The results indicated that there were several different movement forms in the five studied children. These forms were classified into five levels: step movement (the first level of long rope skipping movement), side jumping movement (second level), double bounce movement via large jumping movements (third level), double bounce movement via a small movement space (fourth level), and double bounce movement via small jumping movements (fifth level). These findings can be used to devise an effective approach for teaching long rope skipping to children with developmental disorders.

著者

新竹 優子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.22097, (Released:2023-02-09)