著者
HITOSHI SUZUKI
出版者
The Anthropological Society of Nippon
雑誌
Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.201201, (Released:2021-03-31)
被引用文献数
6

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have long been the most popular marker for assessing phylogenetic relationships and uncovering population dynamics. However, the mechanism of the nucleotide substitution rate of mtDNA remains unclear. While the evolutionary rate over tens of thousands of years is thought to be time dependent, the overall picture is not fully understood. This article presents recent achievements related to the time-dependent evolutionary rate of mtDNA in small rodents in the Japanese archipelago. The method focuses on rapid expansion events during the late Quaternary, during which there was a prolonged severe cold period and repeated abrupt warm periods, providing multiple calibration points. The global sea level fluctuation and migration to islands help to specify the calibration points. For calibration points at 11000, 15000, 53000, and 130000 years ago, the evolutionary rates were approximately 0.11, 0.11, 0.047, and 0.029 substitutions/site/million years, respectively, in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb). Applying the higher rate to assess the evolutionary history of the commensal house mouse (Mus musculus) and complete mitochondrial genome sequences (~16000 bp) allowed us to trace prehistoric human culture development based on millet and rice agriculture. The pattern of time-dependent evolutionary rates presented here is likely applicable to other small rodents. The Japanese archipelago is ideal for assessing evolutionary rates with biogeographic calibration points in the late Quaternary in species with multiple genetically distinct local populations.
著者
田中 秀和
出版者
立正大学社会福祉研究所
雑誌
立正大学社会福祉研究所年報 (ISSN:13449532)
巻号頁・発行日
no.22, pp.75-109, 2020-07-31

Studies focusing mainly on policymakers (bureaucrats, etc.) are one commonly used technique for historical research on public assistance, including welfare systems. These studies include research on the process of establishing welfare law, research on the social history of welfare systems, and analysis of welfare standards and implementation procedures. On the other hand, some research takes a different approach to the pertinent issues, focusing on the welfare case workers who administer welfare on the front lines. This research traces the history of independent research organizations, whose primary members are welfare caseworkers, and describes how, in each era, these men and women diligently struggled in their work, and strived to improve the specialization of their occupation, while being buffeted by changing government policies and measures. The above research describes the history of welfare case workers up to the 1990s, but the modern history of the occupation from that time to today is an unexplored area of research. The goal in this paper is to learn from prior research, and at the same time clarify some of the characteristics and issues seen in the development of modern public assistance, by investigating the modern history of welfare case workers in and after the 2000s. To achieve the above goal, this paper focuses on tracing the history of the relationship between the Japan Society for the Study of Public Assistance, whose members are primarily drawn from welfare case workers, and the comics and television dramas for which the society has provided media supervision. Other issues are taken up as appropriate, such as the history of public assistance research, the image of the welfare case worker occupation, and qualification problems, so that the main theme in this paper may be understood with a multifaceted depth.
著者
馬場 嘉信
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.8, pp.775_1, 2015

シリコン上に,DNAの直径と同程度(2nm)の孔(ナノポア)を形成し,ナノポア中にDNAが通り抜ける間隔で電極を作成したデバイスを用いて,DNAのシークエンシングを行う技術である.ナノポア中の電極間にトンネル電流を流し,1分子の1本鎖DNAを一定速度で通過させると,DNAの各塩基の電子状態の違いにより,トンネル電流値が変化するために,その変化量を解析しDNA配列を解読できる.DNA解読速度は,1秒間に1,000塩基程度であり,1,000個のナノポアを並列化することで,1時間で30億塩基のヒト・ゲノム解析が可能になる.DNAのみならず,RNA,メチル化DNA,タンパク質もシークエンシング可能である.
著者
金子 賢太郎 丸山 將吾 永野 治
出版者
公益社団法人 日本造園学会
雑誌
ランドスケープ研究 (ISSN:13408984)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.5, pp.859-864, 2008-03-31 (Released:2009-05-08)
参考文献数
15
被引用文献数
6 6

Our objective is to clarify the habitat of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) that live in and around an urban park. From 2004 through 2007, we investigated the home ranges, resting sites and habitat preferences of fourteen raccoon dogs by using radio-telemetry around Showa Kinen National Government Park, Tokyo. The preference of the raccoon dogs for habitat categories was inferred from classifying the study area, which was divided into 1ha cells according to six habitat categories (woodland, grassland, turf area, woody urban area and woody park, urban area, bare area) . Almost all individuals preferred the woodland and grassland, avoiding the turf area, woody urban area and woody park, urban area and bare area all day. In addition they depended on the park and the vegetation areas around the park for their habitation. Twenty-one resting sites were found in the study area, and fourteen of them were in woodland or grassland. Home ranges of the twelve individuals included a part of the park. Nine of them had their resting sites outside of the park. These used the park only in the nighttime, mainly as feeding sites. We found that raccoon dogs living in and around the park didnt always have dependence on urban areas.