著者
馬場 朗
出版者
東京女子大学
雑誌
東京女子大学紀要論集 (ISSN:04934350)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.1, pp.65-124, 2022-09-30

This third and final part of this study (its seventh, eighth and concluding sections), the former parts (its former six sections) of which are already published in the latest issues of this Bulletin (vol. LXXII (n.2), 2021, and vol.LXXIII (n.1), 2021), focuses on the later works of Condillac such as the Grammaire (1775 (its drafting began, however, possibly from 1758)), the Logique (1780) and the Langue des calculs (1798 (posthumous publication)), to verify Condillac’s constant elaboration, since the Essai sur l’origine des langues (1746) passing through the Traité des sensations (1754), of integrating aesthetic expressivity in the empiricist manner into his epistemological system, an elaboration inseparable from his renovation of French aesthetic classicism. This article examines the impact of the aesthetic visual dimension on the relation between “langage d’action” and “analyse” based on the “analogie de la nature” and the metaphor of “peintre habile” in the Grammaire (the seventh section of this study), on the “ordre simultané” in the Logique (1780) (the former part of the eighth section), and on “langage d’action” as the primordial way of calculation and “tableau mouvant” in the Langue des calculs (the latter part of the eighth section). After having concluded that the aesthetic visibility of the simultaneous “ordre” plays a decisive role not only for the development of his epistemological empiricism system but also for his empiricism renovation of the French Classicism, this paper further examines the positive actuality of Condillac’s aesthetic thought as well as its insufficiency for new aesthetic experiences, based on the attractive and inexhaustible otherness or grace, irreducible to the enjoyment of the static stability of “ordre”.本研究は、哲学者エティエンヌ・ボノ・ド・コンディヤックの『人間認識起源論』(一七四六年)を中心に、彼の経験論哲学の美学的射程を検証する一連の試みの結論をなす第三部である。この第三部では、コンディヤックのパルマ滞在期から晩年に至る三つの著作、『文法』、『論理学』そして『計算の言語』における「全体瞬時性(simultanéité)」概念を検証する。『人間認識起源論』では「想像力」を介しての「行動言語」論と特に「倒置」論で、『感覚論』では「全体瞬時的」な「視覚」の生成論で、それぞれ浮上した概念である。注意すべきは、「全体瞬時性」が「自然」の「類比」に基づく「分解・(再)合成」による「分析」と協働関係にあることである。この協働関係も実は、『人間認識起源論』でも既に潜在的に示された関係であるが、『感覚論』を経て、一貫して『文法』・『論理学』・『計算の言語』で進展させられる。第七章では『文法』の「卓越した画家」、第八章では『論理学』の「全体瞬時な秩序」そして『計算の言語』の「動くタブロー」、以上の関連概念群を順次検証し、この進展過程を明らかにする。その上で、本研究全体の結論として、『人間認識起源論』の感性的表現論が古典主義美学をコンディヤックの経験論によって革新したものであること、そしてその美学的議論が晩年に至るまで彼の経験論的認識論自体を支えるものであったこと、以上を提示する。この結論を踏まえた上で本論末尾では、コンディヤックによるこの新たな古典主義の美学一般における重要な意義とその問題点を明らかにする。
著者
米田 翼
出版者
大阪大学
雑誌
特別研究員奨励費
巻号頁・発行日
2015-04-24

(1)自然的システム論とその生物学的背景:①ル・ダンテクの老化理論への反論を通して練り上げられるシステムの「構成」に関する理論、②ジェニングスの微生物の行動学を参照しつつ、『物質と記憶』の感覚運動システムと『創造的進化』の自然的システムを接続することで提示される、システムの「行動」に関する理論、これらからベルクソンの自然的システム論=生物個体論を再構成した。本研究の意義は、これまで不明瞭であった生物個体という存在者に関するベルクソンの理論を理解するためのモデルを提示したことである。(2)シモンドンとの比較研究:①ベルクソンとシモンドンは、個体化を連続的進展として記述するためにヴァイスマン遺伝に依拠しつつも、前者は個体に内在する遺伝的エネルギーに関する自説を通して、後者はフレンチ・ネオ・ラマルキズムの群体論に由来する個体-環境の理論を通して、これに修正を加える。②これに相関して、刺激-反応連合のデカップリングを、前者は刺激=入力と反応=出力との間の「遅延」の効果として説明し、後者は個体-環境のトポロジカルな関係の変容として説明する。本研究の意義は、シモンドンとのこうした相違点を明らかにすることで、ベルクソンの個体化論の内在主義的性格と、その射程および限界を明らかにしたことである。(3)創発主義との関係:先行研究ではモーガンの哲学・心理学のうちにベルクソン主義的側面が看取されてきたが、①モーガンこそがベルクソンの心の哲学(特に表象の理論)の最大の批判者であること、②アレクサンダーの時空の形而上学の鍵となる「継起」や「神性」概念の練り上げにベルクソンからの本質的影響が見られることを明らかにした。本研究の意義は、これまで不透明であった20世紀初頭の英仏の哲学の交流の一端を明らかにしたこと、また、アレクサンダーを介してベルクソンを創発主義的に再読しうる可能性を示したことである。
著者
滝浦 静雄
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1969, no.19, pp.22-47, 1969-03-31 (Released:2009-07-23)
参考文献数
46

Cet essai a pour but de chercher un ressource pour réfuter une forme du solipsisme dont on pourrait trouver le type dans la philosophie de J.-P. Sartre. Selon lui, toute conscience d'objet est en même temps << conscience non-thétique d'elle-même >> et, par conséquent, l'expérience du << Nous >> n'est qu'un fait psychologique de chaque individu qu'il est un d' << eux >> pour un tiers. Nous essayons donc dans cet essai de démontrer que sa conception de la << conscience (de) soi >> n'a pas raison, en tenant compte du fait que la prise de conscience de soi est en règle générale très difficile pour l'enfant. Car, ce fait ne serait pas indifférent au problème de la conscience (de) soi. Et nous pensons que, pour saisir correctement l'existence d'autrui, il faut avoir la notion juste du corps humain, et nous la trouvons dans la philosophie de M. Merleau-Ponty. Il constate par l' examen de la << sensation double >> le système de coexistence de mon corps avec le corps d'autrui, c'est-à-dire l' << intercorporéité >> où l'on pourrait restituer le bon droit de l'expérience du << Nous >> sujet.
著者
田中 智彦
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2010, no.61, pp.9-24_L3, 2010 (Released:2011-01-18)
参考文献数
15

In May 2009, when the debate about a bill to amend the Organ Transplantation Act began, 71 university scholars engaged in bioethics education and research, formed a voluntary association named “Seimei-Rinri Kaigi”, and made an urgent appeal for thorough study and deliberation before voting on the amendment. This statement warned of fundamental defects in existing concepts of “brain death” and “organ transplantation”. However, the Diet passed the bill without responding in any way to the appeal.In this paper, I discuss “non-pensée” over “brain death” and “organ transplantation”, and suggest that it underlies our discourses about death, particularly in the following areas; 1) the confusion between “death” and “standard of death”, 2) the return of “Vernichtung Lebensunwerten Lebens”, 3) the reduction of “ethics” to “law”, 4) the biotechnological public exploitation of our bodies, and 5) the biopolitical aspect of care. I think these are unavoidable themes if we reflect on present discourses about death.
著者
野澤 秀樹
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.11, pp.635-653, 1986-11-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
参考文献数
35
被引用文献数
1 1

19世紀フランス最大の地理学者の一人に数えられるエリゼ・ルクリュ (1830-1905) は,ほとんど忘れられた存在であったが,近年地理学史やrelevantな地理学への関心から,再評価されつつある.本稿はルクリュ地理学の体系とその思想を彼の地理学三部作の中に探ることを目的とする.ルクリュは人類史の前史として地球の諸現象を地的調和の中に捉え(第1作『大地』),次いで世界各地で自然と人間が織りなす地表面の姿を記述し(第2作『新世界地理』),これらの事実の中から根本法則を引き出し,人類の歴史を跡づけることを課題とした(第3作『地人論』).ルクリュの地理学体系は個別科学としての地理学の体系化に寄与するというより,人類の歴史,人類の歴史的有り様を追究した壮大な歴史哲学といえる.ルクリュの思想は人類の歴史を階級闘争史観で捉える社会科学的視点に立つ一方,自然と人間の調和ある統一を理想とした目的論的世界観であるロマン主義の思潮と進化主義の思想とが統一された思想であった.
著者
佐藤 大介
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2019, no.70, pp.220-234, 2019-04-01 (Released:2019-04-18)
参考文献数
11

Are we able to capture just the working consciousness by reflection? Several Husserl researchers to date have answered no to this question. This is serious for Husserl phenomenology. This is because Husserl phenomenology is an academic discipline to analyze the workings of consciousness, using reflection as the basic method. If it is impossible to capture just the working consciousness by reflection, the phenomenological approach will leave unknown the most crucial data. In this way, the problem of the discrepancy between the method and purpose of Husserl phenomenology has been repeatedly pointed out and widely shared in Husserl research since Klaus Held was first discussed. This problem is “the problem of reflection”. However, as some of the previous studies have acknowledged, Husserl himself does not explicitly address the problem of reflection. This seems strange. It is extremely natural to ask whether or not it is possible to capture just the working consciousness by reflection since it is the methodological core of Husserl phenomenology. So did Husserl adopt it as the basic method for phenomenology without carefully examining it? Given the fact that Husserl dealt with phenomenological methods thematically many times, that is hard to believe. Rather, I suppose that Husserl phenomenology has an argument that answers yes to the above question. In this paper, unlike many previous studies, I discuss Husserl’s early theory of time up to the early 1910’s, not the late theory of the 1930’s. Because there seems to be something overlooked or misunderstood in the opinion of the previous studies on Husserl’s early theory of time. They consider that just a working consciousness can be captured only by a subsequent reflection. However, Husserl insists that the working consciousness is captured by reflection now. In this case “now” is not a momentary “now”, but a “wide range” now.
著者
瀧川 裕英
出版者
日本法哲学会
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2008, pp.181-189, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

This paper aims to demonstrate the thesis that the duty to obey the law is not particular. To show this. I begin by examining the difference between the duty to obey the law and political obligation, though they are usually used interchangeably. I argue that aliens staying in a host state do have the former but not the latter. Thus the duty to obey the law does, pace John A. Simmons, not meet the particularity requirement, while political obligation does. The duty to obey the law is rather regarded as the duty to reach a global juridical state (status iuridicus), which is discussed by Immanuel Kant. I conclude that we owe political obligation only insofar as it is a useful way to discharge such a universal duty.
著者
那須 耕介
出版者
日本法哲学会
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2008, pp.190-197, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

For the theory of the duty to obey the law. its introductory discussion is as important as its main discussion. In order to bring out the importance and role of theory of the duty to obey the law. we cannot avoid examining its practical significance as well as its theoretical specificity. Here I propose to focus not only on the traditional problem of 'evil law' but also on the problem of 'doubtful law'. Each provides the means to overcome the skepticism about the importance (or, theoretical specificity) of the theory of the duty to obey the law. The former, 'evil law' approach have pointed out that the concept of law's content-independent morality - legality, or L. L. Fuller's 'inner morality of law' - is the key to establish the general duty to obey the law. Besides, the latter, 'doubtful law' approach opens up the perspectives to a new domain of inquiry on the conditions of subjects who are expected to obey and respect their law that is, the conditions of citizenship or law-abiding morality.
著者
横濱 竜也
出版者
日本法哲学会
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2008, pp.198-204, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

Must we adhere to ask and solve the problem of obligation to obey the law? An affirmative answer to this question is not self-evident. On one hand, legal positivists (like Matthew Kramer) who attempt to build a comprehensive descriptive theory of law which covers all the phenomena of law around the world, deny any necessary relations between the concept of law and morality. So they wholeheartedly accept that an evil law is also a law. but they reject the idea that law in general has a value which deserves the basis of obligation to obey the law. On the other hand, for natural law theories (like Michael Moore's) that argue we should recognize the normativity of law only when the law is morally just, an evil law is basically not a law (except when the evil law is useful as a heuristic to find what is morally just), so the problem whether and why we should obey evil laws just because they are law, is not a problem from the very beginning. Legal theories mentioned above treat useless the arguments to solve the basis of obligation to obey the law. But if we recognize that when we fulfill our obligation to obey the law. we should not only comply with laws, but also occasionally we should disobey them in order to improve the law to conform to common values of our society, it becomes clear that it is not sufficient to ask whether laws are useful for us to follow good or right reasons. Rather we must ask whether law's have the intrinsic value of law sufficient to ground obligation to obey the law.
著者
ムスラキス ジョージ
出版者
The Japan Association of Legal Philosophy
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2008, pp.205-215, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

J. S. Mill thinks of individuality as the most essential of human interests. Individuality is equivalent to freedom as meaning self-determination - the principal condition of and main ingredient in self-development. Accordingly, non-interference is, for him, a vital prerequisite of the good life: it is a fundamental presupposition of his liberalism that individuals should not be interfered with unless their activities can be shown to injure the interests of others. But in addition to the individualist-functionalist strain in Mill's thought there is also a strong strain of skepticism and this is a fundamental component of his liberalism. As well as presupposing a particular view of the nature of man. Mill’s liberali.sm also rests on an empiricist view of the nature and possibilities of human knowledge. From this point of view, fallibilism is seen to be one basis of his belief in toleration, k corollary of Mill's fallibilism is his conception of human nature as essentially open and incomplete. His doctrine of individuality and self-development, on the other hand, appears to imply that the individual is definable by certain necessary and permanent characteristics. Following a discussion of the empiricist and fallibilist strain in Mill's liberalism, this paper offers an interpretation of Mill's view that reconciles these two seemingly discordant elements in his understanding of man.