著者
林 良育
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.80, no.4, pp.527-546, 2015

『斉民要術』に見える北土高原以外での水稲作については,「歳易」という用語の解釈から,一年休閑農法と田畑輪換の両説が提出されているが,漢〜魏晋南北朝期の技術水準論・生産力論という観点に引きつけた解釈がなされてきた感があり,水田の立地,「歳易」を要する理由などを含めて,なお多分に議論の余地を残しているように思われる。そこで本稿では,水稲作に関する農学系の研究なども参照しつつ,あらためて史料の精密な解釈を行い,「歳易」という用語を中心とする水稲作の実像に迫ることを試みた。そして考察の結果として,(1)『斉民要術』に見える「歳易」をともなう水稲作の主たる対象地域は,山東省の泗水水系流域周辺であり,(2)水源を含めた河川上流域周辺の高燥地乃至高田で行われており,(3)「歳易」には田畑輪換の可能性があり,(4)「歳易」が行われた理由としては,農業用水の使用量調整(節水)・旱害対策,周辺農地への湿害の防止及び農地の利用効率の向上などが考えられ,(5)この水稲作が山東省の気候条件に対応して行われた局地的な性格のものであったことなどが明らかになった。
著者
中尾 亮太 淺川 直也 松田 翔太 塩澤 大輝 菊池 将一 中井 善一
出版者
一般社団法人日本機械学会
雑誌
M&M材料力学カンファレンス
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2015, pp._GS0205-42-_GS0205-42, 2015

A three dimensional grain mapping technique for polycrystalline materials, called X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT), was developed at SPring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV), which is the brightest synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. To evaluate the fatigue damage of grains, total misorientation, β for each grain was calculated from DCT measurement. It is found that value of β increases with number of cycles, and change of β for primary slip plane is the largest in diffraction planes. In addition, the largest change of β, was observed in the diffraction plane with the largest Schmid factor, F_s in equivalent primary slip planes. From this results, it is found that change of β reflects slip behavior in a grain, because change of β correspond to Schmid factor in fcc materials which can be determined the primary slip direction.
著者
小嶋 和平
出版者
日立評論社
雑誌
日立評論 (ISSN:03675874)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.10, pp.p1061-1064, 1989-10
著者
中川 英世
出版者
高岡法科大学
雑誌
高岡法科大学紀要 (ISSN:09159347)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, pp.162-174, 1999-03-31

1 0 0 0 OA 長者教

出版者
巻号頁・発行日
1627
著者
立部 紀夫
出版者
日本デザイン学会
雑誌
日本デザイン学会研究発表大会概要集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, pp.D07, 2004

筆屋の看板が初めて絵画資料に描かれるのは、1487年(文明19)に成った「星光寺縁起絵巻」であり、筆売りの家に小さな看板が描写されている。続いて、室町時代後期に制作された町田本・高橋本の二つの「洛中洛外図」には筆屋の看板が同じ形態で複数描かれていることを知る。当時の看板は町屋正面の格子窓の中央上部の位置に掲出されており、絵馬形の板の中央に、筆を単体で縦に大きく描いた簡潔な意匠であった。色彩は白・赤・黒が使われていた。
著者
Shih-Lin Hsu Harumi Oda Saya Shirahata Mana Watanabe Makoto Sasaki
出版者
The Society of Physical Therapy Science
雑誌
Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.8, pp.1014-1018, 2018 (Released:2018-07-24)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
21

[Purpose] To investigate the effects of core strength training on core stability with and without the Valsalva maneuver. [Participants and Methods] Twenty-four students were randomly assigned to the training and control groups. Students in the training group undertook a 4-week training program that included exercises for the transverse abdominis, multifidus, diaphragm, and pelvic floor muscles, whereas students in the control group performed their usual activities. Participants were required to perform four types of task with and without the Valsalva maneuver. Seated stabilometry was assessed according to the center of pressure (COP). [Results] In the training group, the rectus area in the quiet sitting position with the Valsalva maneuver was enlarged and the length of trajectory during a sudden perturbation task was decreased. No significant changes to the COP were seen in the control group. [Conclusion] Some parameters of core stability improved after participants completed a 4-week core strength training program.
著者
岡本 弘道
出版者
関西大学
雑誌
東アジア文化交渉研究 (ISSN:18827748)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, pp.221-248, 2008-03-31

I have clarified each of the following points in regard to the "sea-going vessels" that composed the basis of sea activity and cultural interaction in the Ryukyu Kingdom during the Old Ryukyu period. (1) The first sea-going vessels of Ryukyu were the Jigo-sen vessel(s) with identifi cation numbers that were built and registered during the Ming Dynasty. It can be said that the growth that is visible in the scale of the sea-going vessels in the middle of the 15th century and then their miniaturization in the first part of the 16th century are phenomena that both indicate the uniqueness of Ryukyu. (2) The Han' in Kango tally that was issued along with the dispatch of Ryukyu sea-going vessels is something that runs through the East Asian sea region during that age. Furthermore, by tracing back those numbers, I have presented the concrete circumstances behind the dispatch of Ryukyu sea-going vessels. (3) Ryukyu sea-going vessels were named in the respective fashions of China, Japan, and Ryukyu and their operating organizations were diverted to the Hiki land-based organizations, which had a major influence on the establishment of the system of governance in the Ryukyu Kingdom.
著者
立部 紀夫
出版者
日本デザイン学会
雑誌
日本デザイン学会研究発表大会概要集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, pp.190-191, 1999

Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples in Japan displayed a wooden frame on the upper portion of their buildings known as "hengaku (framed picture)". The workers who produced these frames were skilled wood carving or engraving artisans known variously as "ongakushi", "gakuhorishi"or by other names. As commerce flourished after the beginning of the Edo period in 1603,merchants began to display large signs and it was the ongakushi who produced the signs for them. In this study, I clarify the vigorous activities of these ongakushi as sign-making artisans in pre-modern Japan.
著者
平瀬 徹也
出版者
東京女子大学
雑誌
東京女子大学比較文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:05638186)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, pp.23-40, 1997

It is natural that most writers on atrocities tend to put emphasis on their own case, whether they are witnesses or researchers. But that is not always conducive to a balanced judgement of the case. To avoid this, the present author proposes the differentiation of atrocities of the 20th century into three categories - (a) the madness of battlefield, (b) the madness of war, and (c) the madness of ideology. The madness of battlefield is rather accidental like the Son My (My Lai) Massacre in the Vietnam War or the Nanking Massacre in the Sino-Japanese War. Though the outcome is often extremely bloody and horrible, this kind of atrocity is not caused by government decision. On the other hand, the madness of war is usually more deliberate and calculated. Like the Japanese ill-treatment of the Allied POWs and the Allied strategic bombings during the Second World War, it is the product of national policy. It is not just the outburst of individual or group cruelty. The madness of ideology is also the product of national policy. But as in the cases of the "Holocaust" and the "Goulag Archipelago", it is caused by special ideologies which choose particular races, classes, or religious sects as mortal and unworthy of humanitarian treatment. Even old people and children are not spared cruelties and massacres in this case. The present author thinks that failure to differentiate these three categories of atrocities makes obscure the true character of each case. We must guard ourselves against the confusion of memory and history. If necessary, we must be prepared to scrutinize and calculate.
著者
結城 剛志
出版者
埼玉大学経済学会
雑誌
社会科学論集 = SHAKAIKAGAKU-RONSHU (The Social Science Review) (ISSN:05597056)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.152・153合併号, pp.41-60, 2018

Generally speaking, the Marxist approach cannot explain the modern banking system because of its stand on metallism. We find that this misapprehension occurs not only in Schumpeter’s summarization of monetary doctrines as metallism but also in Marx’s critique of Attwood’s ideal account of money. The former can be rectified easily by analyzing the concept of the commodity, but research on the latter has been limited. In Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie(1859), it seems that Marx supports the ‘real’ concept of money or money as metal since he obviously denies the ideal or nominal concept of money. However, this study provides another interpretation―that the notion of ‘ideal’ does not necessarily signify nonvalue nor need it be unrelated to the commodity economy in Marx’s sense ― by reconsidering the historical understanding of the debates regarding the ideal account of money. We focus on two letters from Attwood to the Earl of Liverpool indicating that Attwood’s concept of the ideal has three purposes. The first is to move the monetary system from the gold standard of value to the real value of the pound because economic subjects commonly have fine gold in mind when they present an ideal account of money rather than gold coins circulated as sovereigns. The second is to treat monetary value as inter-temporal because artificial changes in the standard of value can cause confusion in the credit-debt relationship. The third is to raise prices and promote national wealth by extending the Bank Restriction Act because reverting to the gold standard can lead both to depreciating prices and to a shrinking national economy. The result of the examination clarifies the linkage between the value of the ideal account of money and the commodity economy and considers inconsistencies in the concept of value in the two letters.
著者
桑野 玲子 ヘワゲ インディケティヤ サマンティ レヌカ
出版者
東京大学生産技術研究所
雑誌
生産研究 (ISSN:0037105X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, no.4, pp.539-543, 2013

地盤からの土砂流出に伴い形成される地盤内空洞の周辺には,密度が低下したゆるみ部分を伴う.このゆるみの度合(密度低下)やその範囲は土の種類によって異なる.また,均等な砂では空洞部分を周辺から埋めるように体積膨張する結果,周辺部に間隙が生成しゆるみが発達するのに対して,細粒分混じり砂では細粒分が粗粒の間をすり抜けて流出し,ゆるみが発達する. 本研究では,均等な砂に生成するパターンの蜂の巣状のゆるみについて,その力学特性を定量的に評価する目的で,豊浦砂供試体内に人工的にゆるみ生成させを三軸試験を実施した.またゆる詰め供試体の三軸圧縮過程のX線CT画像からゆるみの進展範囲を把握し,ゆるみ部分の剛性を評価した.
著者
志賀 達雄
出版者
駒澤大学
雑誌
駒沢短期大学放射線科論集 (ISSN:09146687)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, pp.30-69, 1977-03

明治末期から大正・昭和初期に亘る約40年間にわが国のレントゲン技術、医学は急速に進歩発達したが、その間にこれらの仕事に生魂込めて専心従事した諸先覚者の中には蓮燈研線の過照射のため、不治ともいうべき皮膚癌、重篤な造血臓器障害のために天寿を全うし得なかった人々が100名以上にも上ると推測せられている。これらの尊い犠牲者のうち記録が明確に残っており、X線の過大被ばくが主な死因と思われる60名の医師、技師について、その寿命とその障害経過について推計統計学的に調査・研究したのである。致命的なX線障害としては、皮膚癌41例(68.3%)、骨髄性白血病12例(20.0%)、再生不能性貧血7例(11.7%)であって、X線就業から発病、死亡に到るまで10〜40年の長期に亘るもので、その経過、病症度など様々であるし、主として取扱・操作した装置、使用頻度、被ばく線量など推計することさえ極めて困難なことであるので、その寿命を各々の死亡時点における日本人の平均寿命と比較して犠牲者の寿命の長短を推計統計学的に調査、研究し、医師27名(45%)、技師33名(55%)について寿命の長短、皮膚癌発生が、比較的早いか遅いか、などについても検討を加えたのである。またX線皮膚癌については、就業のときから発癌、病脳時期、死亡に到る間を10の病症度に分けて、全症例を早発性緩行型、中発性進行型、遅発性急悪型に3区別して追跡した。