著者
金田 明子
出版者
The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, no.2, pp.43-55, 2006

In his book, The Concept of Logical Consequence, Etchemendy claims that the currently standard model-theoretic account of logical consequence is "the interpretational semantics" and does not capture logicality. The purpose of this paper is to defend the model-theoretic account from Etchemendy's criticisms. Through comparison with Sher's "Tarskian logic" and her model-theoretic definition of logical constants, I aim to demonstrate that the basis of Etchemendy's arguments are mistaken. I then explain that the model-theoretic account of logical consequence guarantees its logicality by the semantic functions of logical constants.
著者
横田(有田) 恵子(恵子)
雑誌
女性学評論 = Women's Studies Forum
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, pp.155-170, 2017-03-20

現代日本社会は主として社会保障を持続的に維持する目的で、健康長寿の実現を最重要課題のひとつとしている。「健康日本21」は政府が推進する国家レベルの国民運動で、その目標は国民の健康状態を数値化し、指標に基づいて評価することにある。ヘルシズムの増大はとどまることを知らない。人びとは主体的な選択をしたつもりでも、実際には、健康行動を正しく選択するようにナッジされ、誘導されることが常態化している。その手法はリバタリアン・パターナリズムに依拠しており、私たちの日常の隅々にまでいきわたっている。本論では、このような現状を批判的に検討する場として、「公衆衛生の倫理学」の重要性をまず示し、次いでフェミニスト哲学、特に「ケアの正義論」が公衆衛生的な価値観に対抗可能かを考えるものである。
著者
馮友蘭 著
出版者
林書店
巻号頁・発行日
vol.第1巻, 1966
著者
松井 陽征
出版者
日本政治学会
雑誌
年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.1, pp.1_225-1_247, 2019 (Released:2020-06-21)
参考文献数
44

保守主義政治思想について、日本の政治思想史家半澤孝麿と英国の政治哲学者マイケル・オークショットそれぞれの保守主義論を比較検討する。両者の議論の共通項として注目すべき事柄は、通常は保守主義の代表とは全く考えられていないモンテーニュ、パスカル、ホッブズの三者こそが保守主義の典型とされていることである。その三者は、二つの根拠から保守主義とされる。その一つは、半澤の保守主義類型化論における 「懐疑主義的保守主義」 概念によって答えられる。懐疑主義的保守主義は、秩序の正しさを判定する正義への徹底した懐疑を重要な特徴とする保守主義であり、その重要な含意は、「伝統」 を共同体秩序の基礎として積極的に保守するのではなく、きわめて消極的にのみ保守する、そして場合によっては 「伝統」 をも懐疑の対象とすることだ。根拠のもう一つは、人間の生にとっては 「政治」 は二義的な重要性しかもたず、「非政治」 の領域にこそ最終的な救済が求められるという 「非政治主義」 思想によって答えられる。それは、可死性と救済の問題が現世的秩序とどのように関係するのかを考察したオークショットのホッブズ論を検討することで、明らかとなる。
著者
門屋 環
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1969, no.19, pp.251-262, 1969-03-31 (Released:2009-07-23)
参考文献数
20

Adam Smith believed that England in 18 century increased to social power of production by robust self-loved mind in social instinct.Smith insisted the individual's social instinct to continued public welfare by moral sentiment above to religious sentiment, and realized the world of religious capitalism his expected.
著者
松下 晴彦
出版者
一般社団法人 日本教育学会
雑誌
教育学研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.86, no.2, pp.176-187, 2019

<p> 本稿では、まず翻訳概念の系譜学的、超越論的な観点から、現代文に特徴的な漢字仮名交じり文の淵源について、漢字仮名交用の創成過程、漢字訓読法とその批判としての国学の意義に論及し、次に翻訳がナショナリズムおよび国民語の創成の要件であることについて諸外国の事例とともに考察する。最後に、西田哲学の「無の場所」と時枝文法の「辞」の意義を確認し、日本の翻訳実践としての表記法と外来思想に対する日本的思想的態度との相関について考察する。</p>
著者
池松 辰男
出版者
日本倫理学会
雑誌
倫理学年報 (ISSN:04830830)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.67, pp.149-162, 2018

Die Abhandlung erklärt den Dynamismus in Hegels Philosophie des objektiven Geistes aus der Unterscheidung zwischen dem Begriff der ,Leidenschaft' in seiner Geschichtsphilosophie und demjenigen des ,Bedürfnisses' in seiner Rechtsphilosophie. Hegels Schema der ,welthistorischen Individuen', mittels deren Leidenschaften und der hieraus resultierenden Handlungen sich die Idee in der Weltgeschichte verwirkliche, wurde bisher meist vor dem Hintergrund des ,Systems der Bedürfnisse' in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft interpretiert. Diese Interpretation scheint aus heutiger Sicht jedoch ungenügend, da sie bestimmte Im plikationen der Hegelschen Geistphilosophie übersieht. Der adequate Nachvollzug dieser Implikationen ‒ der hier hinsichtlich der Unterscheidung der Begriffe ,Leidenschaft' und ,Bedürfnis' unter Berücksichtigung ihres jeweiligen Kontextes geleistet werden soll ‒ scheint aber auch erst vor dem Hintergrund einiger Ergebnisse rezenter Forschung zu den Vorlesungsnachschriften überhaupt möglich.<br> (1)Beim Begriff des Bedürfnisses kommt es auf die Anerkennung des Selbstbewusstseins an. Im System der Bedürfnisse handeln diejenigen selbstbewussten, autonomen und denkenden Subjekte, die durch die Bildung der(leiblichen)Gewohnheit, der Arbeit(bzw. der aus ihr resultierenden Geschicklichkeit)sowie der Sprache verwirklicht worden sind.(2)Der Begriff der Leidenschaft hingegen ist im Kontext der Philosophie des Geistes mit dem Begriff der ,Verrücktheit' verwandt. In der Verrücktheit wird die Totalität des Geistes in einer besonderen Bestimmung fixiert und die Struktur des Bewusstseins desselben erschüttert. Demgemäß darf das von einer Leidenschaft getriebene Individuum nicht mit dem gebildeten Subjekt der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft verwechselt werden. Ersteres vermag anders als letzteres sowohl die ganze Struktur des Bewusstseins, als auch die gegebene sittliche Ordnung zu revolutionieren, indem der Geist durch es die noch unbewussten Inhalte aus dem Reich des bewusstlos Aufbewahrten(,Schacht')zu Tage fördert.<br> Zwar lassen sich daraus natürlich keine unmittelbar praktischen Grundsätze ziehen. Sehr wohl aber dürfte auf diese Weise ersichtlich werden, dass und wie sich der Geist Hegel zufolge zum Subjekt nicht nur bildet, sondern immer auch umbildet, gar revolutioniert.
著者
木岡 伸夫
出版者
大阪府立大学人文学会
雑誌
人文学論集 (ISSN:02896192)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9・10, pp.93-108, 1991-03-20
著者
宮永 孝
出版者
法政大学社会学部学会
雑誌
社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.67, no.2, pp.1-166, 2020-09

It was only after the Meiji Restoration (i.e. 1868), the start of a new government following the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, that the Japanese commenced to learn Western philosophy properly. But the Study of philosophy in Japan was primitive. Japanese had, however, only a few scholars who knew something about Western philosophy in the closing days of the Tokugawa government. Banri Hoashi (帆足万里, 1778~1851), the Confucian scholar and scientist, owned "Beginsels der Natuurkunde (The Principle of Physics), 1739" by Petrus van Musschenbroek. He could have found words "Wysbegeerte (i.e. philosophy)" or "Philosophie" by reading the preface of the book.Yōan Udagawa (宇田川榕庵, 1798~1846) was a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language and a researcher at the Bakufu's Institute for Western Learning in Yedo (nowadays Tokyo). He learned about "philosophia" and "metaphysica" by reading a handwritten copy of the "Seigakubon" (「西学凡」) by Giulio Aleni (艾儒略), an Italian Jesuit, in the Ming Dynasty. Rokuzo Shibukawa, (渋川六蔵,1815~51), the apprentice scholar at the Research Institute for Western Learning, translated the Dutch Words "philosofie" or "filosofy" into "費録所家".Amane Nishi (西 周, 1829~97), the apprentice scholar at the "Bansho shirabesho" (i.e. the Research Institute for Western Learning), had slight knowledge of Western philosophy presumably by reading "A Biographical History of Philosophy, 1845-1846) by G. H. Lewis. Prior to his departure for Holland in a bid for studying Western humane studies in the last days of the Tokugawa regime, he sent a letter, desiring to learn Western philosophy, to Prof. J. J. Hoffman at Leiden University, mentioning Descartes, Hegel, Kant etc. In Leiden, Nishi and his fellow student, Mamichi Tsuda (津田真道, 1829~1903), took private lessons under Prof. Vissering, studying mainly politics, economics and international law and so on for 2 years.While working for the new government after the collapse of the Tokugawa regime, Nishi ran a private school named "Ikueisha" (育英社) in Asakusa, Tokyo from 1870 to 1873, teaching his students about some Western philosophers and their theories. In his lecture he referred to kant's critique of cognition and his transcedental Reinen Vernunft as well. The name of Kant was expressed "韓圖" or "坎徳" in Chinese characters at that time.It has been almost 420 years since the Japanese started learning Western philosophy, however, it was suspended for centuries due to the ban on Christianity during the Tokugawa period. Tracing its introduction into Japan, we must go back to the time when Christianity found its way into our country in the 16 century. When Francisco Xavier (1506~53), the Jesuit missionary, and his followers landed in Kagoshima, Satsuma Province in 1549, the Japanese first learned about the ideas of Christianity and later on selected believers in the new religion started to study scholastic philosophy as well as Greek theology.Though we see lots of Portuguese or Latin words such as "Philosopho" or "philosophia" in the early Chiristian literature in Japan, we could not translate them into proper Japanese. Since we had no Japanese equivalent to them, missionaries were forced to use the original words.It was also at the Jesuit College at Kawachinoura (河内浦) in Amakusa-jima (天草島), a group of islands, west of kyūshū in the province of Higo, that Japanese theological students were first officially taught Western philosophy and Christian theology in 1599. The students then used Compendia compiled by the Spanish Jesuit, Petro Goméz in 1593 as their textbooks.Though Japanese Christians came in touch with Western ideas and lots of thinkers through Jesuit activities and books on Christianity, the newly started philosophical education in Japan broke down due to the ban on Christianity and to the national isolation promulgated by the Tokugawa government in the Yedo period (i.e. 17 century). But some of the scholars of Western learners in Japan had little bit of knowledge of Western philosophy in the dark age.Time flies. It was a German merchant named Carl Ernst Boeddinghaus (1834~1914) who brought the work by Kant to Nagasaki, Japan, in the 3rd year of the Bunkyu period (i.e. 1863). He purchased the second edition of "Antholopologie in programatischen Hinsicht abgefaßt von Immanuel Kant, 1797" in Germany, 1856, providing himself with this book on his trip to Japan. The book was found and bought in Nagasaki by Chōzo Muto (武藤長蔵, 1881~1942), a Professor at Nagasaki Higher Commercial School. Probably this was the first Kant book ever brought to Japan. Thus the German merchant played an important role in the propagation of German culture in Japan some 160 years ago.Nishi found not only Kant but called "philosophy" as "Tetsugaku" (i.e. 哲学) in Japanese. He enjoyed being named as an introducer of Western learning as well as Shigeki Nishimura (西村茂樹, 1828~1902), a bureaucratic scholar, in the early days of Meiji.Though Nishi sowed the field of German philosophy at his private school, the formal philosophical education in Japan began at Tokyo University founded in the 10th year of the Meiji period (i.e. 1877). Among "The Yatoi gaikokujin" (i.e. foreign employees) were found, Edward W. Style (1817~1870), an American Episcopolian, who first taught history and philosophy there.After him Ernest F. Fenollosa came and taught economics, politics, philosophy and sociology and so on the next year. He stayed in Japan for 8 years from the 11th year of the Meiji period (i.e. 1878) until the 19th year of the same. Fenollosa taught the philosophy of Kant in the second or third year class at the University. In succession to him, Charles J. Cooper (his age at birth and death is unknown), George W. Knox (1853~1912), Ludwig Busse (1862~1907) and Raphael von Koeber (1848~1923) taught German philosophy.Busse primarily used Kant's "Pure Reason" (Kritik der Reinen Vernunft, 1781) as a textbook whereas Koeber utilized "Critique of Judgement" (Kritik der Urteitskraft, 1790) and "Pure Reason" as texts.No essays or treatises on Kant were ever published from the early years of the Meiji period until about the 20th year of the same (i.e. 1868~1887) though, the periodicals and the public lectures contain only a slight mention of Kant. Books were silent on the philosophy of Kant.In November of the 17th year of the Meiji period (i.e. 1884), however a rare book titled "Doitsu Tetsugaku Eika" (『独逸 哲学英華』) written by Yosaburo Takekoshi (1865~1950), a historian and politician, was published by Hōkokudo in Tokyo. The author described the life of Kant and his theories using the German literature in the chapter of "Inmanyu Kantoshi" (「員蟆郵留韓圖子」) which extends over some 6o pages. This book is truly hard to read and a jargon though, it is the first essay on Kant in Japan.The first scientific essays or lectures on Kant began to appear from the start of the 20th year of the Meiji period (i.e. 1887) when the learned journal titled "Tetsugakukaizasshi" (『哲学会雑誌』) was published. From this time on the journal rendered great services in the philosophical world in Japan. It was in the mid-20th year of the Meiji period that scholars began studying Kant consulting the original texts. But their products were full of imitative nature wanting in originality. "T. T." an anonymous critic, commented on imitative tendency of Japanese academics.Rikizo Nakajima (中島力造, 1858~1918), a professor at Tokyo University, Enryo Inoue (井上円了, 1858~1919), the founder of the Tetsugakukan (nowadays Toyo University), Umaji Kaneko (金子馬治,1870~1937), a professor at Tokyo Senmongakko (nowadays Waseda University) began publishing their papers on Kant in the periodicals in the mid-20th year of the Meiji period (i.e. 1892-1896).In June of the 29th year of the Meiji period (i.e. 1896), Tsutomu Kiyono's "Hyochu Kanto Junrihihan kaisetsu" (『標註 韓圖純理批判解説』), commentary on Kant's "Kritik der Reinen Vernunft", was published by Tetsugakushoin in Tokyo. This was the first book on Kant published in the Meiji period. However it was criticized unfavorably saying it was merely refashioning of " Kant's Critical Philosophy for English Readers, 1889" by John P. Maffy D. D. and John H. Bernard B. D..From the 30th year of the Meiji period until the end of it (i.e. 1897 -1912), such scholars as Yoshimaru Kanie (蟹江義丸, 1872~1904), a professor at Tokyo Kotoshihan Gakko, Seiichi Hatano (波多野精一, 1877~1950), a lecturer at Tokyo Senmongakko, Masayoshi Marutomi (丸富正義, his age at birth and death is unknown), von Koeber (1848~1923), a professor at Tokyo University, Hajime Minami (三並良, 1867~1976), Takejiro Haraguchi (原口竹次郎,1882~1951), Wakichi Miyamoto (宮本和吉, 1883~1972), Yujiro Motora (元良勇次郎, 1858~1912) published their essays in different magazines. Remarkable research activities on Kant at the Tetsugakukan (哲学館) are worthy of notice because of the offering of correspondence courses.During the Meiji era (i.e. 45 years) only 20-plus essays and a commentary on Kantianism were published, though, the next Taisho period (i.e. 1912~1926), saw an explosive increase of publication on Kant in view of the Neo-Kantianism. Scholars took Kantianism as their own philosophy. At this point their studies on Kant deepened, however, they still showed a tendency to mimic habit. Some say that the Japanese are supposed to be naturalistic as well as positivistic by nature.German metaphysics does not suit their temperament. The slow advance of philosophy in Japan was due to the uncongeniality of disposition.Critics in the mid-30th of the Meiji period also pointed out our academical tendency of studying philosophy by imitation:scholars feel comfortable in receiving instruction from Germany. They always turn to others for assistance.
著者
小林 睦
出版者
岩手大学人文社会科学部
雑誌
Artes liberales (ISSN:03854183)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.82, pp.1-16, 2008-07-07

本稿の目的は,ハイデガーにおける「生命」概念を理解するために,彼の思索と生物学との関係を整理・検討してみることにある1)。これまで,ハイデガーと生の哲学との関係については多くの議論がなされてきたが,彼の哲学と生物学との関わりについては,あまり語られることがなかったように思われるからである。 そのためには,ハイデガーがその著作や講義録で行なっている,必ずしも多いとは言えない生物学への言及を手がかりに,彼が当時の生物学によって提案されていた主張をどのように評価あるいは批判していたのか,また,彼がその生物学からどのような影響を受けていたのか,を明らかにする必要がある。 哲学者としてのハイデガーは,アリストテレス研究から出発して,その思索の途を歩み始めた。このことを考慮するならば,彼の生命観を理解するためには,アリストテレスの「生(ζω´η)」概念から引き継いだものを無視することはできない。周知の通り,アリストテレスの生命論は,歴史的に見て,「生気論」の古典的かつ代表的な形態であるとみなされている。 「生気論(Vitalism)」とは,生命現象には物質には還元できない本質(生気)が伴っており,環境に適応するための合目的性は生命そのものがもつ自律性にもとづく,とする立場である。それは,「機械論(Mechanism)」のような,生命現象がそれを構成する物質的な諸要素が組み合わされることによって生じ,物理−化学的な諸要素に還元することができる,と主張する立場とは真っ向から対立する。生命の本性をめぐる解釈の歴史は,こうした生気論と機械論とが互いにその正当性を主張しあう論争の歴史であったと言うことができよう。 アリストテレスの場合,生命における可能態(δ´υναμις)としての質料を,現実態(εʼντελ´εχεια,εʼν´εργεια)へともたらすものが,形相としての「魂(ψυχη´, anima)」である。魂の定義は多義的であるが,その本義は,〈生きる〉という活動─栄養摂取,運動,感覚,思考─の原理として規定されており,植物・動物・人間などの違いに応じて,魂はその生命活動を具現化する形相にほかならない,とされる2)。 こうした思想を熟知していたハイデガーは,アリストテレスと同じく何らかの「生気論」に与するのだろうか。それとも,同時代の生物学において有力であった「機械論」的な発想に理解を示すのだろうか。あるいは,そのいずれとも異なる第三の生命観を主張するのだろうか。 以上のような問題意識にもとづいて,本稿ではまず,(1)ハイデガーによる生命への問いが何を意味するのかを整理する。次に,(2)ハイデガーが機械論的な生命観に対してどのような態度をとっていたのかを確認する。さらに,彼が「生物学における本質的な二歩」を踏み出したとみなす二人の生物学者──ハンス・ドリーシュとヤーコプ・ヨハン・フォン・ユクスキュル──について,(3)ドリーシュの新生気論に対するハイデガーの評価,および,(4)ユクスキュルの環世界論とハイデガーとの関係,をそれぞれ検討する。その上で,(5)生気論と機械論に対するハイデガーの批判を振り返りつつ,動物本性にかんするハイデガーによる意味規定を分析する。最後に,(6)ハイデガーにおける反進化論的な態度が何に由来するのかを考察し,その思想的な特徴を確認した上で,本稿を閉じることにしたい。
著者
李 暁辰
出版者
関西大学大学院東アジア文化研究科
雑誌
文化交渉 : Journal of the Graduate School of East Asian Cultures : 東アジア文化研究科院生論集 (ISSN:21874395)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, pp.185-201, 2013-12-01

Keijō Imperial University was Japan’s sixth imperial university and first imperial university to be built outside Japan proper. In 1928 Taipei Imperial University opened with two faculties, the faculty of literature and politics and the faculty of agriculture and science. In this paper I analyze modern Sinology at Keijō Imperial University in Seoul, Korea, and Taihoku Imperial University in Taipei, Taiwan during the Japanese colonial era. First I describe the mission, ideology, and roles of the first presidents of both imperial universities. Next I elucidate the characteristics that distinguish the organization of these imperial universities between 1872 and 1879 from other imperial universities. Finally, I discuss the professors who were in charge of courses on Chinese philosophy at both universities, including the structure of the courses and the human network involved. Using this approach of tracing the flow of modern academic knowledge of Chinese philosophy, I will follow the trends from the imperial universities of Japan to those of Korea and Taiwan.
著者
永井 恒司
出版者
公益社団法人日本薬学会
雑誌
藥學雜誌 = Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.123, no.3, pp.143-150, 2003-03-01
参考文献数
11
被引用文献数
4

In Japanese pharmaceutical community, there seems to be a lack of “Science of Science” and “Research on Research” which are to utilize unit sciences and research for the benefit of human being. In other words, pharmaceutical people in Japan should have much more pharmaceutical philosophy. The late Professor Komei Miyaki, founder Editor-in-Chief of FARUMASHIA, the monthly membership magazine of Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, under whom I worked as one of editorial board members, taught me that scientists should have their own philosophy of their sciences. Such a pharmaceutical philosophy as mentioned above should be established on the basis of complete separation of medical profession between doctors and pharmacists, which form the most important and necessary issue in safety assurance for patients with the complete zero defect (ZD action), as there is a long history for that in Europe since the separation was completed by King Friedrich II in 1240. Therefore, we have to learn the social status of European/American pharmacist practitioners who are the great No. 1 among all the professions. European pharmacists guarantee the safety of every chemical used for human body and pets, such as medicines, cosmetics, foods, tooth stuffs and so on. Regarding the pharmaceutical sciences in Japan also there seems to be a lack of pharmaceutical philosophy, as pharmaceutical scientists have no identity in research object that may be similar to basic scientists who are non-pharmacy graduates. Japanese sciences generally have developed along the lines of the Western model, reaching the current high level. We now not only should receive profits from the outside but also should embark on a mission to support pharmaceutical sciences throughout the world, especially Asian courtiers. At the present, we do not seem to be fulfilling our mission to do that, even though general activity includes significant international exchange. We have to make much more effort for international contribution/participation. For that, the most important and necessary issue is to make change in fundamental sense in Japanese pharmaceutical community, though an internationalization of technological issues is usually taken into consideration. In this connection, regarding the new drug development, we must have a change in the sense to establish pharmaceutical philosophy and jump up in conception from the existing one. Based on the above mentioned pharmaceutical philosophy, seven star pharmacists should be educated as described in 2000 FIP Statement of Policy: Good Pharmacy Education Practice, who could be a (1) care giver; (2) decision maker; (3) communicator; (4)leader; (5) manager; (6) life-long learner; (7)teacher.<br>