著者
中山 哲夫
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.131, no.12, pp.1723-1731, 2011-12-01 (Released:2011-12-01)
参考文献数
27
被引用文献数
3 4

Adjuvant is originated from the Latin word “adjuvare” which means “help” in English to enhance the immunological responses when given together with antigens. The beginning of adjuvant was mineral oil which enhanced the immune response when it was given with inactivated Salmonella typhimurium. Aluminium salt was used to precipitate diphtheria toxoid and increased level of antibody response was demonstrated when administered with alum-precipitated antigens. Since 1930, aluminium salt has been used as DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine) adjuvant. Many candidates were tested for adjuvant activity but only aluminum salt is allowed to use for human vaccines. New adjuvant MF59, oil-in-water emulsion type, was developed for influenza vaccine for elderly (Fluad) and series of AS adjuvant are used for hepatitis B, pandemic flue, and human papiloma virus vaccines. Oil-adjuvanted influenza pandemic vaccines induced higher antibody response than alum-adjuvanted vaccine with higher incidence of adverse events, especially for local reactions. Alum-adjuvanted whole virion inactivated H5N1 vaccine was developed in Japan, and it induced relatively well immune responses in adults. When it applied for children, febrile reaction was noted in approximately 60% of the subjects, with higher antibodies. Recent investigation on innate immunity demonstrates that adjuvant activity is initiated from the stimulation on innate immunity and/or inflammasome, resulting in cytokine induction and antigen uptake by monocytes and macrophages. The probable reason for high incidence of febrile reaction should be investigated to develop a safe and effective influenza vaccine.
著者
田代 晃正 太田 宏之
出版者
防衛医科大学校(医学教育部医学科進学課程及び専門課程、動物実験施設、共同利用研究施設、病院並びに防衛
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2018-04-01

これまで、我々は強い光が眼に入ると、副交感神経反射により眼球内の血管拡張が促されることを明らかにし、この血管拡張が侵害刺激となり三叉神経を刺激(三叉神経ー副交感神経回路)、不快感(眩しさ)を誘発していることを提唱してきた。本年度は、光刺激に伴う三叉神経-副交感神経回路の興奮性増大に対するメラノプシン発現網膜神経節細胞(ipRGC: intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell)の関与を調べた。強い光が眼に入ると、三叉神経-副交感神経回路が興奮し、流涙反射がおこる。そこで、三叉神経-副交感神経回路へのipRGC の関与を調べるために、光刺激に対する反射涙の量を指標とし、検討を行なった。メラノプシンアンタゴニスト(オプシナミド)を静脈投与し、反射涙量の変化を観察すると、光刺激により誘発される反射涙の量は著しく減少した。また、反射涙を制御する三叉神経脊髄路核中間亜核(Vi)と尾側亜核(Vc)の移行部(Vi/Vc)のニューロンの活動を指標とし、三叉神経-副交感神経回路へのipRGC の関与のさらなる検討を行なった。in vivo 単一細胞記録法を用い、眼球への光刺激に反応するVi/Vcニューロンの神経活動記録を行い、オプシナミドによる神経活動の変調を観察した。その結果、光刺激により誘発されるVi/Vcニューロンの興奮性の増大はオプシナミドの静脈投与により、著しく減少することが明らかとなった。これらの結果より、「眩しさ」を誘発する三叉神経-副交感神経回路の興奮に対するipRGCの活性の関与が示された。今後は、刺激光の波長変化によるipRGCの活性の制御と、三叉神経-副交感神経回路の興奮の関わり合いを検討する。
著者
Naoto Kuroda Anna Suzuki Kai Ozawa Nobuhiro Nagai Yurika Okuyama Kana Koshiishi Masafumi Yamada Yoshihiko Raita Yosuke Kakisaka Nobukazu Nakasato Makoto Kikukawa
出版者
The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine
雑誌
Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.9291-21, (Released:2022-06-07)
参考文献数
44

Objective This cross-sectional national study determined which educational approaches are associated with the effectiveness of online clerkship for medical students. Method A survey was conducted for medical students at 78 medical schools in Japan from May 29 to June 14, 2020. It comprised the following aspects: (a) participants' profiles, (b) number of opportunities to learn from each educational approach (lecture, medical quiz, assignment, oral presentation, observation of a physician's practice, clinical skill practice, participation in interprofessional meetings, and interactive discussions with physicians) in online clerkship, (c) frequency of technical problems, and (d) educational outcome measurement (satisfaction, motivation, knowledge acquisition, skill acquisition, change in self-study time, and understanding of the importance of medical care team). Results Of the 2,640 respondents, 2,594 (98.3%) agreed to cooperate. Ultimately, 1,711 matched our inclusion criteria. All educational approaches but assignments were positively associated with satisfaction and motivation. All educational approaches excluding assignment submission and interprofessional meeting were positively associated with knowledge acquisition. Observation, practice, and interprofessional meeting were positively associated with skill acquisition. Only assignment submission was positively associated with the change in self-study time. Educational approaches excluding medical quizzes were positively associated with understanding the importance of the medical care team. Technical problems were negatively associated with motivation, knowledge acquisition, and skill acquisition. Conclusions Educators should implement various educational approaches, especially observation and practice, even in online clinical clerkship. They also need to minimize the technical problems associated with the Internet, as they reduce the effectiveness of online clerkship.
著者
LUCILLE T. PEDERSEN KATE DOMETT
出版者
The Anthropological Society of Nippon
雑誌
Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.211219, (Released:2022-05-24)
被引用文献数
2

Scientific literature frequently reports that age-at-death estimation standards developed on European and North American populations are less effective when used on genetically distant populations. Ultimately, this paper aims to inform forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists of the most appropriate methods to use on Southeast Asian skeletal remains by evaluating studies that have tested the replicability and accuracy of adult age estimation methods on Thai target samples. Results show that methods using the pelvis recorded the highest accuracy of up to 93%, but only when broad age ranges are used (±2 SD). Most methods produced the least bias and inaccuracy in young adults but considerably underaged older adults. Overall biases and inaccuracies tended to be lower for males than females. The sternal rib end method showed the weakest correlation with chronological age. Methods that produced age prediction equations developed with regression analyses derived from the Thai samples produced standard errors ranging from 9.5 to 13.9 years (using vertebrae and femora). Most of these methods were deemed too imprecise to be useful in Thai forensic cases. The best way forward to understand the wide range of morphological variation is for future studies to evaluate the influence of body size, activity patterns, socioeconomic status, nutrition, and health on skeletal aging and how it differs between Thai and geographically distant populations.
著者
岩橋 瑠伊 矢吹 太朗
雑誌
第80回全国大会講演論文集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2018, no.1, pp.113-114, 2018-03-13

デマゴギー(デマ)が拡散されることを防ぐために,デマツイートをリツイートしているユーザーの特徴抽出を行う.そのために,現時点でデマだとわかっているツイートを過去に拡散したユーザの活動履歴を収集・分析する.分析結果をランダムサンプリングしたデータと比較することで,デマを拡散するようなユーザに共通する特徴を抽出し,その結果を報告する.

3 0 0 0 OA 民法要義

著者
梅謙次郎 著
出版者
和仏法律学校[ほか]
巻号頁・発行日
vol.巻之4, 1901
著者
児玉 勉
出版者
一般社団法人 電気設備学会
雑誌
電気設備学会誌 (ISSN:09100350)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.8, pp.624-627, 2009-08-10 (Released:2014-11-10)
参考文献数
10
著者
吉田 敏治
出版者
玉川大学ミツバチ科学研究所
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, no.3, pp.115-122, 1981 (Released:2011-03-05)
著者
天井 勝海
出版者
日本地理教育学会
雑誌
新地理 (ISSN:05598362)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, no.2, pp.66-71, 1971-09-25 (Released:2010-02-26)
参考文献数
6
被引用文献数
1
著者
河原 達也 奥田 統己
出版者
京都大学
雑誌
挑戦的研究(萌芽)
巻号頁・発行日
2018-06-29

アイヌ民話(ウウェペケレ)の音声認識の研究に取り組んだ。2つの博物館から提供されたアイヌ語アーカイブのデータを元に、沙流方言を対象としたアイヌ語音声コーパスを構築した。このコーパスを用いてEnd-to-Endモデルに基づく音声認識システムを構成した。音素・音節・ワードピース・単語の4つの認識単位について検討し、音節単位が最もよいことを示した。音声認識精度が話者オープン条件において大幅に低下する問題に対して、CycleGANを用いた教師なし話者適応を提案した。さらに、日本語とアイヌ語が混合した音声に対して、音素認識と単語認識を組み合わせることで、アイヌ語の区間の検出(言語識別)を実現した。