著者
葛 沁芸
出版者
日本建築学会
雑誌
日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.83, no.754, pp.2409-2417, 2018 (Released:2018-12-30)

It is known that French Jesuit Michel Benoit designed fountains and hydraulic machinery called "Shuifa" for the European palaces called "Xiyanglou" in Yuanmingyuan. Though Jesuit correspondence tells that the construction of Xiyanglou was initiated by the Qianlong Emperor after seeing pictures of European fountains, there are only a few studies on Benoit's role or his hydraulic machinery, and hardly any previous studies pay attention to the practical problems of their construction. Thus the paper aims to focus on the construction phase of the hydraulic machinery, to reveal the characteristics of the actural machinery in terms of its technology applied by Qing craftsmen, and examines the novelty and feasibility of the machines from their perspective. There are several letters by French Jesuits reporting that Benoit designed the fountains and hydraulic machinery for the European palaces. One of them describes how Benoit made "la célèbre machine du val de Saint-Pierre", which is thought to be "une Machine exécutée au Val Saint Pierre", described in Bernard Forest de Belidor's Architecture Hydraulique. Xushuilou and Haiyantang are known to have contained hydraulic machinery to raise the water and associated water reservoirs. The machine of Val Saint Pierre can be divided into two part: a crank machine using pin face wheel, lantern pinion, elliptical cranks and pendulums, and a reciprocating pump using piston or plunger. The former are mostly made of wood, and the later are of cooper and cast iron, with lead water pipes attached to its body. They have not been used in previous studies, but there are two architectural documents from the Qing dynasty that likely describe the crank machine and pumps of the hydraulic machinery in Xushuilou. Through the comparative analysis aided by Table 1 using the above-mentioned documents and Belidor's book, it can be observed that Qing craftsmen made some changes to the original machine in Belidor's book — for example they used bitumen, cloth and rope, and tin pipes to substitute for lead pipes. Another important aspect is the estimation of labor: the documents tell that one crank machine needs 100 man-days to finish installing, which is quite a lot compered to other water-related machines described in the same documents. Through the analysis of events relevant to European hydraulic knowledge transfer during the 17th and 18th century in the court aided by Table2, and supplemented by Table3 which suggests interpretations of the word Shuifa and related terms, it could be said that the book Taixishuifa published in 1612 was the origin of the word "Shuifa", which first meant hydraulic machinery and later both hydraulic machinery and fountains. It is known that the Yongzheng emperor has once ordered missionaries to make a fountain which was not realized. The author also found reports of a missionary's execution of portable fountains in 1717, and descriptions of Qianglong's order to execute Shuifa in 1771. The most important thing to highlight here is that several experiences of pump making during the reign of Yongzheng could have prepared the technical basis for the manufacture of copper pumps. Yet the substitution of the machines of Xushuilou and Haiyantang in 1763, and the demolition of them in 1795 were the crucial moments to explain that the maintenance and repairs of the crank machines were not easy for Qing craftsmen. It has been demonstrated that Belidor's Architecture Hydraulique played an important role when Benoit designed the hydraulic machinery placed in the Xushuilou building. However in the construction phase, the Qing craftsmen's experiences of various pumps might have played a more important role. Therefore, it could be concluded that the novelty of Benoit's machinery was limited.
著者
奥田 花也 片山 郁夫 佐久間 博 河合 研志
雑誌
JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020
巻号頁・発行日
2020-03-13

Brucite (水酸化マグネシウム)は蛇紋岩の主構成鉱物の一つであり、超苦鉄質岩の水和反応によって形成される。これまでbruciteは粒径が非常に小さく天然環境で観察されにくいことから注目されてこなかったが、近年の研究では含水下マントルウェッジにおいてantigoriteと安定に共存し(Kawahara et al., 2016)、さらにマントルウェッジでの長期スロースリップがbruciteの形成に伴う高有効法線応力によって説明される可能性も示唆されている(Mizukami et al., 2014)。さらに、bruciteの存在はマントルウェッジ中の岩石の摩擦の安定性を変える可能性がある。このようにbruciteは水和した超苦鉄質岩帯における地震活動に影響する可能性があるが、bruciteの摩擦特性はこれまであまり調べられていなかった。本研究では一連の摩擦実験によりbruciteの基礎的な摩擦特性を報告する。摩擦実験は粒径70 nmの合成試薬を用いて広島大学の二軸摩擦試験機により行った。大気乾燥下と含水条件下の両方で、様々な垂直応力下(10, 20, 40, 60 MPa)で実験を行った。最大の剪断変位は20 mmであり、実験初期の剪断速度は3 μm/secとした。33 μm/secでのvelocity step testを数回行い、それぞれのstepから速度状態依存摩擦構成則(RSF)を用いて定量的に摩擦の不安定性を解析した。乾燥下において、定常状態の摩擦係数はおよそ0.40であり、不安定滑り(velocity-weakeningまたはstick-slip)が全ての垂直応力で観察された。剪断変位が2 mm程度において摩擦係数に明瞭なピークが観察され、このピークの摩擦係数は垂直応力に反比例した。含水下においては、ピークの摩擦係数は乾燥下と同様垂直応力に反比例したが、摩擦係数自体は乾燥下の場合より低かった。垂直応力が10と20 MPaの場合はvelocity-weakeningが観察されたが、40と60 MPaの高い垂直応力の場合はvelocity-strengtheningに変化した。こう垂直応力での安定滑りは100 MPaの垂直応力での先行研究と調和的である(Moore & Lockner, 2007)。RSF則のaとbの値は乾燥下の場合の方が含水下の場合より小さく、臨界すべり距離dcも乾燥下の場合の方が含水下の場合より短かった。Antigoriteはbruciteよりも高い摩擦係数を示すため、bruciteの不安定な摩擦挙動は含水した超苦鉄質岩帯において地震を引き起こす可能性がある。なお本研究では温度依存性については調べていない。発表では、実験したガウジの微細構造観察を通して摩擦特性のメカニズムについて考察を行い、実験結果と先行研究でのモデルから天然の超苦鉄質岩帯における地震活動について議論する予定である。
著者
添田 遼 三橋 麻菜 岡野 清音 横澤 愛子 奥津 輝男
出版者
日本緩和医療学会
雑誌
Palliative Care Research (ISSN:18805302)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.3, pp.167-174, 2020 (Released:2020-07-09)
参考文献数
23
被引用文献数
1

【目的】機能的自立度評価法(FIM)を使用し,死亡前6週のがん患者のADLの項目別の推移を検討すること.【方法】研究デザインは後方視的観察研究である.鶴巻温泉病院 緩和ケア病棟を死亡退院した18歳以上のがん患者55名を対象とし,FIMデータは診療録等から死亡直前(0週)から遡って6週間分を収集した.【結果】FIM合計点は死亡前6週55点から0週25点へ低下した.運動項目では食事・整容・排尿管理,認知項目では社会的交流・表出が死亡直前まで他の項目よりも自立度の高い項目であった.【考察】ADLへの支援は,死亡前2週までは,徐々に低下するベッド外での動作を安全かつ安楽に行えるように支援を行い,ベッド上での動作は死亡直前まで自立を続けられるように支援を行うことが望ましいと考える.
著者
広田 修 村上 弾
出版者
一般社団法人電子情報通信学会
雑誌
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. OCS, 光通信システム (ISSN:09135685)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.110, no.392, pp.31-36, 2011-01-20
参考文献数
14

近年、量子鍵配送の安全性評価基準が暗号学的に不適切であることが指摘され、当該課題の根本的な再議論が必要となっている。それを具体化するため、前回の発表では、相互情報量に基づく評価では、暗号学的な安全性が全く保証されていない事例を示した。本稿では、原理的な欠陥以前の問題として、日本の量子鍵配送の実験系の安全性分析が本質的な誤りを指摘する。次に安全性評価の原理的な欠陥を提示した最新理論を用いて、量子鍵配送による配送鍵系列を用いたバーナム暗号は、完全秘匿あるいは無条件安全とはほど遠く、通常の数理暗号より安全性が低くなる可能性も否定できないことを再提示する。また、相互情報量基準から発展した別の基準においても、無条件安全性の保証につながらないことを例証し、単一光子による量子鍵配送技術には原理的な欠陥があることを明治する。その上で、これらの困難を克服するために、盗聴者の検出を基本とする量子鍵配送ではなく、KCQ原理と呼ばれる新しい方法論に基づく光通信量子鍵配送: CPPMを提示する。
著者
Yoshito Kadoya Masahiko Hara Kosuke Takahari Yoko Ishida Masatake Tamaki
出版者
The Japanese Circulation Society
雑誌
Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, no.7, pp.351-356, 2020-07-10 (Released:2020-07-10)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
9

Background:The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has tried to promote telemedicine since 2018, but faces difficulties in increasing the use of telemedicine partly due to a lack of clinical evidence. This study investigated the disease control status and safety of telemedicine, which, in Japan, is provided under the National Health Insurance system, for the treatment of lifestyle diseases under the present legal restraints.Methods and Results:This multicenter prospective observational study started in April 2018 and enrolled 34 patients with lifestyle diseases, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Primary and secondary outcome measures included control status, serial changes in clinical indices, and the safety of telemedicine 6 months after implementation. Control status was assessed by the attending physician, and differences in blood pressure (BP), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), or HbA1c levels were evaluated. Of the 34 patients, 29 were successfully introduced to telemedicine and followed-up for 6 months. Median patient age was 77 years, 14 (48.3%) were men, 24 (82.8%) had hypertension, 17 (58.6%) had dyslipidemia, and 9 (31.0%) had diabetes. At the 6-month follow-up, no patients had experienced exacerbation of underlying diseases, with no significant changes in BP, LDL-C, or HbA1c. Moreover, no telemedicine-associated adverse events were observed.Conclusions:Telemedicine can be a safe and feasible option for managing lifestyle diseases under the present legal restraints.
著者
松浦 晶子
出版者
東洋文庫
雑誌
東洋学報 = The Toyo Gakuho (ISSN:03869067)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.100, no.3, pp.1-29, 2018-12

This article attempts to clarify the realities of Song Dynasty court music in terms of music history rather than as part of scientific, intellectual, or political history. It focuses on changes to the form of chime bells (bianzhong)—the core court music instrument—discussed in great detail by Northern Song Dynasty bureaucrats, and analyzes their musical significance. Since pre-Qin times, chime bells had a form that featured rows of studs or bosses on the bells’ surface that served to deaden reverberations. Their sides were flattened, and they were hung at an angle. Consequently, the bells had little sustained and in musical performance did not blend in with the other instruments. However, during Northern Song Emperor Renzong’s reign (r. 1022-1063), the official charged with reforming music institutions, Li Zhao, altered the instrument by making bells rounder and hanging them straight down. This changed their sound. The notes now lingered much longer and the sound became one that shrouded those of the other instruments. Two of Li’s successors, Tuan Yi and Hu Yuan, made further alterations of the same sort. They also changed the sizes of the bells. While the sizes of individual bells since pre-Qin times had varied, Tuan and Hu now divided them into two size-based classes and changed individual bell size so they roughly conformed to one or the other class. Some previous research on these instruments has been skeptical about these changes, wondering if they had made the bells impossible to play as musical instruments. However, it is clear from the historical record that—regardless of whether those made by Li or those made by Tuan and Hu are the subject—these changes were made with due consideration given to the bells’ musical function. The true significance of these alterations is that they indicate there was a change in the elements that comprise music, namely rhythm, harmony, and melody; namely, they show that the role of the bell-chimes in the musical performance as a whole had changed. We may surmise that the musical sensibility of people during Song had changed in a way that would have been unacceptable going back to pre-Qin times, and that this was accompanied by a major change in the musical landscape of court music.
著者
桜井 準也
出版者
三田史学会
雑誌
史学 (ISSN:03869334)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.2, pp.195-234, 2001-02

一 はじめに二 遺跡観・遺物観の系譜 (一) 先史時代の遺跡・遺物観 (二) 古代の遺跡・遺物観 (三) 古代末~中世の遺跡・遺物観 (四) 近世の遺跡・遺物観 (五) 近代の遺跡・遺物観三 まとめ (一) 遺跡観の系譜 (二) 遺物観の系譜 (三) 遺跡・遺物観の究明と発掘情報論文
著者
坂口 寛典 宮田 一乘
雑誌
研究報告グラフィクスとCAD(CG)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2013-CG-150, no.5, pp.1-6, 2013-02-11

本報告では日常の中で女性が身に着けるストッキングの質感を, CG で表現する手法を提案する.ストッキングは伸縮によって構造や質感が変化するという特徴を持ち,女性の表現には欠かせない要素の 1 つであるため,その質感を表現することは重要である.提案手法では,ばね質点モデルを使用することによってストッキングの構造を再現し,足形状へのフィッティングを行った.その情報を用いてレンダリングすることで,ストッキングの構造に基づいた質感の表現が可能となる.
著者
塩田 重利
出版者
口腔病学会
雑誌
口腔病学会雑誌 (ISSN:03009149)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.1, pp.69-86, 1959 (Released:2010-10-08)
参考文献数
42
被引用文献数
1
著者
望月 秀紀 柿木 隆介
出版者
日本脊髄外科学会
雑誌
脊髄外科 (ISSN:09146024)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.1, pp.53-57, 2016 (Released:2016-07-06)
参考文献数
32

かゆみはかきむしりたくなる不快な体性感覚であり, アトピー性皮膚炎など皮膚疾患において多く認められる症状である. また, 末梢や中枢における神経疾患においてもかゆみが症状としてあらわれることがある. かゆみの治療では抗ヒスタミン薬が一般的に用いられているが, 疾患に伴うかゆみ (慢性掻痒) には十分な効果を示さないことが多い. そのため, より効果的なかゆみの治療法開発が強く望まれている. そのためにも, かゆみや慢性掻痒のメカニズムを理解することが重要である. 1994年, はじめてかゆみの脳機能イメージング研究が報告された. その後, さまざまな研究者によって健常者や慢性掻痒患者を対象にかゆみの脳研究が行われた. さらには, 非侵襲的脳刺激法を用いたかゆみの抑制に関する研究も行われた. 本稿ではこれまでに報告されたかゆみの脳研究について概説する.
著者
Sheau Tieh Ngai Hidetaka Sasaki Akihiko Murata Masaya Nosaka Jing Xiang Chung Liew Juneng Supari Ester Salimun Fredolin Tangang
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
SOLA (ISSN:13496476)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2020-023, (Released:2020-06-25)
被引用文献数
9

The Non-hydrostatic Regional Climate model (NHRCM) was used in simulating the present and future rainfall climate over Malaysia under the RCP8.5 scenario in this study. Simulation and projection from 1979 to 2002 for present day and 2070 to 2100 for the end of century were conducted over the Malaysia. The 20 km resolution MRI-AGCM3.2 model simulation from Meteorological Research Institute, MRI was used as boundary conditions. The objective of this study was to estimate the extreme rainfall projections in Malaysia at 5 km of resolution during the November to February period, representing the northeast monsoon season. Overall, the model was capable to simulate the historical rainfall climatology and distribution, but model tended to underestimate high rainfall frequency and mean rainfall intensity in Malaysia. However, compared with simulations at 25 km, added values have been shown at 5 km resolution. Based on the NHRCM05 simulations, a number of hotspots have been identified with significant projected increases up to 80% for the extreme rainfall indices (R20mm, RX1day, R95pTOT and R99pTOT), 30% increases in mean rainfall intensity (SDII) and 20% for consecutive dry days indices (CDD).
著者
Takafumi Miyasaka Hiroaki Kawase Tosiyuki Nakaegawa Yukiko Imada Izuru Takayabu
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
SOLA (ISSN:13496476)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2020-022, (Released:2020-06-22)
被引用文献数
14

Heavy precipitation in Japan is caused by various phenomena, such as tropical cyclones and the Baiu front, and shows regional-scale variation. Here we investigate extremely heavy precipitation events exceeding the 100-year return period in the Kanto area and future projections of such events using large ensemble climate simulations for periods of several thousand years. To understand these extreme events, associated sea level pressure anomalies over Japan and the surrounding region are classified into four clusters. These cluster means are characterized by (1) a strong anomalous cyclone, (2) a weak anomalous cyclone, (3) an anomalous cyclone accompanied by an anomalous anticyclone to the north, and (4) an anomalous anticyclone to the north. The cluster with a strong anomalous cyclone is accompanied by widely distributed heavy precipitation, and its area-averaged precipitation is predicted to be more enhanced under global warming than that of other clusters, partly because of an increase in the strength of strong tropical cyclones approaching Kanto. The cluster dominated by an anomalous anticyclone is characterized by localized heavy precipitation in the plains area. The relative frequency of this cluster will increase, whereas that of other clusters will decrease under global warming.
著者
樋高 由久 古江 幸博 田村 裕昭 永芳 郁文 本山 達男 川嶌 眞之 尾川 貴洋 片山 隆之 川嶌 眞人
出版者
西日本整形・災害外科学会
雑誌
整形外科と災害外科 (ISSN:00371033)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.3, pp.443-446, 2012-09-25 (Released:2012-11-27)
参考文献数
10

γネイルを用いた骨接合術後に二次骨折をおこした3例について報告する.〈症例(1)〉87歳,女性.施設で転倒し,左大腿骨転子部骨折を受傷.初回手術後35日目に転倒し,再骨折を認めた.〈症例(2)〉52歳,男性.施設入所中転倒し,左大腿骨転子下骨折を受傷.初回手術後38日目に転倒し,再骨折を認めた.〈症例(3)〉79歳,男性.ベッド上で左股関節痛により体動困難となり,左大腿骨転子下骨折を認めた.初回手術後182日目に転倒し,再骨折を認めた.全例がネイル先端から遠位横止めにかかる二次骨折であり,遠位横止め部位にかかる応力の集中が二次骨折に関与していることが考えられた.しかし,捻転力による二次骨折,ネイルの回旋や沈み込みによる変形や疼痛などの合併症を避けるためには,遠位横止めは必要であり,遠位横止めの是非は今後の検討が必要と考えられた.