著者
大久保 将貴 オオクボ ショウキ Okubo Shoki
出版者
大阪大学大学院人間科学研究科 社会学・人間学・人類学研究室
雑誌
年報人間科学 (ISSN:02865149)
巻号頁・発行日
no.35, pp.19-37, 2014

本稿の目的は、制度研究における最新の動向をサーベイすることである。社会科学において、制度は古くからの研究対象であったが、近年、社会現象の理解のために、「制度が重要な意味をもつ (Institutions matter)」ことが一層認識されている。制度研究の歴史をサーベイした論文は存在するものの、とりわけ2000年以降の研究動向を包括的に紹介したものは極めて少ない。そこで本稿では、最新の制度研究の動向を提示することで、制度研究のフロンティアにおける成果と課題を明らかにする。具体的には第1に、従来は対立的だとみなされてきた社会科学における各制度論が、今日では補完的に用いられていることを指摘し、それはどのような仕方であるのかを提示する。第2に、今日の制度研究は内生的な制度変化を説明するという問題に直面していることを指摘する。第3に、上記2点の課題に対し具体的に採用されている分析手法として、ゲーム理論と実験室実験、反実仮想による因果推論、操作変数法の3つを取り上げ、最新の研究事例とともにその方法を紹介する。This paper reviews the latest theories and methods in institutional analysis in the social sciences. First, it makes abundantly clear how the contemporary paradigm of institutional analysis involves an "intellectual trade" that transcends the traditional boundaries of the social sciences. Second, it makes clear that institutional analysis faces a problem of explaining endogenous institutional change. Third, it surveys methods of game theory, causal inference and instrumental variables that are pivotal analytical methods in recent institutional analysis. While these three analytical methods will inevitably remain a formidable challenge, the prospects for game theory, causal inference and instrumental variables in sociology may thus be better than their current reputation would suggest.
著者
小山 義徳
出版者
日本教育工学会
雑誌
日本教育工学会論文誌 (ISSN:13498290)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.32, no.4, pp.351-358, 2009
被引用文献数
1 1

英文速読指導が大学生の英語リスニング能力の伸長に効果があるか検討を行った.まず,予備実験を行い,英語リスニング得点高群と低群の英文読解時の読み戻り数を比較した.その結果,高群は低群と比較して読み戻り数が少ないことが明らかになった.本実験では速読訓練を行うことで読み戻り数が減少し,入力情報を継時的に処理するスキルが向上することで英語リスニング能力の伸長につながるのか,ディクテーション訓練との比較検討を行った.8週間の間,速読群(24名)には週1回10分間の英文速読訓練を行い,ディクテーション群(18名)には8週間の間,週1回10分間のディクテーション訓練を行った.その結果,ディクテーション群のリスニング能力は伸びなかったが,速読群のリスニング成績が向上し,英文速読訓練を行うことで読む速さが向上するだけでなく,副次的に英語リスニング能力も伸長する可能性があることが明らかになった.
著者
田中 隼人
出版者
日本動物分類学会
雑誌
タクサ : 日本動物分類学会誌 (ISSN:13422367)
巻号頁・発行日
no.28, pp.17-22, 2010-02-20

Reproductive isolation and evolution of copulatory organ in eleven interstitial species of the genus Parapolycope (Ostracoda, Myodocopida) were discussed. The shapes of male ejaculatory duct are divided into the three types i.e., a helical tube type (Type H), a curved short tube type (Type S), and tapering long tube type (Type L). And the correlation between the shapes of copulatory organs in both sexes is recognized as, what we call, the "lock and key". After copulation, the female genital openings of Parapolycope sp. 2 are often blocked by a rod-shape structure. The rod-shaped structure is thought as a part of the male copulatory duct. The phylogenetic relationships of several Parapolycope species were estimated by the mitochondrial COT gene sequences. According to this, the extremely long type of copulatory duct must have evolved gradually from the short curved tube type. As a hypothesis to explain the development of the extremely long type of ejaculatory duct, the concept of an "evolutionary arms race" would be applicable.
著者
Polutov Andrey V.
出版者
海人社
雑誌
世界の艦船
巻号頁・発行日
no.614, pp.114-119, 2003-08
著者
今田 恵
出版者
関西学院大学
雑誌
神學研究 (ISSN:05598478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, pp.255-270, 1964-09-28
著者
後藤 昌彦
出版者
藤女子大学
雑誌
藤女子大学紀要. 第II部 (ISSN:13461389)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, pp.149-157, 2011-03

The one of the principles of the Public Assistance Act is the supplementary nature of welfare (Public Assistance Act, Article 4). "Duty of kinship support," in terms of the receipt of public assistance, was established (National Assistance Act Article 4 Clause 2) on the assumption that "any support given by a person responsible for support prescribed by the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) and any assistance prescribed by any other Act shall be provided in precedence to public assistance under this Act". Today's applicants for welfare face greatly changed conditions in terms of duty of kinship support, and family social and economic environment to when the Public Assistance Act was enacted in 1950. Nevertheless, administrative guidance for the enforcement of the duty of kinship support for the receipt of welfare dates from that time. However, 60 years have now passed since the enactment of the Public Assistance Act and, due to the conditions imposed by the duty of kinship support for the receipt of welfare, the welfare administrators faces various problems and various difficulties arise in their response to welfare applicants. In this study I discuss the deficiency in the supplementary nature of welfare in duty of kinship support from three standpoints: 1) changes in family structure, 2) changes in the public attitude to kinship support and 3) the obsolete nature of the welfare office's handling of the duty of kinship support. As a result, in order to adapt to today's family situation and public awareness, I emphasize the necessity of changing of the notion "duty of kinship support" to that of" duty of life preservation" when dealing with the receipt of welfare.
著者
金政 祐司
出版者
日本社会心理学会
雑誌
社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, no.2, pp.139-154, 2006
被引用文献数
3

This study was conducted in order to examine effects of early adult attachment styles on exclusivity of romantic relationships. Two hundred fifty seven undergraduates participated in Study 1, which examined how early adult attachment styles influence one's "sense of exclusivity" and "expressions of the sense of exclusivity," from the perspective of attachment dimensions. Results showed that, the higher the level of anxiety was, the more regularly a "sense of exclusivity" was experienced. Furthermore, the higher the level of avoidance was, the lower the "sense of exclusivity" was experienced. In addition, participants with high avoidance were less likely to express their "sense of exclusivity." In Study 2, participants were limited to 104 undergraduates who were currently involved in romantic relationships. Exclusivity of romantic relationships as a function of early adult attachment styles was examined with the construction of causal models as follows: first, two dimensions of early adult attachment, second, feelings of discomfort when a third person intervenes in the romantic relationships, and, lastly, coping behaviors for feelings of discomfort. Results revealed that anxiety increased the frequency of lingering/sadness, while avoidance reduced the frequency of these feelings. Moreover, results indicated that avoidance caused a higher tendency to resort to destructive coping behaviors and a lower tendency towards selecting constructive coping behaviors, such as "voice." These results are discussed in terms of the relations between early attachment styles, emotional experiences, and destructive behaviors in romantic relationships.