著者

田中 彰吾 浅井 智久 金山 範明 今泉 修 弘光 健太郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.5, pp.520-539, 2019 (Released:2019-12-25)

参考文献数

123

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This paper reviews past research on bodily consciousness and its neural representations, as well as current research on the body, self, and brain. In the early 20th century bodily consciousness was first conceptualized as body schema and body image. Empirical findings on phenomena such as phantom limbs suggested that body consciousness could be reduced to body representations in the brain. Body schema and body image have firm foundations in related brain areas including somatosensory and motor cortices, although they cannot be completely reduced to neural processes. In addition, the body image can be better categorized into two aspects (body semantics and body topology) that correspond to different streams of neural processing. Finally, we explored the self that emerges through interactions between the sense of body ownership and the sense of agency. The subjective sense of the self could well be the result of the bottom-up integration of multiple body representations.

著者

伊田 行秀

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.6, pp.349-352, 1986-02-28 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

4 4

---

An attempt was made to see the relationship of latent handedness (Luria, 1966) with individual hemisphericity, which was evaluated by a version of Hemisphericity Test (HT) devised by Ogura & Hatta (1983) and Cognitive Mode Questionnaire (CMQ; Sakano & Ohgishi, 1983). Subjects were 125 undergraduates (69 males and 56 females). In males, one of those three criteria for latent handedness, i. e. arm-folding subtest, showed a connection with HT; right-arm-uppermost subjects (R group) preferred verbal to nonverbal stimuli more often than left-arm-uppermost subjects (L group). These results support Sakano's hypothesis that the arm-folding subtest reflects individual hemisphericity (Sakano, 1982). Also, HT scores differed significantly between those two groups classified by CMQ. This result indicates the connection between CMQ and individual hemispheri-city, whereas those subtests for latent handedness did not show any relation with CMQ. In females, no significant relation could be found among those three tests. Possibly these sex differences are related with those sex differences responsible for the degree of cerebral asymmetry.

著者

齊藤 勇

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.4, pp.242-245, 1986-10-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Sixty individuals (30 male/30 female) served as subjects in an experiment designed to investigate a person's felt emotions while engaged in social interactions with other people. The social interaction situations explored here represented various combinations of the following three variables: (1) eight kinds of sentiments about the other person; (2) eight kinds of social behavior directed to the other person; (3) sex of the other person. Subjects' responses to questioning revealed that a person's emotional reaction is heavily dependent upon the interpersonal sentiments pertaining in a given situation. Very different emotional reactions were associated with differences in interpersonal sentiments even when the pattern of social behavior remained constant. It was also found that emotional reactions changed when different patterns of social behavior were employed with a given individual.

著者

齋藤 勇

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.4, pp.222-228, 1985-10-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 2

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The purpose of this study is to investigate one's emotional reactions to social behaviors of the other one. Here, the interpersonal sentiments, i.e., persistent feelings of the other as liking or disliking, were distinguished from the emotions, i.e., temporary and intensive affects as joy or anger. Subjects were 30 males and 30 females. They were asked what kind of emotions people in general would feel in the following social interactions. Interaction situations were constructed by the combinations of three variables, i.e., two sentiments to the other one, 10 social behaviors of the other one, and sexes of the other one. Results showed that one's emotions were heavily dependent upon the interpersonal sentiments to the other one. People would feel very different emotions even to the same kinds of behaviors of the other one, according to the differences of sentiments to the other. In addition, people would have very different emotional reactions to the different behaviors of the same person.

著者

小林 智之 及川 昌典

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.6, pp.574-579, 2018 (Released:2018-02-25)

参考文献数

24

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It has been widely documented that egalitarianism motivates people to avoid stereotype use, which in turn facilitates intergroup interactions. However, in addition to perceptions of how the outgroup is perceived by the ingroup (stereotypes), perceptions of how the ingroup is perceived by the outgroup (meta-stereotypes) may also play an important role in intergroup interactions. We hypothesized that when negative meta-stereotypes are perceived, egalitarianism may increase vigilance toward stereotype use by the outgroup, thus exacerbating feelings of anxiety in intergroup interactions. Japanese participants were asked to report how they felt during an intergroup interaction with a Korean confederate, after being exposed to an article documenting positive or negative views Koreans might have of Japanese. The results were consistent with the notion that when negative meta-stereotypes are perceived, participants with high (versus low) egalitarianism experienced more anxiety in the intergroup interaction.

著者

織田 正美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.5, pp.274-280, 1982-12-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

28

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Several pieces of information about 500 people engaged in sales occupations in nine companies were used to examine (1) the relation between the Diamond Sales Aptitude Test score and criteria, i.e., job performance rating and overall rating by their superiors, and (2) the effects of tenure in sales occupation on the test score. Results indicated that personality traits in this test appear to have a predictive value for success in sales occupations. Job performance rating was positively correlated with Motivation (p<.01), Self-Confidence (p<.01), Sociability (p<.01), Circumspectness (p<.05), and Social Adaptability (p<.01). The only subtest not significantly correlated with the performance rating was Emotional Control. Overall rating was significantly correlated with all of the subtexts: Motivation (p<.01), Self-Confidence (p<.01), Sociability (p<.01), Circumspectness (p<.01), Emotional Control (p<.05), and Social Adaptability (p<.01). Tenure seemed to have certain effect on the personality traits except for Sociability. Several possible explanations for these results were discussed.

著者

福川 康之 小田 亮 宇佐美 尋子 川人 潤子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.188-195, 2014 (Released:2014-06-25)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

10 31

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This study developed a Japanese version of the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease (PVD) scale. Analysis of the data from Japanese university students (N = 435) replicated the two–factor structure of the original scale: one factor that assessed beliefs about one’s own susceptibility to infectious diseases (perceived infectability) and the other factor that assessed emotional discomfort in contexts that connoted an especially high potential for pathogen transmission (germ aversion). Tests of reliability and validity for each subscale indicated overall promising results. It would appear that the results reflect at least in part an evolutionary adaptive psychological mechanism for the ancestral environment.

著者

山崎 瑞紀 吉川 肇子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.6, pp.476-484, 2010 (Released:2012-03-20)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 4

---

This study examined the structure of anxiety associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza and pandemic influenza among lay people, using data from a survey of 1 016 adults in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. Confirmative factor analyses demonstrated that anxieties associated with infection and its effects are comprised of three factors: health threats, concern about economics, and anxiety about unknown risks. Anxieties related to management of influenza consisted of factors of distrust of administrative organizations, distrust of grocery stores, industry, and farmers, distrust of medical services, and lack of self-confidence in coping. The means of these factors significantly differed for age groups. Respondents aged 60-81 years were more anxious about infection and its effects, while those aged 18-39 years were more concerned about how to cope with the flu than the other age groups. The importance of using different communications considering the types of anxieties of the target audience was discussed.

著者

宮崎 謙一 佐々木 隆之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.106-112, 1981-07-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

1 1

---

To investigate the temporal course of the frequency characteristics of the response elicited in the auditory system, pure-tone masking patterns were obtained at several time positions relative to the onset or the offset of the masker. The simultaneous masking patterns obtained suggest that the shape of the response distribution remained almost unchanged during the masker, although they are less informative compared to the other conditions because of interaction effects between the masker and the probe. The forward masking data illustrate the decay course of the distribution and are believed to give more reliable informations as to the frequency selectivity of the auditory system. The backward masking data, however, fail to give any tenable suggestions. The phenomenon of the shift in the maximum-masking-frequency was observed in all conditions and its underlying mechanisms were discussed.

著者

星野 崇宏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.3, pp.218-226, 2003-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

4 1

---

Psychological research often deals with psychological constructs that cannot be directly measured. Thus independent variables of regression analysis for an observable dependent variable are sometimes latent variables (factors) that are defined independently of the dependent variable. In this study we pointed out the problem associated with the use of factor analysis for the combined set of dependent variable and independent variables in such a cases; that is, the derived factors are different from those originally intended, and the true regression parameters cannot be reproduced. We proposed a stagewise estimation method to solve the problem. This method estimates parameters of measurement equation in the first stage, and then estimates parameters of structural equation in the second stage. Our proposed method enables calculation of standard errors of estimators using Bootstrapping method. Numerical studies showed that the proposed method improves the estimation efficiency over the conventional methods, and provides estimates which are robust with respect to misspecification of model.

著者

田中 優子 楠見 孝

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.1, pp.60-69, 2015 (Released:2016-04-25)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The present study examined when people decide to choose an expression that is based on critical thinking, and how situational and individual variables affect such a decision process. Given a conversation scenario including overgeneralization with two friends, participants decided whether to follow the conversation by a critical-thinking expression or not. The authors controlled purpose and topic as situational variables, and measured critical-thinking ability, critical-thinking disposition, and self-monitoring as individual variables. We conducted an experiment in which the situational variables were counterbalanced in a within-subject design with 60 university students. The results of logistic regression analysis showed differences within individuals in the decision process whether to choose a critical-thinking expression, and that some situational factors and some subscales of the individual measurements were related to the differences.

著者

立元 真

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.3, pp.173-180, 1993-09-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

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The purpose was to examine (1) whether infants are capable of imitation or not and (2) to assess their ability for information processing, specifically for visual perception. Twenty-one infants were presented four kinds of facial expressions (tongue protrusion, opened mouth, mouth protrusion and eye blink) at the ages of six, ten, and fourteen weeks. Infants' responses were videotaped and analyzed. Their behavior indicated that six-week-olds could not differentiate between the four stimuli. They could not imitate the facial expressions, because their perception did not differentiate the stimuli sufficiently yet. Responses by ten- and fourteen-week-olds indicated that their perceptual processes had developed sufficiently to differentiate stimuli, and make some matching behaviors with the processed information. Some matching responses, open mouth and mouth protrusion, were less frequent at fourteen weeks than at ten weeks. However, the overall matching responses were greater among fourteen than ten week olds. Apparently with the development of perceptual processes, matching responses also emerge.

著者

千住 淳 東條 吉邦 紺野 道子 大六 一志 長谷川 寿一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.64-70, 2002-04-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

7 10

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Some researchers have claimed that theory of mind or ‘mind reading’ ability, necessary for inferring the mental states of others, depends on language ability. However, previous tests of theory of mind were verbally demanding, and high correlations found might have been an artifact. This paper reports the performance of 22 children with autism, with varying degrees of dysfunction, on a test devised by Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore, and Robertson (1997), based on a relatively nonverbal theory of mind. The test involved inference of mental states from photographs of human eyes. Results indicated that mind reading ability was independent of language ability, general intelligence, or mental age. Test scores were, however, strongly related to the severity of autistic disorder. These results suggest both the independence of mind-reading ability from language ability and general intelligence, and a strong relationship between theory of mind deficit and the autistic disorder.

著者

鈴木 俊太郎 邑本 俊亮

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.2, pp.105-113, 2009 (Released:2012-03-06)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study identified factors related to the satisfaction with collaborative problem solving efforts and investigated the differential effects of these factors. In Study 1, a total of 240 university students participated in research. The research was a qualitative data analysis of group members' descriptions of their collaborative problem solving experiences. The results suggested that satisfaction was determined by a number of factors, especially changes in self-cognition, changes in others' cognition, and inclusion of the other in the self. In Study 2, the differential effects of each factor related to task conditions were examined. The factor of changes in self-cognition and inclusion of the other in the self influenced satisfaction, regardless of the task condition. In a well-defined task, group and personal performance were increasing members' satisfaction. For an ill-defined task, trust of the other members was increasing members' satisfaction. We concluded that satisfaction with collaborative problem solving was influenced by not only task performance, but also emotional and cognitive factors.

著者

西村 多久磨 櫻井 茂男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.6, pp.546-555, 2013 (Released:2013-05-01)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

3 5

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This study examined changes in academic motivation among elementary and junior high school students. Based on self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000a), we focused on changes in autonomous and controlled motivation. In Study 1, we examined inter-individual changes in academic motivation among 5th to 9th grade students (N=1 572) through a cross-sectional study. In Study 2, we examined intra-individual changes in academic motivation among students (N=128) who were in transition from elementary to junior high school through a longitudinal study. All participants completed the Academic Motivation Scale (Nishimura, Kawamura, & Sakurai, 2011) that measured autonomous and controlled motivation. The results revealed that autonomous motivation decreased in the students from elementary to junior high school, while controlled motivation increased during the same period. This is a unique finding because a prior study conducted in a Western culture suggested that both motivations decrease gradually in school.

著者

荻野 佳代子 瀧ヶ崎 隆司 稲木 康一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.4, pp.371-377, 2004-10-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

24 13

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This study examined the relationship between emotion work (Zapf, 2002) and burnout. One hundred and eighty-two human service professionals (nurses and caregivers) completed questionnaires. A factor analysis revealed that the concept of emotion work had four main factors: “Negative emotions display”, “Positive emotions display”, “Emotional dissonance”, and “Sensitivity requirements”. In addition, the hierarchical regression analyses revealed only the main effect of “Emotional dissonance” on psychological stress reaction, whereas the main effects of all emotion work variables and two interaction effects of those on burnout. These results suggested that burnout was distinguished from psychological stress reaction by the differences in its relationship to emotion work.

著者

島 義弘 福井 義一 金政 祐司 野村 理朗 武儀山 珠実 鈴木 直人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.75-81, 2012 (Released:2012-11-20)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

4

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This study examined the effects of internal working models of attachment on cognition about emotion in facial expressions. Ninety-five university students participated in a survey and an experiment. The results revealed that (a) effects of internal working models of attachment emerged when there were discrepancies between facial expressions and the emotions that should be rated, (b) “anxiety” did not affect the rating scores or reaction times, and (c) participants who scored high in “avoidance” needed more time to judge the absence of emotions in facial expressions. These results indicate that the dimension of “avoidance” affects automatic information processing.

著者

柳田 宗孝 荒井 崇史 藤 桂

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.1, pp.1-11, 2018

被引用文献数

2

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<p>Many empirical studies have indicated a possible relationship between psychopathic traits and immoral behaviors. Conversely, some studies suggest that social support from a person's family moderates this relationship. This study examined the moderating effect of family, friend, or romantic partner support on the relationship of psychopathic traits with immoral intentions and behaviors. A total of 486 college students completed the questionnaire. The results indicated that insufficient family support promotes immoral financial behaviors among students with strong psychopathic traits, which is consistent with previous studies. However, excessive support from family, friend, or a romantic partner promotes interpersonal immoral behaviors among students with strong psychopathic traits. These findings suggest that social support moderates the relationship between immoral behaviors and psychopathic traits. The results also suggest that an appropriate level of family support without excessive interference or overprotection as well as appropriate social support from a friend or romantic partner are essential to regulate the effect of psychopathic traits on immoral behaviors.</p>

著者

石井 僚 村山 航 福住 紀明 石川 信一 大谷 和大 榊 美知子 鈴木 高志 田中 あゆみ

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.18233, (Released:2019-11-15)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

2

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The study described here developed a short surrogate index for the children’s socioeconomic status (SES) using house possessions and investigated its validity. In Study 1, 192 pairs of parents and their middle school-aged children participated in a questionnaire survey. Based on the results, three items regarding possessions at home were selected for the short surrogate index out of the 17 items used in the Programme for International Student Assessment. Furthermore, the short surrogate index for the children’s SES was related to family income, parents’ academic background, and hierarchy consciousness. In addition, it was found to have good test-retest reliability, thereby demonstrating its validity. To confirm that the item selection and validity in Study 1 did not involve sampling error, Study 2 investigated the reproducibility of validity with a different sample. One hundred ninetyfive pairs of parents and their middle school-based children responded to the questionnaire, and the results redemonstrated the index’s validity. Studies in different disciplines using the short surrogate index can be conducted because SES can be both the main and confounding variable.

著者

坪田 祐基 石井 秀宗

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.2, pp.137-146, 2019 (Released:2019-06-27)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

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This study aimed to investigate relationships between perfectionism and selective attentional engagement and disengagement biases to success- and failure-related words. Seventy-five undergraduates (33 male and 42 female) were asked to perform modified dot-probe tasks and to complete items in the Multidimensional Self-oriented Perfectionism Scale. The modified dot-probe tasks contained four kinds of stimuli such as success-related words, failure-related words, neutral words, and non-words. Using this task, selective attentional engagement and disengagement biases to success- and failure-related words were measured. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between the selective attentional bias and perfectionism scale scores were observed. As a result, several relationships were found in males: personal standards positively correlated with disengagement bias to failure-related words; concern over mistakes positively correlated with engagement bias to failure-related words; and doubting of actions positively correlated with engagement bias to success-related words. These results suggest that male perfectionists have selective attentional engagement and disengagement biases to success or failure, and that each dimension of perfectionism is related to engagement bias and disengagement bias differently.