著者
西村 忠己
出版者
一般社団法人 日本耳鼻咽喉科頭頸部外科学会
雑誌
日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 (ISSN:00306622)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.124, no.5, pp.742-747, 2021-05-20 (Released:2021-06-02)
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
2

軟骨伝導は気導, 骨導とは異なる特徴を持つ伝導様式で, さまざまな音響機器や医療機器への応用が期待される. 最も進んでいるのが補聴器への応用で, 軟骨伝導補聴器は2017年に実用化された. その大きな特徴は骨導とは異なる振動子とその固定方法にある. さまざまな難聴に対して有効であるが, その効果が最も期待されているのが外耳道閉鎖症などの気導補聴器で対応が難しい難聴に対しての補聴である. 骨導補聴器と比較して装用感, 審美性, 安定性に優れ, さらに手術が不要で, 試聴した多くの症例が装用の継続を希望する. 片側性の外耳道閉鎖症では従来介入が積極的に行われてこなかったが, 既存のデバイスの欠点を解消した軟骨伝導補聴器はこれらの症例に対しても大きな効果が期待できる. 一方軟骨補聴器のフィッティングを行うときはその特性を理解して行う必要がある. 気導, 骨導とは異なるため, 既存の補聴器とは異なるメカニズムでハウリングが生じたり, 振動子の固定方法の違いでその効果が大きく変化する. 正しい知識を持ってフィッティングを行わないと高価なだけで効果が不十分な補聴器となってしまう. 新しい補聴器であるため発売当初はフィッティング環境の整備が不十分であったが, 現在は改善しており, 急速に普及が進んでいる. 海外での普及については, インドネシアではすでに臨床試験が終了し, アメリカでは現在進行中である. そのほかの国でもその準備が進んでいる. 世界中でより多くの難聴者にその恩恵を享受していただくため, 今後も普及活動を継続していく.
著者
北原 圭 宮崎 健太郎
出版者
北海道大学
雑誌
挑戦的研究(開拓)
巻号頁・発行日
2017-06-30

生物の際立った特徴の1つは、外部環境から取り込んだ栄養素を元に自己増殖を行う能力(システム)を有することである。この自己増殖能を最大限に発揮しているのは対数増殖期のバクテリアであり、たとえば大腸菌は至適条件下ではわずか20分おきに分裂増殖することが可能である。本研究では、バクテリアの自己増殖能をひとつの化学システムとして捉え、生命現象の根幹である自己増殖システムの効率(最大増殖速度)を極限まで高めることを目的とした実験を行うことを通して、効率的な化学システムとして完成された生物の姿を探求する。
著者
Ryosuke Yokoi Kazuya Nakayachi
出版者
The Japanese Group Dynamics Association
雑誌
実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.1, pp.22-27, 2021 (Released:2021-10-16)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
1

This study tests the effect of moral value similarity on trust in autonomous cars (ACs). We adopt two moral values: utilitarianism (promoting a greater good) and deontology (condemning deliberate harm). Previous research found that utilitarianism similarity had a significant effect on trust in ACs, whereas deontology similarity did not. The research also revealed that when participants preferred a deontological action, ACs were less trusted than a human driver, even when the ACs performed the same action as the participants. We investigated the replicability of these findings and whether distrust in ACs arises from the ACs’ inability to sympathize with potential victims. Our online experiment (N=609) found that both utilitarian and deontology similarities positively influenced trust in ACs. Mediation analysis also indicated that when the driver was an AC, the participants recognized that the AC lacked the capacity to feel sympathy, thereby decreasing trust in it. The paper also discusses the theoretical implications of our findings.
著者
岡垣 知子
出版者
JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2000, no.124, pp.64-88,L9, 2000-05-12 (Released:2010-09-01)
参考文献数
85

The essay seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the international thought of Thomas Hobbes by reexamining his Leviathan and by reevaluating his views on human nature, war, and international relations in light of the current theories of international politics. Although in the study of political theory Hobbes has been most commonly known as a precursor of liberalism, advocating the right of self-preservation of individuals, his political thought has long been regarded as belonging to the “realist” paradigm in the field of international politics, which has been considered as contending with the “liberal” paradigm. One of the objectives in the essay is to fill in this gap that exists in the interpretations of Hobbes between political theory and international politics.The typical interpretations of political thought of Hobbes as “realist” in international politics are: 1) Hobbes considers war as a lasting feature of international relations; 2) Hobbes takes a pessimistic view on human nature as endlessly seeking power after power; 3) Hobbes applies the analogy of the state of nature to international relations. The essay argues that Hobbes' “war” simply means the conditions where peace cannot be guaranteed in the long term, and therefore, should not be taken literally, that Hobbes is rather an optimist especially with regard to the potential of human reason that could work toward peace by agreeing to establish “Leviathan”, and that his analogy of the state of nature applies to the individual state behavior, but not necessarily to international relations.The prevalent misunderstanding of Hobbes in the field of international politics is at least partly attributed to the tendency to regard realism and liberalism as dichotomous theories of international politics, which exaggerates the realist aspects of Hobbes to the last degree. A more careful reading of Hobbes reveals more optimistic, moralist, liberal, and peace-loving components in Hobbesian political theory than are currently recognized. This leads us to conclude that a coherent, clear “Hobbesian paradigm” is difficult to establish in the study of international politics. Rather, his contributions to the theories of international politics have been sporadic, though undoubtedly important.What we owe most to Hobbes are his deductive methodology and his insightful political concepts such as the relativity of power, the notion of time, and his rational egoistic image of a state, which still provide us with useful fresh tools of analysis in today's international politics. We should also note, however, that the historical context in which Hobbes lived limited him to focusing mainly on domestic politics. His image of international relations in Leviathan is at best a primitive, dynastic one, where no clear distinction between international and domestic politics is made. Hobbes lived in a historical period where the notion of international system had yet to exist.
著者
猪俣 佳瑞美
出版者
法政大学大学院 国際日本学インスティテュート専攻委員会
雑誌
国際日本学論叢 = Journal of international Japanese-studies = 国際日本学論叢 = Journal of international Japanese-studies (ISSN:13491954)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, pp.60 (21)-51 (30), 2015-02-27

Analysis of the use of potted plants in different forms of media has shown that potted plants tend to appear in movies featuring children. One of these is the Japanese film Nobody Knows (Daremo Shiranai, 2004), written and directed by Koreeda Hirokazu. In the film, weeds growing in Styrofoam instant noodle containers are taken care of by abandoned children. This analysis of the use of potted plants in Nobody Knows explores the implicational meanings that potted plants connote and the reason why children and potted plants have often been featured together in certain films. Six symbolic meanings emerge around potted plants. First, the weeds represent the children's status of being "abandoned." Second, the seeds represent the children themselves. As weeds disperse seeds and find new places to grow, the children become free by breaking their mother's rules. Third, the shoots of the weeds represent the children's vitality and resilience. Without any kind of lifeline, the children desperately try to survive. Moreover, Styrofoam containers being used as flowerpots represent the fragile nature of the children's lives. As instant noodle containers are made of polystyrene, they are brittle and easily damaged or broken compared with conventional pottery or earthenware flowerpots. Likewise, the children living by themselves, without parental guidance or supervision, are socially weak. In addition, an important point to note is that pots as containers can be considered female symbols because of their similarity to a womb. Flowerpots offer an environment in which things can grow and live, as the womb of a mother does for her fetus. Finally, caring for plants is a metaphor for personal healing: the four siblings in the film have been abandoned by their mother and must live without parental guidance or supervision? especially the younger two, aged three and five. They are not only absorbed in taking care of their weeds; in doing so, they are also demonstrating how they would like to be treated by their mother.
著者
杉田 菜穂
出版者
日本人口学会
雑誌
人口学研究 (ISSN:03868311)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.54, pp.43-55, 2018 (Released:2018-10-15)
参考文献数
24

戦後日本の政策論議に生産年齢人口の<質>という観点を導入したのは,大来佐武郎(1914-1993)である。官庁エコノミストとして知られる大来は,1961年からの10年間で名目国民所得を倍増させることを目標に掲げた所得倍増計画(1960年)作成の中心人物であった。この計画は,経済的な発展だけでなく福祉や職業訓練,教育といった社会的な発展に対する政府の責任を重視したという点で経済計画におけるひとつの転機となった。その背後には,生産年齢人口増加率の低下という問題意識がある。1961年に『人間能力の開発:現代の国富論』という書名でエリ・ギンズバーグのHuman Resources: The Wealth of a Nationの翻訳を出版した大来は,アメリカの人的資源開発をめぐる議論にいち早く注目し,その観点を経済計画作成にも取り入れた。それは,1960年代以降の日本における社会的発展を考慮した経済的発展という政策基調の起点となった。本稿は大来に焦点を当てて,戦後日本におけるマンパワー・ポリシーをめぐる議論の史的経緯を明らかにする。