著者
上村 鋼平
出版者
日本計量生物学会
雑誌
計量生物学 (ISSN:09184430)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.1, pp.77-99, 2012-08-31 (Released:2012-10-02)
参考文献数
74

Recently, it is becoming more challenging to cope with low success probabilities, much cost and severe competitions in a new drug development. An adaptive design is considered to be a promising tool for efficient development for its various types of adaptations and applications in multiple development stages. However, its flexibility does not necessarily make the development more efficient and it may always allow a risk of operational bias to use such a design. Thus, to consider the specific benefit and risk of each adaptive design using quantitative measures under a concrete setting, it is important to make intensive discussions and to share experiences between each side persons in charge. In this review, focusing on sample size re-estimation which is a relatively simple and basic adaptive design, I will give some outlines of methods and review statistical points to consider.
著者
川上 香 Kaori KAWAKAMI
出版者
総合研究大学院大学文化科学研究科 / 葉山町(神奈川県)
雑誌
総研大文化科学研究 = SOKENDAI Review of Cultural and Social Studies (ISSN:1883096X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.19, pp.96(165)-63(198), 2023-03-31

高度経済成長期以前の日本では、多くの山村で、自給を目的とした作物栽培が行われていた。また、焼畑に付随した茶などの換金作物栽培も行われ、人びとは暮らしを維持していた。昭和30年代に焼畑は衰退するが、現在までの山村の耕作地や作物の変化は、具体的に明らかになっていない。本研究では、静岡市井川地域の山村を対象に、個人の事例を通して耕作地の茶畑への転換と、耕作地の変化に伴う作物への影響について論じた。それらは次のようにまとめられる。1 耕作地は、焼畑や常畑、採草地の複合的利用から、高度経済成長期には、茶畑への転換と拡大がおこった。昭和60年頃からは、高齢化により茶畑は縮小化した。2 耕作地の変化に伴い、ヒエやオオムギなどの穀類の自給や、焼畑休閑後に自生した在来茶の利用は、昭和30年代から40年代にかけて終焉を迎えた。3 自給的作物栽培は、昭和30年代から続く常畑と茶畑の一部で現在も持続している。Before rapid economic growth occurred in Japan, crops were cultivated in many mountain villages for subsistence purposes. Cash crops such as tea were also cultivated in conjunction with slash-and-burn farming to sustain people’s livelihoods. Although slash-and-burn farming declined in the 1950s, the specific changes that took place in cultivated land and crops in mountain villages up to the present day have not been clarified. This study discusses the conversion of cultivated land to tea plantations and the impact of changes in cultivated land on crops through an examination of individual cases in mountain villages in the Ikawa area of Shizuoka City. A summary of the study is as follows: 1. Cultivated lands were converted to tea plantations from a combination of burnt fields, common fields, and grassland and expanded during the period of rapid economic growth. Starting at about 1985, tea plantations shrank in size due to the aging of the population.2. With the change in cultivated land, subsistence cultivation of grains, such as Japanese millet and barley, and the use of native tea that grew naturally after the slash-and-burn fallow period came to an end from the mid-1950s to the mid-1966s.3. Subsistence crop cultivation continues to this day in some continuous cultivation fields and tea plantations that have been in existence since the mid-1950s.
出版者
内務省地理局
巻号頁・発行日
vol.巻之182 高麗郡之7,巻之183 高麗郡之8,巻之184 高麗郡之9,巻之185 高麗郡之10,巻之186 比企郡之1,巻之1, 1884
著者
麻生 伸
出版者
一般社団法人 日本聴覚医学会
雑誌
AUDIOLOGY JAPAN (ISSN:03038106)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, no.6, pp.535-542, 2022-12-28 (Released:2023-01-18)
参考文献数
9
被引用文献数
1

要旨: 身体障害者に該当しない軽度から中等度の難聴であっても生活には補聴器が必要であるという方は数多いが, 国の費用助成制度がない。2021年初頭に実施された2つの実態調査によって, 地方自治体独自の助成制度が拡がりつつあることが分かったが, 地域差が大きいことも明らかとなった。身体障害者の資格があるか否かで不公平にならないように, きこえに困っている難聴者全体に対して, 地域差のない国の制度として0歳から終生切れ目のない支援が早期に確立されることが望ましい。
著者
川崎 涼子
出版者
医学書院
雑誌
保健師ジャーナル (ISSN:13488333)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.74, no.5, pp.433, 2018-05-10

本書を読めば多変量解析の手法だけではなく,統計学としてデータを扱う際の基礎的な考え方や,データの扱いといったプロセスをよく理解できる。近年,多くの看護学研究において多変量解析が用いられているが,その基本的な考え方や手法が非常に明快に記載されている。 まず,第1章では,変数となるデータの種類を踏まえてデータの分布,代表値について丁寧に述べられており,初学者には特に貴重である。
著者
高橋 哲也
出版者
公益社団法人 日本理学療法士協会宮城県理学療法士会
雑誌
理学療法の歩み (ISSN:09172688)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.32, no.1, pp.3-9, 2021 (Released:2021-04-13)
参考文献数
10

第23回宮城県理学療法学術大会での特別講演「運動療法時のリスク管理の要点~適切な運動療法によりアクシデントを防ぐ~」の内容をまとめた。まずは,理学療法のリスク管理と予防理学療法について,「脳卒中・循環器病対策基本法」の成立までの道のりや,「循環器病対策推進計画」の重要性について解説した。特に日本での予防理学療法の発展に期待を寄せた。続いて,運動療法時のリスク管理の要点について,血圧や脈拍数の管理,用量-反応関係(Dose–Response Relationships)の重要性,運動強度の設定の必要性,バイタルサインズの理解について解説した。そして最後に,理学療法士は,再発予防,再入院予防,重症化予防により力を入れて社会のニーズに対応すべきであると提言した。
著者
熊倉 伸宏
出版者
日本生命倫理学会
雑誌
生命倫理 (ISSN:13434063)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, no.1, pp.61-67, 1997-09-08 (Released:2017-04-27)
参考文献数
11

ホスピスや在宅ケアにおいて患者は、単に延命に始終する治療を拒否し、いかに死ぬかを自分の意志で選ぶことができるようになってきた。この目的のために「死ぬ権利」が、患者の自己決定権を根拠として導入された。しかし自己決定権の原型は、Mill JSが「自分自身、その身体とこころに対しては個人に主権がある」とした点にある。ここに新たな問題が生じてきた。もし「死ぬ権利」が「死の選択権」を意味するのならば、耐えがたい心理的苦痛から逃れたい者が、論理的に「自殺する権利」を主張できる可能性が生じたからである。そのような考えから「自殺する権利」が主張され、致命的薬物を使用し、あるいは「自殺マシーン」を用いて自殺幇助する医師が登場した。この論文では、「死ぬ権利」を持続的植物状態、末期状態、自殺の3つの臨床類型に分けて比較検討し、その構成概念と正当化論理の異同を論じ、「死ぬ権利」の現在的な定式化を試みた。結論的には、1)医療行為として主張される「自殺する権利」と個人への医療の不可侵性としての「死ぬ自由」を区別する必要性を示し、2)「死ぬ権利」を「死の選択権」としてではなくて、「死が切迫した状況下において疾病過程によって患者の主体消滅が不可避な場合に、死に方を選択する権利」と定式化して論じた。この定式化によって、安楽死と自殺幇助の間に想定すべき明確な差異について論じた。
著者
木村 敦
出版者
大阪産業大学
雑誌
大阪産業大学経済論集 (ISSN:13451448)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, no.3, pp.235-257, 2011-06

Tentatively, I think that the policy of `Promotion of Discharge / Shift to Community' for the mentally disabled being pushed forward by the current government, results in mentally disabled persons being discharge hastily and make the mentally disabled low-wage and unstable worker. This is regarded in this paper as the basic problem. With this basic understanding of the problem, the goal of this paper is to present the three things which will be necessary for `Support for Shift to Community': (1) structure which justifies isolation of the mentally disabled, (2) problems spreading throughout the entire labor market, and (3) the meaning of sending the mentally disabled into the real labor market. To accomplish this goal, the following will be set forth: (1) Statement of the recent trend in the policy of `Promotion of Discharge / Shift to Community' (2) Explanation of the `Return to Society' policy under the Mental Hygiene Law, especially in the 1970s (3) Presentation of disputes concerning `Return to Society', especially critical opinion, from the second half of the 1970s to the first half of the 1980s (4) Confirmation of whether recent disputes over the policy of `Promotion of Discharge / Shift to Community' are adequately based on disputes from the era of Mental Hygiene Law
著者
渡辺 昭夫
出版者
JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1992, no.100, pp.1-15,L5, 1992-08-30 (Released:2010-09-01)
参考文献数
14

To commemorate the 100th issue of International Relations, the editorial board decided to compile a special volume on the Cold War and After: Japanese Perspectives.The 14 articles contained in this volume are for the sake of convenience divided into three groups: theory, history and prospects. The article by Yoshinobu Yamamoto gives an overview of the evolutions of international relations theories during the past four decades which, he argues, can be related to the historical developments of international relations in the real world. Since the latter were to an important degree shaped by the Cold War, a dominant paradigm altered from time to time, reflecting the sequence of events in the East-West relations. After tracing the paradigmatic development from the intitial stage of realist domination through the rise of various versions of liberalism during the 1970's to the resurgence of neo-realism in the more recent times, Yamamoto forsees the coming of an age of liberalist-led integration of international theories following the end of the Cold War.This basically sanguine prospect shown by Yamamoto is in line with one of the major theses dealt with by various writers who contributed to this volume. Influenced by John Gaddis' book The Long Peace, they are concerned with the reasons for the continuation of peace between the two superpowers during the Cold War era. Without necessarily denying the idea that such systemic and objective factors as bipolarity and nuclear deterrence were conducive to the long peace, some of the writers for this volume rather emphasized the learning capacity of the policy-makers of the both superpowers as an explanatory factor (Anami, Umemoto and Ishii). To some if not all, the long peace in the Cold War era was part of the longer trend in international relations, i. e. the trend towards no war among the major powers. The lessons of the two World Wars in the 20th century brought about attitudinal change regardiag the issue of war and peace, signs of which were discernible even in the behaviours of the Soviet and American leaders despite their Cold War rhetoric. Democracy is not necessarily regarded as a prerequisite for international peace. In fact, examining the thought of George Kennan on the problems of democracy, one of the contributors (Terachi) casts doubts on the thesis that democracy is by nature conducive to international peace.If one takes a narrow definition of the Cold War with a focus on Soviet-American relations or East-West relations in Europe, the long peace thesis seems largely acceptable, although his or her explanation may differ from the one offered in the above. A more fundamental objection will be raised, however, by those who adhere to the idea that the ‘hot wars’ outside Europe were the essential ingredient of the Cold War. In fact this was the central theme of The Origins of the Cold War in Asia, a volume edited by Yonosuke Nagai and Akira Iriye fifteen years ago. Wit-nessed two hot wars in Korea and Indochina during their life time, many contemporary Japanese (and probably other Asian) historians would choose this broader definition of the Cold War. This thesis is worth remebering, although, apart from a brief reference by Ishii, it was not fully discussed in the present volume. This is so particularly because the relative weight of the Cold War in the entire history of the post WW II era differs from one region to another. Hece the difference in the impact of the end of the Cold War upon the regional international affairs in the years to come, which is the topic of the the third section of the present volume.Koizumi (who deals with the present and future in the latter half of her article) and Ueta are concered with post-Cold War Europe, whereas all others are either with Asia/Pacific (Sakanaka, Kurata, Tamaki, Hara and Purrington) or with more broad themes (Oizumi and Takehiko Yamamoto).
著者
大場 健裕 小野 良輔 榊 善成 加藤 拓也 太田 萌香 藤岡 祥平 佐々木 和広 倉 秀治
出版者
一般社団法人 日本スポーツ理学療法学会
雑誌
スポーツ理学療法学 (ISSN:27584356)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, no.1, pp.13-20, 2023-03-23 (Released:2023-03-23)
参考文献数
34

【目的】人工靭帯による内側膝蓋大腿靭帯再建術(以下MPFLR)および脛骨粗面移行術(TTO)を併用した症例(以下MPFLR+TTO)における膝伸展筋力の特徴を明らかにすること。【方法】MPFLR群15名,MPFLR+TTO群11名を対象に,最終フォローアップ時(MPFL群22.8±15.6ヶ月;MPFL+TTO群22.8±9.6ヶ月)の等尺性膝伸展筋力を,膝関節90度及び30度で測定し,健患差および健患比を検証した。【結果】MPFLR群では,術側と非術側の間に等尺性膝伸展筋力の有意差はみられなかった。MPFLR+TTO群では,術側が非術側と比較して,有意に低い等尺性膝伸展筋力を示した。健患比は,MPFLR+TTO群がMPFLR群と比較して有意に低値を示した。【結論】人工靭帯によるMPFLRは,良好な膝伸展筋力の回復が得られる。一方で,TTOを併用した場合,膝伸展筋力の健患差が残存し,単独MPFLRと比較して術後の筋力回復が得られにくいことが示唆された。
著者
備前 嘉文 原田 宗彦
出版者
Japanese Association for Sport Management
雑誌
スポーツマネジメント研究 (ISSN:18840094)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, no.1, pp.19-32, 2010-02-25 (Released:2010-08-31)
参考文献数
39
被引用文献数
3 3

The use of celebrity endorsers is widespread in many countries. Today, many companies use famous athletes as endorsers for their products. These athletes are expected to accomplish a number of marketing objectives, such as capturing consumers' attention, building a positive image of a product, and increasing consumers' purchase intentions. However, despite the widespread use of athletes as endorsers, the influence of athlete endorsers on consumer behavior has not been well-understood. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of athlete endorsers on consumers' purchase behaviors through the elaboration of the construct “attractiveness of athletes.” This research consisted of two studies. The first study was conducted to identify the factors of athletes' attractiveness using an exploratory factor analysis. The second study examines what effects the attractiveness has on consumers' purchase behaviors. In Study 1, four factors underlying the attractiveness of athletes emerged. In Study 2, the influence of athlete endorsers on consumer behavior was discussed, followed by a reporting of the results.
著者
小野田 滋 河村 清春 須貝 清行 神野 嘉希
出版者
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
雑誌
土木史研究 (ISSN:09167293)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, pp.117-132, 1996-06-05 (Released:2010-06-15)
参考文献数
39

Oblique arches built with masonry or brickwork have to be used as an exceptional technique for transmitting the axial forces all over the voussoir. One of the methods for realizing this technique was conceived by Japanese engineers in Meiji or Taisho Era who attempted to match spiral brickworks to oblique arches. In this paper, we describe the distribution of these structures in Japan, and gather detailed information about the technique from literature available in those days. The findings from the survey may be summarized as follows; (1) the oblique arches in Japan are widely distributed around Kansai district; (2) the technique for oblique arches built with spiral brickworks was applied in three methods-“hericoidal”, “logarithmic” and “corne de vache”; (3) oblique arches in Japan were built by hericoidal method; (4) some cases were found in which these techniques other than spiral brickworks were employed such as ribbed oblique arches; (5) hericoidal method had been used since early days of railway construction in Japan, and this technique may have been introduced by English railway engineers in 1870'; (6) this technique is speculated to have originated from an Irish canal of 18th century or a skew bridge of 16th century in Florence.