著者
木原 淳
出版者
日本法哲学会
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2005, pp.156-164,194, 2006-10-30 (Released:2010-02-15)
参考文献数
15

Following Rousseau's theory of people's sovereignty and his concept of law, Immanuel Kant described his ideal state as “Gemeinwesen”. He consciously and intentionally denied world republic in his book “Zum ewigen Frieden”. According to Rousseau, the virtue can become fruitful only within the context of “l'amour de la patrie” (patriotism). Rousseau's patriotism and republic theory is to be expected in a small city state, not in a large state. As such, anti-world republic dogma by Kant reflects the significance of patriotism in small state posited by Rousseau. Unlike Rousseau, however, Kant interpreted “patriotism” as directed at “Land”, and “Volk” as being a group with single ethnic identity, not as an universal “Volk”. Such distinctive characteristic of Kant's state theory has generally been assumed to have derived from his pre-modern character and historic circumstances. In this paper, I suppose that the source of difference in the concepts held by the two distinct philosophers can be found in the difference of the size of states they presupposed. Rousseau considered his “republic” as a small sized city state, so the object of his patriotism could be pure and abstract fatherland, ignoring the traditional framework of property system (societas civilis). To the contrary, Kant struggled to form his state theory as a middle-sized territorial state, which aimed to destroy traditional and privileged property system and to separate territorial sovereignty from economical private land property rights. Therefore Kant's concepts of “Land” and “Volk” played an important role to build a theory of modern and republican territorial states. This indicates that it was logically natural for Kant to deny the concepts of the world republic.
著者
Jeong-Eun Song Yong-Shik Kim Jang-Yeul Sohn
出版者
Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology
雑誌
Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (ISSN:18806791)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.6, pp.599-603, 2007-11-30 (Released:2007-12-30)
参考文献数
5
被引用文献数
5 8

This study aims at examining the reduction of indoor air contaminants by plants placed in an indoor space. Field measurements were performed using Aglaonema brevispathum, Pachira aquatica, and Ficus benjamiana, which were verified as air-purifying plants by NASA. Three conditions for the amount of plants and positions were used in two separate rooms whose dimensions are identical. The concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) was monitored three hours after the plants were placed and three days after the plants were placed. The variations of concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Etylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX), as well as Formaldehyde, which are all known as the major elements of Volatile Organic Compounds were monitored. The amount of reduction in concentration of Toluene and Formaldehyde was monitored 3 hours and 3 days after the plants were placed in the space. The reduction in the concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Etylbenzene, Xylene, and Formaldehyde was significantly greater when plants were present. When plants were placed near a window, the reduction of concentration was greater. The more plants were used, the more a reduction of indoor air contaminants occurred. The effect of reducing the concentration of air contaminants increased when the amount of plants increased, and when the plants were placed in sunny area. The concentration of Toluene was reduced by 45.6 μg/m3 when 10% of the model space was occupied by Aglaonema brevispathum.

2 0 0 0 OA 電界蒸発

著者
酒井 明
出版者
公益社団法人 応用物理学会
雑誌
応用物理 (ISSN:03698009)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.3, pp.183-188, 1984-03-10 (Released:2009-02-09)
参考文献数
46

高電界下で金属の原子がイオンとなっで表面から飛び出してゆく現象は,電界イオン顕微鏡(FIM)の創始者であるMüllerによって発見され,電界蒸発と名づけられている.この電界蒸発はFIMやアトム・プローブの基本原理として活用されているが,その基礎過程はなかなか複雑である.ここでは電界蒸発の基礎的な面に関する理論と実験について述べるとともに,最近の電界蒸発の実験についても言及する.
著者
Shintaro Ichikawa Utaroh Motosugi Kazuyuki Sato Tatsuya Shimizu Tetsuya Wakayama Hiroshi Onishi
出版者
Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
雑誌
Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences (ISSN:13473182)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.mp.2020-0064, (Released:2020-08-28)
参考文献数
30
被引用文献数
11

Purpose: To investigate whether shortened acquisition or multiple arterial phase acquisition improves image quality of the arterial phase compared with conventional protocol.Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the relevant Institutional Review Board. A total of 615 consecutive patients who underwent gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI including one of the following three sequences in three different periods were included: (i) conventional liver acquisition with volume acceleration (LAVA) (between October 2014 and January 2015, n = 149), (ii) Turbo-LAVA (between March and August 2016, n = 216), and (iii) differential sub-sampling with Cartesian ordering (DISCO) (between January and September 2015, n = 250). We monitored the respiratory bellows waveform during breath holding for each patient and recorded breath-hold fidelity of the patients. Two radiologists independently evaluated the degree of respiratory artifact and scan timing on the arterial phase and compared them between the three protocols (i.e., conventional LAVA, Turbo-LAVA, and DISCO), with conventional LAVA as control.Results: The ratio of patients with breath-hold failure was not significantly different among the three protocols (P = 0.6340 and 0.1085). Respiratory artifact was significantly lower in DISCO than in conventional LAVA (P = 0.0424), while there was no significant difference between Turbo-LAVA and conventional LAVA (P = 0.2593). The ratio of adequate scan timing and diagnosable image defined as no or mild artifact and adequate scan timing were higher in DISCO than in conventional LAVA (P = 0.0025 and 0.0019), while there was no significant difference between Turbo-LAVA and conventional LAVA (P = 0.0780 and 0.0657).Conclusion: Compared with conventional protocol, multiple arterial phase acquisition (DISCO) obtained a higher number of diagnosable images by reducing respiratory motion artifact and optimizing the scan timing of arterial phase.
著者
成岡 道男 奥田 幸夫 大矢 徹治 大西 純也
出版者
公益社団法人 農業農村工学会
雑誌
農業農村工学会誌 (ISSN:18822770)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, no.3, pp.187-192,a2, 2009 (Released:2019-01-08)
参考文献数
11

本報では,アラル海流域にあるウズベキスタン内のカラカルパクスタン自治共和国に焦点を当て,塩害の現状を報告し,地球温暖化による農牧漁業への影響について考察した。そして,現在実施されている塩害やアラル海の縮小に端を発した環境破壊への対策事業等を事例に,地球温暖化への備えについて検討した。その結果,地球温暖化に伴って,水不足の深刻化や塩害進行の加速化,アラル海の干上がった湖底からの飛塩の増加等が生じることを予測した。これらの影響に対して,水不足への備え,塩害防止対策の推進,湖沼の縮小への適応,セーフティネットとしての地域資源の活用等の重要性を示した。
著者
大隅 昇 保田 明夫
出版者
数理社会学会
雑誌
理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, no.2, pp.135-159, 2004-09-30 (Released:2008-12-22)
参考文献数
54
被引用文献数
3

ここではまず,テキスト・マイニング(TM)あるいはテキスト型データのマイニング(TDM)の特徴を俯瞰すると同時に,これに関わる技術的な諸要素,諸事項について総合的に報告する.つぎに,現状考えられるTMを実際データの分析に用いるうえでの諸問題を整理する.とくに,その適用可能性について,データ科学の視点から問題解決を図ることの重要性について触れ,さらに具体的なTM応用ソフトを紹介する.また,筆者等が独自に行ったWeb調査データによる分析例を通じ,どのような使い方ができるかの要点,留意事項を示す.ここでは,自由回答設問で得た情報と通常の選択肢型設問との併用による定性型情報の計量的評価の例として示すが,これはTMのごく一部の具現化に過ぎず,本来のTMのあるべき姿,目標はこれだけではない.このようなことからTMの今後の進むべき道あるいは期待される方向は何かについての私見を述べる.
著者
俵谷 祐吉 戸嶋 守
出版者
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
雑誌
土木史研究 (ISSN:09167293)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, pp.463-470, 1996-06-05 (Released:2010-06-15)

仙岩道路を有する一般国道46号は、明治8年、内務省の許可を得て開削された仙岩峠の道が下敷きとなっており、現在はさらに緊密に秋田県と岩手県のあらゆる面をつなぐ太い動脈となっている。古代から中世にかけては豪族たち強者どもの戦の道として、藩政期は武士たちの往還や経済交易、文化交流の道として、様々な役割を果たしてきた。厳しい豪雪地帯の自然条件が、あらゆるものを拒否しつづけた中で、道に対する試行錯誤はあくことなく繰り返され、ついに大動脈たる地位を獲得した仙岩道路は、現在、一般国道46号として、地域や多くの人のためにその責任を果たしている。本報告は、自動車道路となってらも年間のおよそ半分は交通が途絶した、山岳横断道路のたくましい歴史の実態と、社会に貢献する道路建設の背景を述べるものである。
著者
Keiko SAKAMOTO Yoshinobu SHINAGAWA Kimiyo INOUE Ayako MORITA Hiroshi URAKAWA Ritsuko FUJIMITSU Kouichi TAKANO Kengo YOSHIMITSU
出版者
Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
雑誌
Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences (ISSN:13473182)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.1, pp.137-143, 2016-01-01 (Released:2016-01-12)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
3 4

Purpose: We retrospectively evaluated the incidence and related factors of obliteration of the lower bile duct after oral administration of contrast medium (OCM) probably resulting from its regurgitation into the biliary system (OCMRB) as observed on images of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 305 MRCP images in 278 patients obtained between February 2010 and March 2011 using negative OCM with 1.0- and 1.5-tesla clinical units. OCMRB was defined as positive when visualization of the common bile duct was clear on precontrast 2-dimensional (2D) MRCP but obliterated on postcontrast 3-dimensional (3D) MRCP. Two abdominal radiologists reviewed all images in consensus. The incidence of OCMRB was correlated to various clinicoradiological factors.Results: We observed OCMRB on 11 MRCP images in 10 patients (3.6%). Among various clinicoradiological factors, the presence of juxtapapillary diverticula, pneumobilia, and history of intervention to the papilla were suggested as significant factors related to positive OCMRB with multivariate analysis (P < 0.05).Conclusion: OCMRB occurs in about 4% of the patients who undergo MRCP, typically in those with juxtapapillary diverticula, pneumobilia, and history of papillary intervention. Acquisition of MRCP images before OCM may secure visualization of the common bile duct in these patients.
著者
星野 優子 杉山 大志
出版者
一般社団法人 エネルギー・資源学会
雑誌
エネルギー・資源学会論文誌 (ISSN:24330531)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.32, no.1, pp.22-27, 2011 (Released:2019-08-08)
参考文献数
15

We compared the generation costs of photovoltaic (PV) with thermal and nuclear power during the period of the recent price surge of fossil fuels and raw materials by a bottom up analysis using a Japanese life cycle assessment (LCA) data for power plants. Although the steep rise of fossil fuel price had spurred the political mood in favor for renewable energy, we found that the impacts on the cost of PV systems by the price rise were not necessarily small compared to those on the costs of thermal or nuclear power. Due to the price hike of materials from 2003 to 2008, the cost of a PV system had increased by 2.7 yen per kWh. It is close to the price increase of coal power by 3.5 yen per kWh in the same period due to fuel and material price hike. Moreover, the impacts on the cost of a nuclear power were as small as 0.4 yen per kWh in the same period, in spite of the steep rise of uranium price. We conclude that a surge of resource and energy price does not necessarily make PV more cost competitive against nuclear and fossil fuel power, since PV is more material intensive than nuclear and fossil fuel power and the material price also surges when the fuel price does.
著者
白澤 卓二
出版者
一般社団法人 日本老年医学会
雑誌
日本老年医学会雑誌 (ISSN:03009173)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.1, pp.24-27, 2010 (Released:2010-03-25)
参考文献数
9

1980年以降の分子生物学の発展により,加齢生物学の進展が目覚しい.特に,線虫や酵母菌を用いた長寿遺伝子の発見により,加齢生物学と老化の病理学を再考する必要に迫られている.インスリンシグナルやミトコンドリアの代謝は動物の寿命を制御しているばかりでなく,老化をも制御している可能性が示唆されている.一方,遺伝性早老症の研究から,ゲノムの安定性と修復機構が老化のプロセスに関与していることが分かってきた.高齢期に発症してくる病気はヒトの寿命を規定していることから,老化のプロセスは寿命を規定しうる重要な要因である.1950年以来提唱され続けている老化学説であるフリーラジカル学説と最近の長寿遺伝子の関係やゲノム修復機構との関連性,テロメアと細胞老化の関係など最新の老化研究の考え方を解説する.
著者
坂口 末廣
出版者
日本ウイルス学会
雑誌
ウイルス (ISSN:00426857)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.1, pp.163-167, 2002-06-01 (Released:2010-03-12)
参考文献数
19

プリオン病の病原体は, 正常脳組織に発現する正常型プリオン蛋白 (PrPC)が構造変換を起こし産生された異常型プリオン蛋白(PrPSc) から構成されているとするプリオン仮説が一般に広く受け入れられている. しかし, 未だPrPScそのものが感染性であるという直接的な証明はない. また, この構造変換は, プリオン病の病態形成の中心的役割をも担っていると考えられているが, その詳細な分子機構は未だ不明である. ここでは, プリオン病の病原体及び病態生理について, これまでの研究から明らかになったことを紹介しながら概説したい.