著者
松原 達哉
出版者
一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会
雑誌
教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, no.3, pp.18-28,62, 1969-10-15 (Released:2013-02-19)
参考文献数
20
被引用文献数
1

乗法九九学習を成功させるためには, 児童の心身の発達および経験内容から考察して, 何才何か月ごろから開始するのが, 最も適当であるかを研究すること。さらに, 算数学習のレディネスに影響を与える要因についての分析的研究をすることの2つを目的とした。実験方法は, アメリカの「算数の学年配当7人委員会」の方法を改善し, 4つの実験群を設けた。この各実験群に, 第1基礎テスト, 第2基礎テスト, 予備テスト, 終末テスト, 把持テスト, 知能検査, 記憶実験, ゲス・フー・テストその他の調査を実施した。被験者は, 大, 中都市, 農村の8小学校2年, 3年生1,046名を対象に22名の教師が, 同一指導案によって指導した。本実験の基準に従って整理した結果では, 乗法九九学習の指導開始は, 8才1か月 (2年2学期) から行なっても可能であることが実証された。現在, 8才7か月 (3年1学期) から開始しているが, さらに, 6か月早めても, わが国児童の場合は, 可能であると考えられる。これは, アメリカのC. Washburneらの実験に比べ, 2才1か月早い。また, 算数学習のレディネスの要因としては,(1) 算数学習に必要な知能,(2) 反応の速さ,(3) 視聴覚および視聴覚器官の障害の有無,(4) 健康, 栄養, 疲労の条件, 15) 家庭的背景,(6) 情緒の安定性,(7) 根気の強さ,(8) 自主性,(9) 数の視聴覚記憶,(10) 語の視聴覚記憶,(11) 算数に対する興味,(12) 算数的経験などが重要なものであることが実証された。
著者
John Wright
出版者
Routledge
巻号頁・発行日
2010
著者
Makoto Shirakawa Iwao Uehara Megumi Tanaka
出版者
Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology
雑誌
Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.ME18146, (Released:2019-05-11)
被引用文献数
19

We investigated whether ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species exhibit antibacterial activity towards culturable bacterial communities in mycorrhizospheres. Four hundred and thirty bacterial strains were isolated from the ECM root tips of Pinus densiflora and bulk soil, and 21 were co-cultured with six ECM fungal species. Three hundred and twenty-nine bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were identified in ECM roots (n=185) and bulk soil (n=144). Mycorrhizosphere isolates were dominated by Gram-negative Proteobacteria from 16 genera, including Burkholderia, Collimonas, Paraburkholderia, and Rhizobium. Paraburkholderia accounted for approximately 60%. In contrast, bulk soil isolates contained a high number of Gram-positive Firmicutes, particularly from Bacillus. Paraburkholderia accounted for ≤20% of the bacterial isolates from bulk soil, which was significantly lower than its percentage in ECM root tips. Co-cultures of six ECM fungal species with the 21 bacterial strains revealed that eight strains of three Gram-positive genera—Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Lysinibacillus—were sensitive to the antibacterial activity of the fungi. In contrast, the Gram-negative strains, including five Paraburkholderia strains, two Burkholderia strains, and a Rhizobium sp., were not sensitive. The strength of fungal antibacterial activity varied in a species-dependent manner, but consistently affected Gram-positive bacteria. These results suggest that Gram-positive bacteria are excluded from the mycorrhizosphere by the antibacterial activity of ECM fungi, which develops specific soil bacterial communities in the mycorrhizosphere.
著者
伊藤 修一
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.74, no.10, pp.585-598, 2001-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
参考文献数
33
被引用文献数
2 5

本稿では,千葉ニュータウンの戸建住宅に転入した世帯の,夫婦の居住地選択への関わり方の解明を試みた.対象世帯の多くは,「夫が外で働き,妻が家庭で家事や育児」を行う,典型的な郊外居住の核家族世帯である.これらの世帯は,住宅取得が困難な1990年代前後に転居を決定し,住宅の質や価格の面で公的分譲主を信頼していた.用いた住宅情報は,公的物件の情報が得やすい媒体に偏り,公的物件供給の地域的な偏りも住宅探索範囲を限定している.また,夫婦それぞれの居住地選択の基準は性別役割分業に影響を受けており,転居後も継続就業する妻のいる世帯では,妻の就業地の近くに候補地を設定するなど,住宅探索範囲が就業状況によって異なる.ただし,現住地の選択には抽選が制約となっており,選択結果に対する不満は予算の都合により生じている場合が多い.
著者
森 樊須
出版者
北海道大学
雑誌
一般研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
1991

マレ-シアのFicus属植物から発見したツメダニの一種Hemicheyletiamoriiは葉裏の葉縁部に薄い粗い綱を張って、その中に家族(雌、第2ニンフ、第1ニンフ、幼虫、卵)が群居している。産雌単性生殖で、雄はいない。Ficusでの密度は100葉当たり4.3巣、巣内の齢構成は(平均個体数)、雌3.48、第2ニンフ4.36、第1ニンフ5.82、幼虫5.19、卵4.27であった。輸入後の試験ではナミハダニ、タケスゴモリハダニ、ケナガカブリダニ、チリカブリダニの成虫を捕食した。H.moriiの家族は巣に接近した餌の脚部を触肢で瞬時に捕獲、家族共同で捕殺することが多い。摂食所要時間は約50〜120分、餌の死体は巣外(葉外、葉縁部、巣から離れた葉面上)に、捕食に参加した1個体が担いで投棄する。H.moriiは巣をはなれて葉内を単独で歩くワンダ-リングを行なうことがある。雌1、ニンフと幼虫25の巣では、雌個体が巣をはなれ葉表・裏を36分間かけて一巡して巣にもどった。次に雌3,ニンフ・幼虫22の巣では、雌1個体が日中から夜に立て続け20分間、51分間、38分間のワンダ-リングを行なった。ワンダ-リング中に他巣の雌を実験的に接触させても干渉しないことや、巣内に群居する個体は、他の巣からの個体を排撃することなく自分の巣内に受入れることなどから、ワンダ-リングは分散前の先駆的な行動と考えられた。従従供試したFRIM(マレ-シア森林研究所)のFicus葉から採集したツメダニ(Ficus系統)と、遠隔地のタケから採集したツメダニ(Bamloo系統)を用いてpermeability(浸透性)を実験した。両系統のツメダニ個体は、同系統間においても、他系統間においても、他の巣からの侵入(intruder)と巣内への受入れ(receiver)を行なった。このことから、これらグル-プメンバ-相互の親近性は、種の社会性の指標と見られている凝集性cohesivenessを示したことになる。巣を構成するメンバ-にとって、捕食・防衛・増殖上有利かもしれない。
著者
Ryosuke Taniguchi Juno Deguchi Takuya Hashimoto Osamu Sato
出版者
The Editorial Committee of Annals of Vascular Diseases
雑誌
Annals of Vascular Diseases (ISSN:1881641X)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.oa.18-00167, (Released:2019-05-08)
参考文献数
25
被引用文献数
13

Objective: Open revascularization of the lower extremity in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) does not guarantee limb salvage. Due to the high prevalence of frailty among these patients, we hypothesized that sarcopenia negatively affects limb prognosis.Methods: Seventy-five CLTI patients who underwent open revascularization between 2011 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. The lumbar psoas index, which is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscles to the patients’ height squared, was used as a surrogate marker for sarcopenia. Male and female patients were stratified separately according to lumbar psoas index values. The lower two-thirds of the population for each sex were defined as the sarcopenia group, with the higher third defined as the non-sarcopenia group.Results: Comorbidities and ambulatory status did not differ between the sarcopenia (n=50) and non-sarcopenia (n=25) groups. The sarcopenia group had significantly lower overall survival rates than the non-sarcopenia group (60% vs 87% at 3 years, P<0.05). Moreover, the limb salvage rates were significantly lower in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group (73% vs 100% at 2 years, P<0.05).Conclusion: Sarcopenia, as measured by the lumbar psoas index, may predict poor limb prognosis in CLTI patients undergoing open revascularization.
著者
宗野 文俊 佐藤 亮平
出版者
北海道大学大学院教育学研究院
雑誌
北海道大学大学院教育学研究院紀要 (ISSN:18821669)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.120, pp.137-158, 2014-06-30

本稿では,戦後の学習指導要領における「ゴール型」ゲームの戦術的内容を示すと考えられる「集団的技能」に着目し,戦術的課題の取り扱いの変遷について検討した。その結果,ボールゲーム指導では一貫して「ゲーム」の質を向上させることが目指されてきており,その中で「集団的技能」は,ボール操作や身体操作の技能である「個人的技能」と「ゲーム」を結びつける媒介項として位置づけられ,この「集団的技能」の位置づけが現行学習指導要領における「ボールを持たないときの動き」として踏襲されていることが明らかになった。そして,戦術的要素である「集団的技能」を容易で単純なものから複雑で難解なものへと線形的に積み上げて全体の「ゲーム」に発展させるように企図されてきたものであるため,「ゲーム」そのものの変容をとらえる観点を見出す必要性があることが示唆された。

5 0 0 0 OA 岐阜県公報

出版者
岐阜県
巻号頁・発行日
vol.平成15年3月25日, 2003-03-25
著者
YASUKO WATANABE SACHIKO SHIBATA BONRO KOBAYASHI
出版者
The Japan Endocrine Society
雑誌
Endocrinologia Japonica (ISSN:00137219)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, no.1, pp.133-147, 1969 (Released:2011-01-25)
参考文献数
33

dependence of the magnitude of serotonin creatinine sulfate-induced swelling upon the inducer concentration was evident down to 5×10-6M. Possibility of heavy metal contamination was excluded by the use of ash obtained after combustion of the serotonin preparation employed. Serotonin hydrochloride prepared by a novel Sephadex G-10 column method was shown to induce mitochondrial swelling. Sulfate or creatinine sulfate enhanced the swelling activity of serotonin. The time-course of serotonin-induced swelling simulated that of the swelling induced by NAD-linked substrate of mitochondrial oxidation. On a molar basis, serotonin was found to be more active than the NAD-linked substrates or some of the related indole derivatives. NAD-linked substrates interacted synergistically, and Ca2+ interacted additively with serotonin in the induction of swelling. Succinate markedly counteracted the serotonin effect. Serotonin-induced swelling was reversed by ATP, without an requirement of extraneous Mg2+. It was prevented by serum albumin, rotenone, amytal, antimycin A, dinitrophenol, and cyanide, but could not be prevented by a monoamine oxidase inhibitor β-isopropylphenylhydrazine. It differed from ascorbate-induced lysis in both the time course and magnitude. Ascorbate-induced mitochondrial lysis was prevented by serotonin. Dependence of serotonin-induced swelling on the NAD-branch of the respiratory chain was proposed and possible mechanism of the action was discussed.
著者
劉 罡 LIU Gang
出版者
名古屋大学大学院人文学研究科図書・論集委員会
雑誌
名古屋大学人文学フォーラム (ISSN:24332321)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, pp.237-250, 2019-03-31

After World War II, about 6.6 million former Imperial Japanese soldiers and civilians were sent home by Allied forces. Especially, there were about 1 million Japanese civilians who returned from Manchuria (known as northeastern part of China) between May and October in 1946. Japanese repatriates from Manchuria were always described as war victims in postwar Japan. This article explores the making of victim discourse about them, and the possibility to overcome victim discourse. The article consists of four sections. First, previous studies at literature, history and sociology are summarized to point out that there are diverse discourse about Japanese repatriates from Manchuria. And I determine that victim discourse is the main thinking in postwar Japan. Second, from politics and media, how victim discourse about repatriates from Manchuria was constructed by aid and relief is demonstrated. In order to support my argument, I have quoted some official documents and newspaper articles which have been always describing repatriates as needy people, and thus built up the presentation that these repatriates have been rescued. As far as I am concerned, repatriates were alienated from post-war society. Also, I have focused on the national identity in postwar Japan to figure out what the relationship between national identity and victim discourse is for the repatriates from Manchuria. In this section, I have concluded that victim discourse has been integrated into national identity, and the integrating process also played an important role in restricting the narratives of repatriates. Forth, I tried to find the possibility of overcoming victim discourse. I have chosen ABE Kōbō who is called stateless novelist and one of his famous novels--- 《Beasts Head for Home》 (『Kemonotachi wa kokkyō o mezasu』). From this novel, we can see the differences of hierarchies between the metropole Japanese and their counterparts, also as Japanese, in colonies.In addition, for the victimhood of colonial, ABE resisted integrating it into national identity. In conclusion, I have summarized that the making of victim discourse about repatriation from Manchuria is not only for the purpose of national identity integration, but also constructed by repatriates themselves in postwar Japan. But during the process of constructing, there is also a resist which is a method to overcome and deconstruct it at the same time.
著者
横山 真 千葉 史 木口 裕史 亀井 宏行 阿児 雄之 宮前 知佐子 沖原 高志 小林 雅明 竹澤 一輝 早川 裕弌 ナワビ 矢麻 石井 友菜 川村 悠太 小林 和樹 根元 佑 谷川 遼
出版者
早稲田大学東アジア都城・シルクロード考古学研究所
巻号頁・発行日
pp.1-120, 2017-10-21

早稲田大学東アジア都城・シルクロード考古学研究所 調査研究報告 第4冊第1部墳丘の非破壊調査研究―埼玉県東松山市野本将軍塚古墳の三次元測量・GPR 調査―第2部横穴式石室の非破壊調査研究第3部 横穴墓の非破壊調査研究

5 0 0 0 IR 周室東遷考

著者
吉本道雅
雑誌
東洋学報 / The Toyo Gakuho
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.3, pp.253-276, 1990-03

This article is an attempt to reconstruct the concrete political process of the eastward-transfer era, bringing the trend of the Chou dynasty into focus, as much as possible, and to make clear the political circumstances of the Central Plain at that time. These circumstances conditioned the Hsiao-pa 小伯, or the "minor hegemony", of the Ch'i 斉 state, that preconditioned the hegemony of Huan-Kung 桓公 of the Ch'i state.The Zheng-yü 鄭語 of the Kuo-yü 国語 describes the ruin of Yu-wang 幽王 of the Chou dynasty, that caused the eastward-transfer. The Chou-pen-chi 周本紀 of the Shih-chi 史記 relies heavily on the Zheng-yü, but according to the Ku-pen Chu-shu-chi-nien 古本竹書紀年, the description of the contention between P'ing-wang 平王 of the Chou dynasty and the Jung 戎 nations and of the eastward-transfer to Lu-yang 洛陽 of 770 B. C. caused by this conflict is unreliable. Concerning the date when Lu-yang was made the capital the Shih-chi doesn't offer adequate information perhaps because the editor lacked sufficient original material. According to the Tso-chuan 左伝 commentary, it occurred after 738 B. C. So the description about these incidents of the Ch'in-pen-chi 秦本紀 and of the Wei-shih-chiah 衛世家 just as in the case of the Chou-pen-chi, are considered to have been secondarily created. The first stage of the eastward-transfer era was the time of the installation of P'ing-wang by the states of Shen 申, Lu魯and others in the Shen state. At that time, Huan-kung 桓公 of the Zheng 鄭 state conquered the area about Lu-yang, and proved himself independent of P'ing-wang and Hsieh-wang 携王. But Wu-kung武公 who succeeded Huan-kung submitted to P'ing-wang, and then, Wen-hou 文侯 of the Chin 晋 state supported P'ing-wang, and ruined Hsieh-wang. The second stage of the eastward-transfer era was the time of the loyalty of the Chin and Zheng states to the Chou dynasty. After the death of Wen-hou, civil war broke out in the Chin state. The Zheng state overwhelmed the states, namely, Shen, Lu and others, that installed P'ing-wang during the first stage, and transferred the control of the area about Lu-yang to P'ing-wang, and had him make Lu-yang the capital of the Chou dynasty. The third stage of the eastward-transfer era was the time of Zheng's monopoly of the influences to the Chou dynasty because of the civil war of the Chin state.From the eastward-transfer era to the early Spring and Autumn period, the major states expanded their territories. They attempted to bring the surrounding areas under their domination, and to subdue the minor states about them. The expansion of the major states made their conflict with each other constant, and made their control of the Kuo-jen 国人 unstable. This situation prompted drafting various treaties that ultimately aimed to settle these contentions. The "minor hegemony" of the Ch'i state was the expression of the integration of such treaties.