著者

今村 健一郎

出版者

日本イギリス哲学会

雑誌

イギリス哲学研究 (ISSN:03877450)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, pp.19-33, 2010-03-20 (Released:2018-03-30)

参考文献数

16

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In his discussion of personal identity, Locke uses “consciousness” in three ways. “Consciousness” means “self-consciousness,” “memory” and “the appropriation of past thoughts and actions.” This multiple meaning of “consciousness” makes it difficult to get the clear understanding of his consciousness theory of personal identity. This paper is an attempt to show; firstly, that the principal meaning of “consciousness” is “self-consciousness” in that it does not only accompanies present perceptions but also constitutes memory; secondly, that it is the consciousness as memory that what Locke says appropriates past actions. Through this attempt, it becomes possible to distinguish the central and theoretical part from the marginal and practical part in Lockeʼs theory of personal identity.

著者

山口 まり子

出版者

The Philosophical Association of Japan

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

no.53, pp.227-236,241, 2002

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Discussions about fictional names provide us an interesting perspective when we try to make clear important notions in the philosophy of language, such as sense and reference, because, so far, few theories have been successful in treating fictional names.<BR>In this paper, I first point out that fictional names raise problems for two influential views in the philosophy of language, namely, Mill's view that proper names do not have meaning but only refer to their object, and Frege's view that proper names do have both reference and meaning(or sense). And then we shall examine three options to overcome the difficulties, namely, the predicate view, Walton-Evans' make-believe theory, and Thomasson's theory of dependent abstracta. Each view has its own merit and demerit when sentences/statements containing fictional names are divided into two types: internal and external. Internal statements express what is the case in a story(say, 'Sherlock Holmes is a famous detective)and external statements express what is the case from the real-world point of view(say, 'Sherlock Holmes is created by Conan Doyle'). I would like to propose that the make-believe theory would be the best option for internal statements and Thomasson's view for external statements. But what about statements that are both internal and external at the same time, such as 'Sherlock Holmes is a detective created by Conan Doyle'? This problem is discussed in§4 and one option is proposed there.

著者

伊藤 幸郎

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.95-108, 2002-11-10 (Released:2018-02-01)

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EBM (Evidence-based Medicine) has been prevailed in the medical world since the last decade of the 20th century. It was originally called Clinical Epidemiology. The advocates of EBM declared that it brought about a paradigm shift into clinical medicine. As compared to biomedicine, which gives pathophysiological explanations of clinical phenomena, the methodology of EBM is phenomenological and probabilistic, while that of biomedicine is ontological and deterministic. However, these two are inseparable sides of scientific medicine. EBM has several advantages. Because it is a kind of inductive inference, the results obtained by using EBM can be shown as clear evidence to everyone. In policy making EBM contributes to establishing the standards of healthcare. Through EBM we can see that all the laws of medicine are only probabilistic and medical judgments are always falliable. Science is neutral in regard to the system of human values. Therefore, EBM is a new tool which we can employ to develop our good values.

著者

中村 大介

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.2, pp.2_67-2_79, 2010 (Released:2011-04-01)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper aims to interpret Jean Cavaillès' philosophical position proposed in his early works as a reconstruction of Kant's epistemology. Kant's mathematical epistemology consists of three principal components: (a) the pure concept of the understanding, (b) intellectual and sensible schemata produced by the imagination, and (c) sensible intuition. First, as a result of Gödel's incompleteness theorems, Cavailles extends (c) to cover intellectual intuition. Then, under the influence of Hilbert's conceptions of sign, he replaces (b) with the concept of sign as intellectual-sensible mixture, and (a) with certain mathematical concept. Finally, Cavaillès uses this transcendental structure to propose a new idea about the problem of the foundations of mathematics.

著者

今里 悟之

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.6, pp.508-532, 2007 (Released:2018-01-06)

参考文献数

244

被引用文献数

2 1

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本稿では,日本と英語圏における人文主義(人間中心主義)地理学の歴史を,批判的に再検討した。日本での事例研究は,主に村落地理学と歴史地理学で展開され,国内で伝統的に培われてきた独自の人文主義的視点も保持されていた。しかしながら,実証科学としての人文主義地理学の核心は,国内外においてしばしば誤解されてきた。そのため著者は,トゥアン,レルフ,レイそれぞれの元来のアプローチ,およびフッサールとシュッツの現象学に立ち戻って,基本的な概念と視点を再考し,人文主義地理学をより厳密に再定義した。すなわち,人間の実存空間やその表象にみる共同主観的秩序への注目,人間の理性と感性における普遍性の探究,内部の人間の視点に立った人文学的資料や現場調査資料の利用,人間科学の方法論の哲学的反省である。この再定義からみた場合,日本の地理学においても,集落空間の民俗分類の記号論,計量的なテクスト分析,空間や景観に対する認識論の再検討,「人間」対「自然」という西洋流二元論の根本的再考といった形で,方法論上の挑戦が積み重ねられてきたといえる。

著者

寄川 条路

出版者

明治学院大学教養教育センター

雑誌

カルチュール : 明治学院大学教養教育センター紀要 : The MGU journal of liberal arts studies (ISSN:18818099)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.31-54, 2015

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【論文/Articles】

著者

呉羽 真

出版者

京都大学哲学論叢刊行会

雑誌

哲学論叢 (ISSN:0914143X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.別冊, pp.S85-S96, 2010

著者

アダム タカハシ

出版者

東洋大学文学部哲学研究室

雑誌

白山哲学 : 東洋大学文学部紀要 哲学科篇 = HAKUSAN-TETSUGAKU (ISSN:03851087)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, pp.85-101, 2022-03

著者

杉岡 良彦

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.15-25, 2011-09-30 (Released:2018-02-01)

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The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between scientific research and spirituality. Thus far, many epidemiological researchers have studied the positive effects of spirituality on depression. Borg et al. showed a negative association between inter-individual variability of serotonin 5-HT_<1A> receptor binding potential and spiritual acceptance, whereas Karlson et al. reported no association between them. Although the 5-HT_<1A> receptor plays a crucial role in major depression, neither of these studies showed a positive association between the 5-HT_<1A> receptor binding potential and spiritual acceptance. Thus, both these studies deny the possibility that the 5-HT_<1A> receptor may be a confounding factor connecting spirituality and depression. Generally, there are two different negative attitudes to such researches: some think that spirituality is a mystical and non-scientific concept, which is inappropriate for medical research, while others believe that the transcendent(i.e., God) cannot be examined by scientific methods. Our stance depends on neither of these attitudes, but if spirituality does in fact influence our health, we should confirm whether biological research on spirituality is possible because spiritual experiences have a close association with our brain. This viewpoint may resonate with the theological perspective of imago Dei, wherein the human being as a whole is believed to be the bearer of the divine image in a spiritual as well as in a physical dimension. The effects of spirituality on health are open to scientific research. The purpose of introducing the concept of spirituality to medical science is to reject the reductionist view of human beings and to consider each individual as a whole.

著者

原 健一

出版者

日本哲学会

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2020, no.71, pp.208-219, 2020-04-01 (Released:2020-05-12)

参考文献数

7

著者

黒崎 宏

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.35-48, 1983-11-26 (Released:2009-05-29)

著者

馬場 智一

出版者

日本哲学会

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2012, no.63, pp.233-248_L13, 2012 (Released:2012-10-16)

参考文献数

18

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Levinas est un philosophe d'inspiration juive. Il est connu de tous que la source principale du judaïsme dans son oeuvre est le Talmud. Pourtant, à faire du Talmud l'unique référence des recherches d' inspiration juive de Levinas, on néglige le rôle important qu'a joué Maïmonide—le plus grand philosophe juif de la période médiévale—dans la formation de sa première philosophie. La présence du «docteur de la Synagogue» dans l'un des écrits des années 30 du jeune Levinas s' explique elle-même par la relation intellectuelle féconde qu' il a entretenue avec son collègue Jacob Gordin. L'influence de ce dernier sur sa pensée apparaît évidente lorsque l'on compare, chez ces deux philosophes, les arguments qui font référence à leur lecture de Maïmonide: l'actualité de la pensée de Maïmonide au temps de la crise en Europe ou la singularité assez forte de sa pensée éthique au sein de l'aristotélisme médiéval par exemple. En outre, le rapport au Dieu qui individualise chaque homme, que Gordin a dégagé du Guide des égarés, se transforme en rapport d'autrui à l'homme chez Levinas. Par ailleurs, sur ce plan éthique où l'on ne recourt jamais à la méthode de l'analogia entis, Gordin, lui, stimulé par le travail d'Etienne Gilson sur la «philosophie chretienne», semble avoir révé de la possibilité d'une «philosophie juive». L'élan de renouveau de cette philosophie fut donc transmis par Gordin à Levinas et constitua, il nous semble, le premier moteur de sa critique de la «philosophie occidentale» dont le développement atteindra son apogée dans Totalité et infini.

著者

森 邦昭

出版者

The Japanese Society for the Philosophy of Education

雑誌

教育哲学研究 (ISSN:03873153)

巻号頁・発行日

no.67, pp.115-120, 1993

著者

カッシラア 著

出版者

培風館

巻号頁・発行日

vol.第1 言語, 1941

著者

竹内 泉

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.1-13, 2012 (Released:2016-01-15)

参考文献数

7

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This paper discusses a method to apply the science of logic to prtobability. First this paper discusses the relations between probability and sciences. Next, this paper forcuses mathematics which is similar to the science of logic, and compares the methods to apply them to sciences. Lastly, this paper shows the formalisation and the analisys of probability in a problem of cryptography by the science of logic.

著者

馬込健之助 訳

出版者

南北書院

巻号頁・発行日

1932

著者

池田 誠

出版者

日本イギリス哲学会

雑誌

イギリス哲学研究 (ISSN:03877450)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.75-89, 2009-03-20 (Released:2018-03-30)

参考文献数

37

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In his Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Rawls investigates J.S. Mill's moral philosophy. In order to secure liberty and equality, Mill's utilitarianism requires secondary principles of society including the principle of liberty. Rawls argues that they have substantially the same content as the principles of justice and the idea of public reason in Rawls's “justice as fairness.” But if so, why does he have to criticize utilitarianism? I address the question by mentioning Rawls's distinction between distributive and allocative justice. He seems to think that utilitarians tend to consider social justice as the latter and ignore the former, although Mill does not.

著者

石木 新

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.57-69, 1976-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

23

著者

河本 英夫

出版者

東洋大学文学部哲学研究室

雑誌

白山哲学 : 東洋大学文学部紀要 哲学科篇 = HAKUSAN-TETSUGAKU (ISSN:03851087)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, pp.21-42, 2022-03

著者

野村 恭史

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.61-75, 2004-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

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One of alleged problems of Wittgenstein's Tractatus logico-philosophicus (TLP) is that we could give no example of its basic concepts such as elementary propositions, names, states of affairs, simple objects, and so on. The problem is so serious, because it means that the whole theoretical system of TLP could have no applicability. Noya, in his recent book on TLP, proposes to regard ordinary objects familiar to us in our daily life, such as persons, dogs, mountains, rock bands, and so on, as examples of simple objects of TLP. But, I think, we cannot interpret TLP in the way his proposal suggests. In this paper I shall show there is no sense in which we can say ordinary objects are simple objects of TLP. There are two main reasons. One concerns TLP's requirement of logical independency of elementary propositions, and the other concerns TLP's requirement that simple objects should exist independently of what is the case.