著者

小原国芳 編

出版者

児童百科大辞典刊行会

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13 (日本地理 2), 1935

著者

田中 優子 楠見 孝

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.56-68, 2012 (Released:2013-12-27)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the type of goals and ability on critical thinking performance. Seventy Three students at a nursing school evaluated 30 items of enthymematic reasoning that is reasoning based on enthymeme under two kinds of goals (“to make correct judgments” and “to enjoy things”). Enthymeme, in this study, was defined as a modus ponens syllogism without an unstated premise, so that the enthymeme was logically invalid. We also manipulated the degree of believability of the unstated premise and classified the 30 items of enthymematic reasoning into four categories based on the degree of believability. Critical thinking ability was measured by using the inference subscale of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. The results showed that the logically invalid enthymematic reasoning was more accepted under the goal of enjoying things. Students less accepted the enthymematic reasoning with a less believable implicit assumption. Although students tend to accept the enthymematic reasoning with a relatively believable assumption, the students who had high critical thinking ability more refused to accept the enthymematic reasoning under the goal of making correct judgments in comparison with the students who had low critical thinking ability. We conclude that (1) critical thinking performance varies with goals and beliefs in implicit assumption within subjects; (2) high score in critical thinking ability test does not necessarily guarantee high performance; and (3) critical thinking ability affects performance interacting with goals.

著者

高牧 實

出版者

大垣女子短期大学

雑誌

大垣女子短期大学研究紀要 (ISSN:02863812)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.77-92, 1970-02-20

著者

大橋 昭一

出版者

和歌山大学

雑誌

経済理論 (ISSN:04516222)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.371, pp.109-129, 2013-03

著者

村田 昭治

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

三田商学研究 (ISSN:0544571X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.79-98, 1959-04-25

---

This article aims to contribute to the clarification of the nature of the retail market by tracing the changes and developments of retail price determination which were incorporated in the economic theories of A. Smith, J. S. Mill, E. Cairnes, H. Sidgwick and A. Marshall. Chapter I of the article covers the price theory held by A. Smith in his work, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations." Smith asserted that perfect competition did prevail even in the retail market and that prices would exactly cover the costs of production. Thus, the theory due to the assumption of perfect competition, as Smith thought, can neglect the problems which arise in the proper field of commerce. Nevertheless, the study of his thought is rewarding from the standpoint of an economic theory of commerce. Chapter II deals with the theories of price determination in the retail market and the wholesale market, which were mentioned by J. S. Mill. Mill pointed out the universal principle that there could not be two prices for the same goods in the same market. And an example of the competitive market was the wholesale market. On the other hand, in retail markets, there were many prices in different shops or even in the same shop. Mill's theory was established upon the thesis that retail price was determined by "Habit" and "Custom" rather than competition. Thus, Mill observed that ignorance, carelessness, indolence and some other causes made retail prices less regular. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the markets were removed from conditions of perfect competition, and then dissatisfactions with competition as an explanation of retail price were evidenced in several works. In chapters III and IV, I shall refer to the opinions of E. Cairnes and H. Sidgwick who had a direct influence upon J. S. Mill and went further than Mill in the discussion of retail price determination. Cairnes, the last important English Economist to write in the classical tradition, did break away somewhat Smith's concept of competition in retail trade. As above mentioned, Cairnes's discussion of the difference between competition in retail and wholesale markets adds further explanation to Mill's observation. Namely, retail dealing's rest upon "a moral basis" rather than upon an economic basis. Fluctuations, says Cairnes, in prices are less in retail market than in the wholesale market, and so moral factors account for this. Sidgwick discussed retail prices under the heading of "Monopoly and Combinations." And he concluded that retail prices were above the average rate in open competition. According to Sidgwick, the large gains of retail store were explained by the sale of "Goodwill" or "Connexion." Goodwill is the advantage which an old established business has over a new business at its first start. Lastly, I shall try to make an additional remark on Marshall's explanation of retail price determination. Marshall, too, regarded retail prices as exceptional cases to the rules which determined other prices. This means that a retail dealer, who has established a good connection, has always had a partial and limited local monopoly. So he can set prices arbitrarily to an extent that is impossible in the case of middlemen or ordinary producers. This is because the private consumer is not a good judge of quality and for discovering the cheapest market. Thus, in Marshall's opinion. "The retailer is apt to adapt his charges not to the cost of the services rendered, but to what the customer will bear : he is apt to charge highly in those branches of his business in which his clientele cannot form a good judgement for themselves or are unlikely to truble themselves to buy in the cheapest market. In the nineteenth century, there came the great change and development in the commercial structures in England. This was reflected in a growing dissatisfaction with perfect competition as an explanation of retail prices by the Classical School Economists and Neo-Classical Economists. This is perhaps the result of their realizing the nature of commerce itself, and those economists have contributed much for the establishment and development of a systematic theory of commerce by using the new analytic tools of the theories of Imperfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition. * A. Marshall, "Retail Prices, in Memorials of A. Marshall," ed. By A. C. Pigou, 1925, p. 353.

著者

translated with introd. and notes by John Meskil

出版者

Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the Univ. of Arizona Press

巻号頁・発行日

1965

著者

上田 浩 緒方 広明 山田 恒夫

出版者

電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.434, pp.51-57, 2020-03-02

著者

林 曦中 Lin Xi Zhong

出版者

筑波大学比較民俗研究会

雑誌

比較民俗研究 : for Asian folklore studies (ISSN:09157468)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.22-74, 1990-03

著者

眞木 吉信

出版者

一般社団法人 日本老年歯科医学会

雑誌

老年歯科医学 (ISSN:09143866)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.4-7, 2020-06-30 (Released:2020-07-23)

参考文献数

8

著者

川合貞一 著

出版者

慶応義塾出版局

巻号頁・発行日

1910

著者

磯部 善雄

出版者

一般社団法人 映像情報メディア学会

雑誌

テレビジョン (ISSN:18849644)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.6, pp.289-291, 1958-06-01 (Released:2011-03-14)

著者

宮下 豊

出版者

新潟国際情報大学情報文化学部

雑誌

新潟国際情報大学情報文化学部紀要 (ISSN:1343490X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.127-139, 2009-03-30

著者

塚本 昌義 今田 栄治 星野 豊 岡田 昇 新垣 雅進 水野 晃一

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. OFT, 光ファイバ応用技術 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.177, pp.39-44, 2010-08-19

参考文献数

3

---

ケーブル外被にクマゼミ耐性を付与した光ドロップケーブルを開発することを目的として,異なる外被材料で被覆した複数種の光ドロップケーブルに対してクマゼミ産卵実験を実施した結果,引張強度・デュロメータD硬度・引張弾性率が大きい材料ほど,クマゼミが産卵管を突き刺しても損傷しにくいことが明らかになった.この結果に基づいて,新たに通常(傾斜燃焼特性)タイプ,高難燃(垂直燃焼特性)タイプのクマゼミ対策樹脂を設計し,それぞれの樹脂を用いた1心・2心,4心・8心光ドロップケーブルを開発した.本稿では,クマゼミ産卵実験,クマゼミ耐性樹脂とその高難燃化技術,その材料を用いた光ドロップケーブルについて報告する.

著者

岡 俊孝

出版者

関西学院大学

雑誌

法と政治 (ISSN:02880709)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.4, pp.609-654, 1987-12-20

---

This is the third and last part of the author's paper on the Mediterranean crisis between Italy and Great Britain just prior to the outbreak of Mussolini's aggression of the Ethiopian Empire in the autumn of 1935. In the sixth chapter, entitled 'The Brink and Escape from Collision', the author describes, first, how the conflict escalated in mid-September after Foreign Minister Hoare made a speech before the League Assembly and the British naval power was reinforced in the Mediterranean, and then, how the Anglo-Italian dispute de-escalated at a fairly rapid rate in the end of September. In the seventh chapter, the author describes the structure of the Mediterranean crisis at its final stage as a game of 'chicken' for both sides, and explains why the participants of this crisis could reach a solution, temporary though it was, employing bargaining strategies through conciliatory influence efforts by each. The author's paper consists of following chapters : I. Introduction. II. Fascist Italy's Designs for the Ethiopian Conquest. III. Mussolini's Negotiations with Great Britain and France. IV. Change of Italy's Image of Great Britain-from Confusion to Confrontation. V. Anglo-Italian Tensions and Mussolini's Vacillations. VI. The Brink and Escape from Collision. VII. The Structure of the Mediterranean Crisis-A Chicken Game and Bargaining. VIII. Conclusion.

著者

岡 俊孝

出版者

関西学院大学

雑誌

法と政治 (ISSN:02880709)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.279-315, 1986-06-30

---

The first three chapters of this study have been printed in the last issue of this journal, in which the author made it appear that since the spring of 1932 the Fascist Italy's designs for the Ethiopian conquest had gradually found a shape and that in the fall of 1934 Mussolini and his Ministries of Colony and Foreign Affairs as well as the Military Services had assumed that they would open war against Ethiopia within two years or so. He also showed that the leadership of the Italian government had regarded it as of primary importance for its foreign policy to obtain the British and French consent before the conquest. In the third chapter, he traced the development of Mussolini's negotiations with Great Britain and France in the first half of 1935 and found that Fascist Italy had hardly been able to obtain the British agreement. In the fourth and fifth chapters, the author examines the way in which Italy's image of Great Britain was confused through the summer of 1935 and how and why the relations between the two powers were growing more strained. The author's paper consists of following chapters : I. Introduction. II. Fascist Italy's Designs for the Ethiopian Conquest. III. Mussolini's Negotiations with Great Britain and France. IV. Change of Italy's Image of Great Britain-from Confusion to Confrontation. V. Anglo-Italian Tensions and Mussolini's Vacillasion. VI. The Brink and Escape from Collision. VII. The Structure of the Mediterranean Crisis-A Chicken Game. VIII. Conclusion.

著者

岡 俊孝

出版者

関西学院大学

雑誌

法と政治 (ISSN:02880709)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-34, 1986-03-20

---

Since the unification of the Italian Peninsula, friendly relations with Great Britain had been one of the basic principles of the modern Italian foreign policy. In the Fascist era, this principle remained a pivot of Italy's foreign policy until the Ethiopian crisis of 1935. Although it had been no secret for many months that Benito Mussolini was preparing the conquest of Ethiopia, Great Britain did not venture to prevent the disaster until the summer of 1935 when she finally decided to reinforce the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean by sending a great number of vessels of her Home fleet thereto. This British decision and Mussolini's reaction to it threatened the longtime good relations between Italy and Great Britain. This paper proposes to examine the nature of this Mediterranean crisis between these two powers, both of which had vital interests in this region. In particular, this study is a reexamination of Fascist Italy's motivations, purposes, and tactics in this crisis as well as the British 'appeasement' policy toward Italy on the eve of the conquest of Ethiopia. The author's paper consists of following sections : I. Introduction. II. Fascist Italy's Designs for the Ethiopian Conquest. III. Mussolini's Negotiations with Great Britain and France. IV. Change of Italy's Image of Great Britain-from Confusion to Confrontation. V. Anglo-Italian Tension and Mussolini's Vacillation. VI. The Brink and Escape from Collision. VII. The Structure of the Mediterranean Crisis-A Chicken Game. VIII. Conclusion. The first three chapters of this study are in this issue; and the latter part will appear in the next issue of this Journal.

著者

酒井昇造 速記

出版者

金泉堂

巻号頁・発行日

1889

著者

大谷 奨

出版者

筑波大学

雑誌

筑波フォーラム (ISSN:03851850)

巻号頁・発行日

no.80, pp.69, 2008-11

著者

西井 美穂

出版者

日本宗教学会

雑誌

宗教研究 (ISSN:03873293)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.1129-1130, 2013-03-30

著者

加来 浩

出版者

弘前大学

雑誌

弘前大学教育学部紀要 (ISSN:04391713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, pp.39-48, 2003-10

---

ボヘミア・モラヴイア地方(現チェコ共和国)では,中世以来チェコ人とドイツ人が共存していたが,ハブスブルク家がボヘミア王権を掌握して以来, ドイツ人が支配民族としてチェコ人の上に君臨してきた。1867年のアウスグライヒ以後のオーストリアの民族政策はリベラルだったが, ドイツ人・チェコ人双方のナショナリストを満足させることはできず, ドイツ人とチェコ人の激しい言語戦争はオーストリアの議会政治を麻痔させた。第一次世界大戦の結果,ハブスブルク多民族帝国は解体し,チェコ人は独立を達成した。しかし新生チェコスロヴァキア国家に300万人以上のドイツ人が,その意志に反して編入されたことは,大きな問題を生んだ。