著者

菅原 徹 David G. CORK

出版者

The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.5, pp.466-473, 1997-05-01 (Released:2009-11-16)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

3 4

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Organic synthetic chemistry utilises scientific technology from various fields but compared to the great advances seen in the automation of analytical instruments over the last 20 years, the synthesis of organic compounds has been relatively slow to move from a largely manual process. Automation of synthesis is not only important for increasing efficiency, precision and safety but also decreasing labor and exploring new synthetic methodologies. In this review of automated synthesis apparatus we broadly divide them into two categories;those using robotic transfer of a reagent, reactant, product or vessel, and others that only use flow-lines for transfers between fixed reactors. These categories are then sub-divided into systems and workstations according to the extent of the operations and functions. We highlight some of the representative past and present automated synthesis apparatus and look at what the future may hold in the way of miniaturized and high-throughput automated synthesis.

著者

Masaki Kodaira Hiroaki Miyata Yohei Numasawa Ikuko Ueda Yuichiro Maekawa Koichiro Sueyoshi Shiro Ishikawa Takahiro Ohki Kouji Negishi Keiichi Fukuda Shun Kohsaka

出版者

日本循環器学会

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-16-0032, (Released:2016-05-27)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

2 13

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Background:The “smoker’s paradox” is an otherwise unexplained phenomenon in which the mortality of smokers after acute myocardial infarction is reduced, contrary to expectations. It has been suggested that an association with antiplatelet agents exists, but the true mechanism remains largely unidentified.Methods and Results:The analysis included 6,195 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome, registered in the Japanese multicenter PCI registry. Smokers were significantly younger and had less comorbidity than non-smokers. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rate, general complication rate, and bleeding complication rate were lower in smokers than in non-smokers. After adjustment, the trend persisted and smoking was not associated with overall mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61–1.34; P=0.62), and was associated with lower overall (P=0.032) and bleeding complication events (P=0.040). Clopidogrel effectively reduced the occurrence of in-hospital complications and major adverse cardiac events in smokers compared with non-smokers (OR, 0.55; 95% CI: 0.53–0.98 vs. OR, 1.20; 95% CI: 0.87–1.67; and OR, 0.37; 95% CI: 0.20–0.70 vs. OR, 1.48; 95% CI: 0.90–2.43, respectively).Conclusions:The smoker’s paradox was largely explained by confounding factors related to the lower risk profile of smokers, and they benefited from a positive modification of the efficacy of clopidogrel.

著者

柳田 陽子

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1968, no.35, pp.91-110, 1968-03-25 (Released:2010-09-01)

参考文献数

92

著者

瀬戸山 雄介 福田 隆一 山下 真司 中畑 敏秀 宮崎 麻理子 福田 秀文 了徳寺 孝文 工藤 貴裕 永濱 智美

出版者

九州理学療法士・作業療法士合同学会

雑誌

九州理学療法士・作業療法士合同学会誌 第29回九州理学療法士・作業療法士合同学会 (ISSN:09152032)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.166, 2007 (Released:2008-02-01)

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【はじめに】 大腿骨頚部骨折術後において、浮腫が関節拘縮、感覚障害など二次的に機能障害を起こす要因となり、理学療法を進める上で問題となることが多い。そのアプローチとしてパンピングを用いる事は多いが、良好な結果を得られないことも経験する。そこで今回大腿静脈に通過障害があることを仮定し、その阻害因子と成りうる筋に対してアプローチを行い、若干の知見を得たのでここに報告する。【対象】 大腿骨頸部骨折術後3週以上経過しており明らかな心疾患、腎疾患がなく下腿に浮腫がみられるとした。大腿静脈通過障害にアプローチを行った群(以下アプローチ群)に関しては6名10脚、内訳は男性1名、女性5名、平均年齢85.6±7.8歳。 コントロール群は4名7脚、内訳は女性4名、平均年齢89.5±4.4歳であった。【方法】 アプローチ内容に関して、アプローチ群は、腸腰筋、恥骨筋、内転筋を中心に内転筋管周囲筋及び鼠径部周囲筋に対してストレッチ、マッサージ、ストレッチ、筋収縮の順に行った後、足趾及び足部パンピングを実施した。コントロール群は足趾及び足部パンピングのみ実施した。浮腫の評価は下腿周径(最大、最小)、足部周径(第一中足骨骨底と舟状骨を結ぶ周径)を測定。測定時間はアプローチ前の午前9時とアプローチ後の翌日午前9時とし、アプローチ実施時間に関しては午後2時とした。データ処理に関しては、両群における改善脚数の割合及び周径の改善率を算出した。改善率に関しては、対応のないt検定を用いてデータ処理を行った。【結果】 前日と比較して改善がみられた脚数の割合は、下腿最大周径においてアプローチ群では70%(0.5センチ~1.5センチ改善)であり、コントロール群では14%(0.5センチ~0.8センチ改善)であった。下腿最小周径において、0.5センチ以上改善した脚数の割合はアプローチ群で50%、コントロール群で0%であった。足部周径において、0.5センチ以上改善した脚数の割合は、アプローチ群で30%、コントロール群で14%であった。また下腿最大部周径におけるアプローチ群とコントロール群の改善率の比較において、有意差が認められた。(P<0.05)【考察】 アプローチを行った方が下腿浮腫は改善する傾向にあった。これは大腿静脈が内転筋管、大腿三角、血管裂孔を通過しており、周囲の筋(内転筋管周囲筋、鼠径部周囲筋)から圧迫を受け、循環障害を起こす可能性が示唆された。また内転筋管・鼠径部周囲筋に関しては、術後の外転筋不全による内転筋の代償や、長時間の臥床・座位による適応性短縮などにより機能不全を生じやすい。これに対して内転筋管・鼠径部周囲筋にアプローチを行うことで大腿静脈通過障害が改善したことが、下腿浮腫の改善につながったと考えられる。

著者

Mitsunori MATSUMAE Osamu SATO Akihiro HIRAYAMA Naokazu HAYASHI Ken TAKIZAWA Hideki ATSUMI Takatoshi SORIMACHI

出版者

社団法人 日本脳神経外科学会

雑誌

Neurologia medico-chirurgica (ISSN:04708105)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ra.2016-0020, (Released:2016-05-27)

参考文献数

310

被引用文献数

2 56

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. The functions of CSF include: (1) buoyancy of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; (2) volume adjustment in the cranial cavity; (3) nutrient transport; (4) protein or peptide transport; (5) brain volume regulation through osmoregulation; (6) buffering effect against external forces; (7) signal transduction; (8) drug transport; (9) immune system control; (10) elimination of metabolites and unnecessary substances; and finally (11) cooling of heat generated by neural activity. For CSF to fully mediate these functions, fluid-like movement in the ventricles and subarachnoid space is necessary. Furthermore, the relationship between the behaviors of CSF and interstitial fluid in the brain and spinal cord is important. In this review, we will present classical studies on CSF circulation from its discovery over 2,000 years ago, and will subsequently introduce functions that were recently discovered such as CSF production and absorption, water molecule movement in the interstitial space, exchange between interstitial fluid and CSF, and drainage of CSF and interstitial fluid into both the venous and the lymphatic systems. Finally, we will summarize future challenges in research. This review includes articles published up to February 2016.

著者

丸山 茂徳 熊澤 峰夫 川上 紳一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本地質学会

雑誌

地質学雑誌 (ISSN:00167630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.1, pp.1-3, 1994-01-15 (Released:2008-04-11)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

7 16

著者

昆 慶明 平田 岳史 小宮 剛 安間 了 丸山 茂徳

出版者

一般社団法人日本地球化学会

雑誌

日本地球化学会年会要旨集 2008年度日本地球化学会第55回年会講演要旨集

巻号頁・発行日

pp.300, 2008 (Released:2008-09-06)

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『生命』、『海』、『プレートテクトニクス』と並んで、『花崗岩質大陸地殻』の存在は地球を特徴付ける要素であり、その生成プロセスを明らかにすることは地球史を解明する上で非常に重要である。 本研究では、LA-MC-ICPMSを用いてタイタオ半島花崗岩から分離したジルコンの局所Hf同位体比測定を行った。その結果ジルコンの177Hf/176Hfは、現在沈み込む海洋地殻の値と誤差範囲で一致し、およそ0Maのモデル年代が得られた。このモデル年代は花崗岩マグマの原岩がマントルから分離した年代を反映することから、タイタオ半島花崗岩マグマの原岩は古いモデル年代を持つ下部地殻ではなく、沈み込む海洋地殻であることが確かめられた。

著者

丸山 茂徳 寺林 優 藤岡 換太郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, no.3, pp.319-349, 1989-06-25 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

143

被引用文献数

2 4

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A brief review of the study on ophiolite is given. 165 years have passed already since a first use of the term “ophiolite” by BRONGNIART (1813), but still have not yet obtained a broadly satisfying solution on its origin and emplacement. However, the rapidly increased data set during the last 15 years on both on-land ophiolite and oceanfloors clearly indicate the strong constraints on its origin and emplacement.The period during 1813-1927 was a time of description of ophiolite. BRONGNIART (1827) classified ophiolite into a group of igneous rocks, since then began a debate whether ophiolitic peridotite is igneous or the other in origin. SUESS (1909) had noticed that ophiolites appear characteristically in orogenic belts. It was STEINMANN (1927) who had first recognized a close association of peridotite, gabbro, diabase-spilite, and radiolarian chert suggesting a deep sea origin of ophiolite. The significance of his finding has never been looked back until the revolutional period of plate tectonics in the late' 60s.The second period of 1927-1949 was the time of debate on igeneous origin. BOWEN and his coworkers insisted igneous origin based on experimental petrology for the ultramafic rocks in general. But if so, an abnormally high temperature ca. 1, 900°C was necessary to explain the occurrence of dunite. BENSON (1926) pointed out that if BOWEN'S idea is true, the country rocks of ophiolite must be subjected a high-temperature contact metamorphism, but not in the field. HESS (1939) has given a new idea of serpentinite magma to solve the problem, but its possibility had completely been disproved by the experiment of MgO-SiO2-H2O by BOWEN and TUTTLE (1949).The third period (1949-1959) began by a break-through idea of DE ROEVER (1957), who speculated that ophiolitic peridotite is a piece of mantle material, which was brought into an orogen by a tectonic process.The fourth period (1959-1973) started by BRUNN (1959) who compared ophiolite with the rocks in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This period (1959-1973) was the time of plate tectonics. During the early' 60s the ocean-floor spreading theory was proposed by HESS and DIETZ, and both thought that the layer 3 is composed of serpentinite oreclogite. The year 1969 was a memorial year, when both MOORES and DAVIES distinguished cumulate peridotite from the underlying residue tectonite, the latter of which is a refractory mantle after the formation of oceanic crust by partial fusion of mantle peridotite. The best example of ophiolite was the Troodos massif in Cyprus, where the extensive-scale of parallel dike swarm develops indicating ocean-floor spreading. Thereafter an ophiolite boom has come out, and flood of papers appeared to regard ophiolite to be of mid-oceanic ridge in origin. However, several geologists have doubted mid-oceanic ridge origin by the facts of much thinner crust, more silicic volcanic composition, and frequent occurrence of phenocrystic augite in ophiolites. MIYASHIRO (1973) solved such problems, and concluded that Troodos was formed in an island-arc setting. This paper was very shocking for geologists who wanted to establish the basic framework of orogeny by plate tectonics in those days, but epoch-making on the study of ophiolite, and corresponding to the time, when the method of study has changed to be modernized and more interdisciplinary.

著者

佐々木 健

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生体医工学会

雑誌

BME (ISSN:09137556)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.6, pp.37-42, 2003-10-10 (Released:2011-09-21)

参考文献数

13

著者

前田 光雄

出版者

一般財団法人 日本消化器病学会

雑誌

日本消化器病学会雑誌 (ISSN:04466586)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.11, pp.1802-1812, 1978 (Released:2007-12-26)

参考文献数

55

被引用文献数

1

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胸部手術74例, 腹部手術56例およびその他の手術162例の計292例を対象として, 術後高アミラーゼ血症の性質を検討した. 292例中56例 (19.2%) に術後高アミラーゼ血症が認められ, その内膵型高アミラーゼ血症は6例 (10.7%) であり, 膵に直接侵襲を加えた症例に限られた. 一方, 唾液腺型高アミラーゼ血症は50例(89.3%) に認められ, 胸部手術および胸, 腹部以外の手術後の高アミラーゼ血症の全例がこれに属した.胸部手術, 特に体外循環による開心術例では, 術後高アミラーゼ血症の頻度も高く, 血清アミラーゼ活性上昇の程度が他の手術例に比して有意に高値を示し, 肺組織抽出液中に認められた唾液腺型アミラーゼの関与が強く示唆された. Cam/Ccr 比は膵型高アミラーゼ血症では術後有意に上昇したが, 唾液腺型高アミラーゼ血症では手術前後で有意な変化を示さなかつた.

著者

松田 時彦 水本 匡起 田力 正好 松浦 律子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第2輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.1, pp.35-39, 2014-06-16 (Released:2014-07-11)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

松田 時彦 萩谷 まり

出版者

日本活断層学会

雑誌

活断層研究 (ISSN:09181024)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1999, no.18, pp.65-115, 1999-03-31 (Released:2012-11-13)

著者

佐藤 比呂志 岡田 篤正 松田 時彦 隈元 崇

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.7, pp.plate3-plate5, 1992-12-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

松田 時彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本地質学会

雑誌

地質学雑誌 (ISSN:00167630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.746, pp.619-635, 1957-11-25 (Released:2008-04-11)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.6, pp.719a-719a, 1994-12-10 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

松田 時彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.6, pp.Plate1-Plate2, 1984-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

松田 時彦

出版者

日本活断層学会

雑誌

活断層研究 (ISSN:09181024)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, no.28, pp.15-22, 2008-03-31 (Released:2012-11-13)

参考文献数

95

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That faults are the origin of earthquakes was not an accepted theory in Japan for several decades prior to 1960, although the progressive accumulation of fault displacement in the Quaternary Time had been demonstrated in seismic areas. The Earthquake Prediction Program proposed by seismologists in 1962 stimulated geologists and geomorphologists to start active fault studies.During the 1960-1970's, the following results were made clear: 1) the distribution of active faults in onshore Japan, shown in 123 sheet maps of 1: 200,000 scale with detailed inventories by the Research Group for the Active Faults of Japan; 2) the extensive occurrence of strike-slip type active faults, almost none of which was known on the Japanese Islands at that time; 3) the existence of Quaternary crustal stress field with east-west compression in most of the Japanese Islands, recognized from the conjugate fault system of the central Japan; 4) the quantitative relation between earthquake magnitude and length of the surface trace of co-seismic fault for the onland Japanese earthquakes, which has been used in Japan to estimate magnitudes of future earthquakes; 5) the very long recurrence intervals of activity of a fault, generally longer than the order of 1000 years.In 1980-1990's, especially after the 1995-Kobe earthquake, excavation studies were performed extensively in more than one hundred active faults in onshore Japan. The active fault data obtained so far made it possible to prepare seismic hazard maps with probabilities of the occurrence of strong seismic motion in a specified period.

著者

太田 陽子 松田 時彦 平川 一臣

出版者

日本第四紀学会

雑誌

第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.109-128, 1976-10-30 (Released:2009-08-21)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

14 9

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The Noto Peninsula, which projects northeastwards from central Japan is the largest peninsula in the area along the Sea of Japan. This peninsula mostly consists of low relief erosion surfaces and marine terraces truncating the Neogene rocks. Many active faults which displace these geomorphic surfaces as well as alluvial fans are observed as shown in Fig. 1. Figures 2 to 12 represent the detailed topographies and profiles near and across the active faults. All the active faults are expressed as clear fault scarps or scarplets, and most of them are reverse faults with upwarping of the terrace surfaces on the upthrown side.Active faults in this peninsula are classified into three types according to their bearing on geomorphic development. Type I is the first order active fault which resulted in the differentiation of mountain blocks as indicated in Fig. 1. Bijosan I, II and Sekidosan Faults belong to this type. Ochi Depression delineated by these faults at both margins is a kind of ramp valley in a restricted sense rather than graben, as shown in Fig. 13. Fault scarplets at younger uplifted fans (L1) indicate the faulting has still continued until recently. Type II is the second order fault, represented by large scale height difference of marine terraces, and caused subdivision of each mountain block. Togigawa and Sakami Faults belong to this type. All the other active faults except those mentioned above belong to type III, which has resulted in local deformation of marine terrace surfaces. Faults of this type are usually less than 2km in length and less than 20m in vertical displacement. It is especially interesting that the seaward portion of terrace surfaces generally upthrust against their inland parts. Therefore, active faults of type III can be easily recognized by such an abnormal inland-facing scarplet on terrace surface.Active faults in this area are listed in Table 3. It is noticed that the rate of faulting is always more than 10cm/1, 000 years in types I and II, while it is usually less than that in type III. The amount of vertical displacement even in type III is, however, thought too large to be caused by a single earthquake, so that repeated faultings must be considered.Direction of principal axis of maximum compressive stress is N40-60°W, which is inferred from the frequency distribution of trend of active reverse faults shown in Fig. 14. Fault mechanism of a destructive earthquake of 1933 shows also a maximum pressure direction of approximately E-W, probably with a reverse faulting. The direction above mentioned is almost the same as that in the inland areas of central Japan. It is noteworthy, however, that there is a clear difference in fault type between the Noto Peninsula and the other areas of central Japan where strike-slip active faults predominate.

著者

松田 時彦

出版者

日本活断層学会

雑誌

活断層研究 (ISSN:09181024)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1995, no.13, pp.1-13, 1995-03-25 (Released:2013-03-22)

参考文献数

74

著者

白藤 徳夫 和田 洋藏 西垣 友和 八谷 光介 竹野 功璽

出版者

日本水産増殖学会

雑誌

水産増殖 (ISSN:03714217)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.203-209, 2008-06-20 (Released:2012-09-10)

参考文献数

24

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外海域でのイワガキ養殖を可能とする「鋼製魚礁を用いた浮体式養殖法」を考案し,その有効性を実証するため,2003年 2 月に鋼製魚礁を府下沿岸の水深約10 m の外海域に設置し,長期養殖試験を実施した。養殖されたイワガキは,養殖 3 年後(生後満 4 年)には,平均殻高(±SD)が103.1±16.3 mm となり,約 6 割の個体が200 g 以上の出荷サイズに成長した。浮体式養殖法では,養殖施設全体が海面下 4 m 以深にあり,波浪の影響を受けにくいため,試験期間中に台風や冬季の波浪によって施設が破損することはなかった。また,付着生物の着生量が少なく,それらの除去作業は不要であった。さらに,養殖施設には20種の魚類の蝟集が観察され,魚礁としての機能も確認された。これらの結果より,浮体式養殖法の有効性が実証された。