著者

久保(川合) 南海子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.40-51, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)

参考文献数

44

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Humans have repeatedly reproduced original stories by interpreting them via new works of art (novels and paintings) through the ages. The motivation behind such reproductions seem to be related to “misprojection” and “fictional projection”. According to Suzuki (2016), who used the term “projection science,” misprojection refers to situations in which internal representations of the real world are projected onto a wrong target, like in a ventriloquism effect, whereas fictional projection refers to situations in which internal representations are projected onto something in the real world despite the absence of actual visual input (e.g., ghost). Women who create fan fiction in which an existing story of friendship or rivalry between two men is changed into a love story between men, and who prefer love stories about homosexual men (referred to in Japanese as “Fujoshi”) are considered to be converting the original work into a reproduction through misprojection and fictional projection. We discuss the similarities between fan fictions by Fujoshi and academic activities, because both fan fictions and scientific hypotheses describe things that do not exist in reality, yet are shared by many people if they are convincing enough. Products of misprojection and fictional projection shared by the community are overwritten and more refined. Previous literatures on “projection science” have focused on each individual, and barely address the dynamics of sharing and the propagation of new works reproduced through misprojection and fictional projection. This review paper analyzes the sharing of misprojection and fictional projection common to art, religion, and academic activities, and proposes that the sharing of those projections is an important function related to various human cognitive activities.

著者

阿部 慶賀 有元 典文 安西 祐一郎 今井 むつみ 入來 篤史 植田 一博 内海 彰 大西 仁 大森 隆司 岡田 猛 岡田 浩之 長田 尚子 小田切 史士 小野 哲雄 亀田 達也 川合 伸幸 清河 幸子 久保(川合)南海子 栗山 直子 佐伯 胖 嶋田 総太郎 白水 始 鈴木 聡 諏訪 正樹 高木 光太郎 舘野 泰一 寺尾 敦 伝 康晴 中島 秀之 中村 國則 橋田 浩一 服部 雅史 原田 悦子 針生 悦子 開 一夫 福田 健 堀 浩一 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 宮﨑 美智子 三輪 和久 村山 功 横澤 一彦 横山 拓

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.407-433, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

3

著者

川合 伸幸 久保(川合) 南海子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.378-391, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

6 7

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It has been demonstrated that there are many similarities between Pavlovian conditioning in nonhuman animals and causal judgment by humans, such as conditioned inhibition, overshadowing, and blocking. However, there was a notable difference in empirical studies between animal Pavlovian conditioning and human causal judgment: lack of retrospective inference (i.e., backward blocking) in animals. Although human participants showed symmetrical results for forward and backward blocking procedure in causal judgment, researchers failed to obtain backward blocking in animal conditioning. In the case of forward blocking, a cue is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) (e.g., A+), and the first cue is then presented together with a target cue and the US (e.g., AX+). In the case of backward blocking, the compound cue is learned first (AX+), and then the competing cue alone is paired with the US (A+). In subsequent tests, human participants inferred in both cases that X is not a cause of the outcome, whereas the response of animals to X alone was “blocked” only in the forward blocking procedure but not in the backward one. In this article, we review the existence studies on retrospective inference in humans and animals including our ongoing primate study and explore a possible role of retrieval deficits in memory for retrospective inference in animals.

著者

伊藤 祐康 久保(川合) 南海子 正高 信男

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.280-288, 2008 (Released:2009-11-20)

参考文献数

19

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In this experiment, one digit arithmetical problems followed by a masking sound were given auditorily from a computer. Three types of calculation tasks; addition tasks, multiplication tasks, and kuku tasks, were tested under two conditions that varied depending on the position of the masked sound in a given formula. For example, when a left side of a calculating formula consisted of number 6 and 7, the addition task was conducted as “6 + X (masking sound) = 13 (roku, tasu, X, wa, juusan)”, or as “X + 7 = 13”, and the multiplication task was presented as “6 × X = 42 (roku, kakeru, X, wa, yonjuuni)”, or “X × 7 = 42”, while the kuku task was presented as “roku, X, shijuuni”, or as “X, shichi, shijuuni”. When each stimulus was presented, each of the participants of 10 men and 10 women was required to respond by answering with what was missing. The results revealed that they answered faster in the kuku tasks than in addition tasks. The results indicate the possibility that calculation by kuku was mostly executed through a process similar to a playback of verbal memory stored as linguistic representation, and when we could ascertain the kuku tasks, the quantitative representation of numbers almost do not come to the surface. Thus, Japanese adults answered faster in the kuku tasks than in the addition tasks.

著者

井谷 美友 久保(川合) 南海子 川合 伸幸

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.63-69, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

16

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Studies on instrumental learning have rarely been conducted with tailed amphibians. This may be due primarily to difficulties in training newts with food rewards. Most previous studies on instrumental learning by newts have employed runways without a distinct discriminative stimulus associated with food. In this study, we trained newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) with black rings as the discriminative stimuli at close distance (5 cm ahead). Two newts were trained to pass through one ring with a diameter of 8 cm. One newt failed to show evidence of learning (i.e., decreased response time) with 14 sessions of massed trials (4 trials/session). The second newt, however, learned to pass through rings with diameters of 8, 6, 5, and 4 cm. A 20-trial follow-up probe test was conducted with the second newt, in which the 4-cm black ring and a novel red square were presented side by side. The newt did not choose the black ring over the red square in any of the trials, suggesting that neither the black color nor the circle shape drove the newt’s behavior. In a retention test conducted 185 days later, the newt did not pass through the ring of 4 cm at all, suggesting that this behavior was learned but not retained after 6 months. Presentations of distinctive stimuli in close proximity might enhance appetitive instrumental learning by newts, which is otherwise difficult to accomplish using runway apparatuses with no distinctive cues to elicit instrumental behaviors.

著者

川合 伸幸 久保(川合) 南海子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.585-594, 2011 (Released:2013-04-09)

参考文献数

14

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We examined whether humans apply body images to non-human objects using mental rotation tasks. In Experiment 1, participants did mental rotation tasks in three conditions: a letter, a human-hand, and a monkey-hand. In the images of the letter, “F” and “R” were presented either in canonical or mirror images in different orientations. In the images of the human-hand, color pictures of a pointing or a grip shape were used as the stimuli. In the images of monkey-hand, pictures of a pointing or a grip shape taken from an anesthetized rhesus monkey were used as the stimuli. In Experiment 2, pictures of a pointing or a grip shape of a black glove were used instead of the monkey-hand. In the images of the letter, the pattern of the reaction time (RT) were symmetrical at the peak of 180 degrees, but those of the other images (i.e., human-hand, monkey-hand, and glove) were not symmetrical, which suggests the effect of biomechanical constraints. In addition, the peak of the RT in the human-hand shifted at 135 degrees to the right hand picture and at 225 degrees to the left hand one. These results suggest that humans tend to receive physical constraints when they mentally rotate not only images of a human hand but also images of a non-human object such as monkey hands and gloves. However, the constraints were not as strong as those of human hand.

著者

中田 龍三郎 久保(川合) 南海子 岡ノ谷 一夫 川合 伸幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本発達心理学会

雑誌

発達心理学研究 (ISSN:09159029)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.133-144, 2018 (Released:2020-09-20)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

1

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怒りを構成する要素である接近の動機づけが高まると,前頭部の脳活動に左優勢の不均衡状態が生じる。この不均衡状態は怒りの原因に対処可能な場合に顕著になる。これらの知見は主に脳波を指標とした研究で示されてきた。本研究では近赤外線分光法(NIRS)を用いて,脳活動に左優勢の不均衡状態が生じるのか高齢者と若齢者を対象に検討した。ドライビングシミュレータを運転中に渋滞する状況に遭遇した際の脳血流に含まれる酸化ヘモグロビン量(oxy-Hb)を測定したところ,高齢者では左右前頭前野背側部で左優勢の不均衡状態が顕著に認められたが,若齢者では認められなかった。自動的に渋滞状況と同じ速度にまで減速する条件では高齢者と若齢者の両者の脳活動に左優勢の不均衡状態は認められなかった。この結果はNIRSでも接近の動機づけの高まりと相関した脳活動の不均衡状態を測定可能であることを示しており,高齢者は思う通りに走行できないという不快な状況(渋滞条件)において,明確な妨害要因の存在が接近の動機づけ(攻撃性)を高めると示唆される。接近の動機づけ(攻撃性)には成人から高齢者まで生涯発達的変化が生じており,その結果として高齢者は若齢者よりも運転状況でより強い怒りを生じさせる可能性がある。

著者

中田 龍三郎 久保(川合) 南海子 川合 伸幸

出版者

電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.115, no.35, pp.45-48, 2015-05-19

著者

川合 伸幸 久保(川合) 南海子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.378-391, 2008

---

It has been demonstrated that there are many similarities between Pavlovian conditioning in nonhuman animals and causal judgment by humans, such as conditioned inhibition, overshadowing, and blocking. However, there was a notable difference in empirical studies between animal Pavlovian conditioning and human causal judgment: lack of retrospective inference (i.e., backward blocking) in animals. Although human participants showed symmetrical results for forward and backward blocking procedure in causal judgment, researchers failed to obtain backward blocking in animal conditioning. In the case of forward blocking, a cue is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) (e.g., A+), and the first cue is then presented together with a target cue and the US (e.g., AX+). In the case of backward blocking, the compound cue is learned first (AX+), and then the competing cue alone is paired with the US (A+). In subsequent tests, human participants inferred in both cases that X is not a cause of the outcome, whereas the response of animals to X alone was “blocked” only in the forward blocking procedure but not in the backward one. In this article, we review the existence studies on retrospective inference in humans and animals including our ongoing primate study and explore a possible role of retrieval deficits in memory for retrospective inference in animals.

著者

中田 龍三郎 久保(川合) 南海子 川合 伸幸

出版者

電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.38, pp.57-62, 2019-05-16

著者

中田 龍三郎 久保(川合) 南海子 岡ノ谷 一夫 川合 伸幸

出版者

日本発達心理学会

雑誌

発達心理学研究 = The Japanese journal of developmental psychology (ISSN:09159029)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.133-144, 2018-09