著者

Hiroshi Yamasaki Furkan Durucan

出版者

The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology

雑誌

Species Diversity (ISSN:13421670)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.193-207, 2018-11-25 (Released:2018-11-25)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

3

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A new kinorhynch species, Echinoderes antalyaensis sp. nov., is described based on specimens from Antalya, Turkey, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Echinoderes antalyaensis sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a middorsal acicular spine on segment 4, laterodorsal tubes on segment 10, lateral accessory tubes on segments 5 and 8, lateroventral tubes on segment 2, and lateroventral acicular spines on segments 6–8, and by the absence of type-2 glandular cell outlets. The morphology of the ornaments of outer oral styles among Echinoderidae and the value of the character in the future taxonomic studies are discussed. The new species is the third Echinoderes species from Turkish waters, and the 14th species from the Mediterranean Sea.

著者

Kazuhiko KONDO Masaru OGURA Yuichiro MIDORIKAWA Mitsugi KOZAWA Hiroshi TSUJIBO Yoshihiko INMORI

出版者

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry

雑誌

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry (ISSN:00021369)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.10, pp.2673-2674, 1988 (Released:2006-04-05)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

4

著者

Hiroshi UDO Masahiko FUJIMURA Fumitaka YOSHINAGA

出版者

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

雑誌

Industrial Health (ISSN:00198366)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.4, pp.369-381, 1999 (Released:2007-03-29)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

5 6

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The purpose of this study was to examine the possible effects of a tilting seat on the back, lower back and legs. Ten healthy male subjects aged 22-28 performed word-processing operations while sitting on a chair for one hour under two different seating conditions: the rocking condition and the fixed condition. While the subjects were performing the task, measurements of lower leg swelling were taken using bioelectrical impedance plethysmography, and pain scores were recorded every five min for the neck, shoulders, back, lower back, hips and legs. Electromyograms (EMGs) of the back and lower back (at Th5-6, Th8-9, L1-2 and L3-4) were recorded every sec. In addition, the subjects were videotaped while using the rocking seat, in order to analyze the angle and frequency of seat tilting. At the end of the experiment, the subjects were asked to evaluate the two conditions with respect to localized fatigue and operational efficiency. There was no significant difference in lower leg swelling between the two conditions. EMGs were significantly different at Th5-6, Th8-9 and L1-2 between the two conditions. The rocking condition generated greater EMGs at Th5-6 and L1-2, whereas the fixed condition produced greater EMGs at Th8-9. The pain scores for the neck, shoulders, back and lower back were higher under the fixed condition, while those for the buttocks were higher under the rocking condition. The average tilting frequency was as low as 25.2 times per hour, with 15.6 times per hour for tilting angles ranging from 1 to 2 degrees, and 9.6 times per hour for tilting angles exceeding 2 degrees. As for the subjective evaluations of localized fatigue, seven of the ten subjects preferred the rocking condition, while two preferred the fixed condition and one subject had no preference. Thus, there was a significant difference in the subjective evaluations of the two chairs. These findings suggest that the rocking condition, in contrast to the fixed seating condition, reduced back and lower back pain as a result of its tilting capability. The results of EMGs suggest that the rocking condition reduced back and lower back pain by increasing the overall muscle activity of the back and lower back. The leg impedance measurements showed no effect of the rocking condition on the leg swelling, as compared with the fixed condition.

著者

TSUJITA Daisuke KASAI Toru UEMATSU Hirohiko HARADA Masayuki FUKATSU Tsutomu SASAKI Hiroshi

出版者

一般社団法人 日本航空宇宙学会

雑誌

TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.29, pp.Tg_1-Tg_4, 2014

被引用文献数

4

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The H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) is a Japanese unmanned cargo transfer vehicle developed for the International Space Station (ISS) re-supply and waste disposal purposes. HTV1 through HTV3 completed the mission successfully, and HTV4 through HTV7 are planned to be launched once a year continuously. Under the circumstance that the achievement is evaluated highly and the expectation for the new usage of HTV is increased, we have prepared a new platform and report some experiments plan with using it in the paper.

著者

Hiroshi Yamada Kazuya Murao Tsutomu Terada Masahiko Tsukamoto

出版者

Information Processing Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of Information Processing (ISSN:18826652)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.38-47, 2018 (Released:2018-01-15)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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Competitive karuta is an official Japanese card game and is described as “martial art on the tatami.” Recently, competitive karuta has attracted a great deal of attention among young people. One of characteristic rules of competitive karuta is that there is no referee; therefore players must judge themselves even if the difficult situation arises. Consequently, the players sometimes get into an argument over their judgement, which disrupts the other matches in the room because all the matches proceed in parallel. In this paper, we propose a system that judges the player who took a card first in a competitive karuta match. Our system measures motion data when players take a card by using a wrist-worn accelerometer and gyroscope, and estimates the times when the players touched the card. From the evaluation experiments, 69.2% of rounds were estimated without error and 99.0% of rounds were estimated within 20-ms error. When our system was introduced on the close game, the accuracy of deciding the player taking a card was 75%.

著者

Yasunobu ARIKAWA Yusuke KATO Yuki ABE Shuto MATSUBARA Hidetaka KISHIMOTO Nozomi NAKAJIMA Alessio MORACE Akifumi YOGO Hiroaki NISHIMURA Mitsuo NAKAI Shinsuke FUJIOKA Hiroshi AZECHI Kunioki MIMA Shunsuke INOUE Yoshihide NAKAMIYA Kensuke TERAMOTO Masaki HASHIDA Shuji SAKABE

出版者

The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research

雑誌

Plasma and Fusion Research (ISSN:18806821)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.2404009, 2018-02-15 (Released:2018-03-27)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

3

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A short and high-intensity neutron pulse can be produced efficiently by using photonuclear reactions caused by Bremsstrahlung hard X-rays in a lase-irradiated high-Z target. The efficient and repetitive neutron generation was demonstrated with the combination of 1 Hz, 0.5 J, 25 fs, 5 × 1019 W/cm2 laser pulses and a rotating tungsten disc targe. Here we applied double laser pulse irradiation scheme to increase the neutron generation efficiency. The first low-intensity laser pulse produces a long-scale under-critical-density plasma on the tungsten target surface prior to the second pulse irradiatio. High energy electrons above the ponderomotive scaling value are accelerated by the second hig-intensity pulse in the preformed plasm, this results in the increment of hard X-ray photons and photonuclear neutron. 3.5 × 104 neutron/pulse was obtained with optimized laser irradiation conditions.

著者

HIROSHI SUEMUNE YUKAKO MIZUHARA HIROYUKI AKITA TAKESHI OISHI KIYOSHI SAKAI

出版者

The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

雑誌

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:00092363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.8, pp.3112-3118, 1987-08-25 (Released:2009-10-19)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

9 15

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Asymmetric synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its enantiomer by using biocatalysts was studied. Microbial reduction of the pro-chiral α-ketoester (3) afforded (+) -4 (> 99% ee), which could be converted to (+) -and (-) -batyl alcohol (12), a key synthetic intermediate for PAF. Compound (-) -4 (96% ee), with the requisite configuration for the synthesis of natural PAF, could also be obtained by enzyme-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of (±) -15.

著者

Osamu Manabe Masanao Naya Keiichiro Yoshinaga Noriko Oyama-Manabe Hiroshi Ohira Tadao Aikawa Nagara Tamaki

出版者

Japanese Society of Nuclear Cardiology

雑誌

Annals of Nuclear Cardiology (ISSN:21893926)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.205-209, 2017 (Released:2017-10-31)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) has evolved over the several decades since its introduction. In current clinical practice and research, cardiac PET imaging is accepted as a valuable noninvasive modality for assessing various cardiac diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac tumors, and inflammatory diseases including cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). PET enables the imaging and evaluation of the cardiovascular system by myocardial perfusion with 82Rb, 13N-NH3 and 15O-H2O, and those of metabolism and inflammation using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). PET has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy for the detection of CAD and also has well-established prognostic value. The combination of qualitative and absolute quantifications of myocardial blood flow enhances the diagnostic accuracy for multiple-vessel disease and provides incremental functional and prognostic information. In this review, we focus on the current and future roles of cardiac PET imaging, on the basis of our own experience.

著者

MORI YASUSHIGE SHIOMI TOSHIYA KATADA NAOKI MINAMIDE HIROSHI IINOYA KOICHI

出版者

公益社団法人 化学工学会

雑誌

Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan (ISSN:00219592)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.211-216, 1982

被引用文献数

7

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The effects of a corona precharger on the performance of a fabric filter were studied experimentally in the air with controlled humidity. Test dusts, fine calcium carbonate and fly ash, were precharged and then introduced to a test fabric. The test fabrics were felt, spun staple and filament woven fabrics.<br> When charged dust is collected on a test fabric at low filtration velocity and low relative humidity, a rugged surface often appears on the charged dust layer, and pressure loss across the loaded test fabric is reduced. This electrostatic effect on pressure loss occurs not only for felt fabric but also for spun staple woven fabric, but does not appear for polyester (Tetron) and glass filament woven fabrics, because of pin-hole formation.<br> On the other hand, the collection efficiency of a fabric filter can always be improved by using a corona precharger. The collection efficiency increases with the charge-to-mass ratio of dust. Even if pin-holes are formed during the filtration, the collection efficiency can be improved using a corona precharger, without substituting a higher-performance fabric.

著者

Hoshi Hiroshi

出版者

Editorial Board of Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

雑誌

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica (ISSN:0030154X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.5, pp.333-345, 1971

被引用文献数

4

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The comparative study o n the morphological characters of the mandible in Norma lateralis was made in 78 species of mammals. In the present investigation, special attention was paid of the relation of mandibular shape to food habit.<BR>(1) All mammals can be divided into two groups according to the mandibular shape: the first group comprises Carnivora, Chiroptera, Insectivora, and Zoophaga of Marsupialia, and the second group, Ungulata, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, Proboscidea, and Phytophaga of Marsupialia.<BR>(2) The characteristics of the first group consisted of large coronoid process, well-developed masseteric fossa, styloid angular process, short condyloid process, and canoe-shaped body, while the second group is characterised by small or slender coronoid process, small and shallow massecteric fossa, absence of the angular process (except rodents), tall condyloid process, and tapering body with slight modifications.<BR>(3) In view of the food habit, the first group is animal-eating (except Megachiroptera), and the second, plant-eating. Therefore, the author calls the former &ldquo; Zoophagous Group &rdquo; and the latter &ldquo; Phytophagous Group &rdquo;. It is suggested that Megachiroptera may have lately changed its alimentation from insectivorous to frugivorous style.

著者

Kazuhiro Chiku Mami Wada Haruka Atsuji Arisa Hosonuma Mitsuru Yoshida Hiroshi Ono Motomitsu Kitaoka

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.jag.JAG-2018_0002, (Released:2018-11-05)

被引用文献数

6

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We evaluated the stabilities of kojibiose and sophorose when heated under neutral pH conditions. Kojibiose and sophorose epimerized at the C-2 position of glucose on the reducing end, resulting in the production of 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose and 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose, respectively. Under weak alkaline conditions, kojibiose was decomposed due to heating into its mono-dehydrated derivatives, including 3-deoxy-2,3-unsaturated compounds and bicyclic 3,6-anhydro compounds. Following these experiments, we propose a kinetic model for the epimerization and decomposition of kojibiose and sophorose by heat treatment under neutral pH and alkaline conditions. The proposed model shows a good fit with the experimental data collected in this study. The rate constants of a reversible epimerization of kojibiose at pH 7.5 and 90 °C were (1.6 ± 0.1) × 10−5 s−1 and (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10−5 s−1 for the forward and reverse reactions, respectively, and were almost identical to those [(1.5 ± 0.1) × 10−5 s−1 and (3.5 ± 0.4) × 10−5 s−1] of sophorose. The rate constant of the decomposition reaction for kojibiose was (4.7 ± 1.1) × 10−7 s−1 whereas that for sophorose [(3.7 ± 0.2) × 10−6 s−1] was about ten times higher. The epimerization reaction was not significantly affected by the variation in the buffer except for a borate buffer, and depended instead upon the pH value (concentration of hydroxide ions), indicating that epimerization occurred as a function of the hydroxide ion. These instabilities are an extension of the neutral pH conditions for keto-enol tautomerization that are often observed under strong alkaline conditions.

著者

Takako SAEKI Kensuke SUZUKI Hajime YAMAZAKI Syoji MlYAMURA Hiroshi KOIKE Hideo MORISHITA Fumitake GEJYO

出版者

The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine

雑誌

Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.10, pp.1011-1015, 2003 (Released:2006-03-27)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

6 10

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Although pheochromocytoma in a patient with endstage renal disease (ESRD) is considered extremely rare, we recently encountered 4 ESRD patients with pheochromocytoma. Three were symptomatic, and in the fourth patient the tumor was discovered as an adrenal incidentaloma. Plasma catecholamine levels were significantly increased in two patients. In each case, 131I-MIBG scintigraphy showed accumulation of the radionuclide in the adrenal tumor, which was identified by MRI or CT scanning, and adrenalectomy was conducted without serious complications. Although paroxysmal hypertension is a common symptom in patients with ESRD, pheochromocytoma must be eliminated by careful evaluation.(Internal Medicine 42: 1011-1015, 2003)

著者

Hiroyuki Tsutsui Shin-ichi Momomura Yoshihiko Saito Hiroshi Ito Kazuhiro Yamamoto Tomomi Ohishi Naoko Okino Toshihito Kitamura Weinong Guo

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.10, pp.2575-2583, 2018-09-25 (Released:2018-09-25)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 15

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Background: The objective of the present analyses was to describe the baseline characteristics and treatment of the Japanese patients with HFrEF in THE PARALLEL-HF study. Methods and Results: Key demographic, clinical and laboratory findings, along with treatment, were reported and compared with patients enrolled in the PARADIGM-HF trial and other contemporary randomized clinical trials and registries of Japanese patients with HFrEF. In addition, the MAGGIC and EMPHASIS-HF risk scores were calculated. A total of 225 Japanese patients were randomized in PARALLEL-HF with a mean age of 67.9 years and the majority of the patients being male (85.8%) and in NYHA Class II (93.8%). Key baseline characteristics in PARALLEL-HF were generally comparable with PARADIGM-HF, and other contemporary clinical trials and registries of Japanese HFrEF patients. Patients enrolled in PARALLEL-HF were well treated with conventional evidence-based therapy at baseline (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, 62.7%/37.3%; β-blockers, 94.7%; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, 59.1%). Despite the evidence-based treatment and most patients being in NYHA Class II, these patients had a low LVEF (mean 28.1%) and were at high risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity as assessed by the MAGGIC and EMPHASIS-HF risk scores. Conclusions: Overall, the patients in PARALLEL-HF were largely representative of contemporary ambulatory patients with HFrEF who are well treated with evidence-based therapies. PARALLEL-HF will determine whether sacubitril/valsartan provides similar improvements in clinical outcomes in Japanese HFrEF patients as observed in the PARADIGM-HF study.

著者

河村 文夫 麻植 淳治 田頭 担 河村 文夫 藤原 寿則 坂東 一彦 Oe Junji Kawamura Fumio Fujiwara Kazunori Tagashira Hiroshi Takegawa Yoshihiro Bando Kazuhiko フジワラ カズノリ カワムラ フミオ バンドウ カズヒコ タガシラ ヒロシ タケガワ ヨシヒロ オエ ジュンジ

出版者

日本医学放射線学会

雑誌

日本医学放射線学会雑誌 (ISSN:00480428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.5, pp.412-417, 1973-05

著者

三重野 雅/村瀬 博文/深瀬 秀郷/福栄 克浩/土岐 光伸/永山 裕/笠原 邦明/玄間 美健/小田 浩範/大森 一幸/前田 静一/加藤 元康/磯貝 治喜/原田 尚也/平 博彦/有末 眞 ミエノ タダシ/ムラセ ヒロフミ/フカセ シュウゴウ/フクエイ カツヒロ/トキ ミツノブ/ナガヤマ ヒロシ/カサハラ クニアキ/ゲンマ ヨシタケ/オダ ヒロノリ/オオモリ カズユキ/マエダ セイイチ/カトウ モトヤス/イソガイ ハルキ/ハラダ ナオヤ/タイラ ヒロヒコ/アリスエ マコト MIENO Tadashi/MURASE Hirofumi/FUKASE Shugoh/FUKUEI Katsuhiro/TOKI Mitsunobu/NAGAYAMA Hiroshi/KASAHARA Kuniaki/GENMA Yoshitake/ODA Hironori/OOMORI Kazuyuki/MAEDA Seiichi/KATO Motoyasu/ISOGAI Haruki/HARADA Naoya/TAIRA Hirohiko/ARISUE Makoto

雑誌

東日本歯学雑誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.227-232, 1993-12-31

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Generally, the repositioning and fixation of fragments in the treatment of jaw fractures is performed based on proper occlusion conditions of the upper and lower jaws. However, the treatment of fractures of the mentally and physically handicapped pose a number of problems caused by lack of patient comprehension and cooperation. In this paper, we present two cases of mandibular fracture of handicapped patients, whose closed reduction and fixation was impossible. In these cases, open reduction and ridged fixation of fragments was carried out with screw and plate without intermaxillary fixation. Problems of the treatment of jaw fracture of mentally and physically handicapped patients were discussed.

著者

上江洲 洋志 森山 慎一 藤﨑 智大 カミエシュウ ヒロシ モリヤマ シンイチ フジサキ トモヒロ 藤崎 智大 KAMIESHU Hiroshi MORIYAMA Shinichi FUJISAKI Tomohiro

出版者

鹿児島大学

雑誌

鹿児島大学教育学部教育実践研究紀要 (ISSN:09175865)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.379-386, 2016

著者

マゴネット ジョナサン 日原 広志 HIHARA HIROSHI

出版者

西南学院大学

雑誌

西南学院大学神学論集 (ISSN:03874109)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.1, pp.99-120, 2018-03

著者

纐纈 理一郎 小坂 博 佐藤 敏夫 藤田 光 Koketsu Riichiro Kosaka Hiroshi Sato Toshio Fujita Teru

出版者

九州帝國大學農學部

雑誌

九州帝國大學農學部學藝雜誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.232-243, 1929-06

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Der Zucker-, Starke- and Eiweissgehalt in den Pflanzenkorpern unter verschiedenen Bedingungen wurden vergleichend bestimmt. Jeder Gehalt wurde sowohl in Prozenten des Frisch- and Trockengewichtes als auch in dem Gehalt pro Einheit Volumen Gewebepulver, and gelegentlich auch in dem Gehalt pro Flacheneinheit des Materials angegeben, um festzustellen, welche Data fiir uns zweckmassig sind. Die Beurteilung geschah in der Weise, dass die durch verschiedene Methoden erhaltenen Data alle auf ein bestimmtes Standard-Material fur je eine vergleichende Studie reduziert wurden.植物體内に於ける炭水化物及び蛋白質の含有量測定結果が, 對組織粉末容積法によつて表示された場合には, 從來慣用され來つた他の表示法に從つたのに比して, 如何なる效果を示すかを明示するのが, この研究報告の使命で, 我々の「組織粉末法」が植物體内物質含有量の比較表示法として合理的なものである事が判つてゐる以上, 炭水化物にせよ蛋白質にせよ, 其他任意の物質の含有量の比較表示に際して, 此方法が合理的な結果を示し得る事は, 理論上からは疑ひの無い事であるが, 更に實驗的證明を示して, それを裏書せんと試みたのが此研究である。尤も植物體内に含有される單糖類の含有量比較に際して, 「組織粉末法」を利用してよき效果を納めた一例は, 既に安田氏が大麥に於ける耐寒性と糖類含有量との關係を研究した場合に, 之を見るのである。

著者

Hiroshi Yoshikura

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2018.183, (Released:2018-09-28)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

7

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In Japan, HIV infection is classified as “HIV” or “AIDS” depending upon whether the infection was detected before or after development of AIDS. For male homosexuals, in the plot of the number of “AIDS” versus the number of “HIV”, the plots fell on a straight line with a slope close to 1. When the number of “HIV” stopped increasing, that of “AIDS” stopped increasing. The number of “HIV” in one region or in one age group was correlated with that of other regions or that of other age groups, respectively. No such correlation was detected for male heterosexuals. Male homosexuals and females were detected more as “HIV” than male heterosexuals. Detection as “AIDS” increased with age in all the infection categories. Our analysis supported by others suggested that the higher rate of detection as “HIV” among male homosexuals and females than among male heterosexuals was attributable to higher risk of the receptive sexual intercourse, and the higher incidence of “AIDS” among elderlies to immunological senescence.

著者

庄司 博史 ショウジ ヒロシ Hiroshi Shoji

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.847-910, 1991-03-18

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This paper aims to analyze the efforts of the Samis to revivetheir language as a modern medium of communication, and, inconnection with this, to throw light upon the role of languagerehabilitation in the Sami ethnopolitical movement.The Sami people, numbering from 50,000 to 70,000 accordingto different sources, are the oldest known indigenous inhabitantsin Northern Scandinavia and the Kola peninsula. Butexcept in some northernmost administrative communes, they nowconstitute only a small portion of the total inhabitants, even intheir own traditional territory, which is partitioned and controlledby four countries, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and theSoviet Union. In sections 2-4 of this paper, the unfavourableconditions of the present Sami language are outlined from variouspoints of view : as a lower-ranked spoken language in multilingualcommunities, as a standard written language, and as anobject and medium of education.The next section attempts to sum up the problems of theSami language under three major factors: its socio-functional stateas a minority language, the linguistic competence of the Samisin their mother tongue, and its normative crisis. By the lastterm I mean (1) the lack of available linguistic norms in the commonwritten language, (2) the lack of means of protecting thelanguage from direct exposure to foreign influence, and (3) aninability to match the language to the demands of presentdaySami society.The next two sections, 6 and 7, summarize the developmentof the Sami ethnopolitical movement in three phases: the periodof growth from the beginning of this century, the revival of themovement after World War II, and the period of remarkable progressfrom the 1970s onward. Attention is paid here also to thechange of conditions surrounding the Samis, i.e. the attitudes ofthe authorities toward them and general notions about the inherentrights of indigenous minority peoples. In this connectionwe discuss the present tendency of the Samis to seek a newethnical identity by emphasizing their cultural uniqueness onthe one hand, and on the other by identifying themselves withindigenous minority peoples. The latter tendency seems to beparticularly significant to the movement, because an increasingnumber of countries and political organizations have, during thelast two decades, recognized the preferential rights of indigenousminorities to territorial claims and other natural resources.In the light of Sami ethnopolitical development, sections8 and 9 characterize various attempts to establish the Sami languageas a full-fledged working language for the Samis. Followingthe generally accepted schema of language planning,Sami language rehabilitation activities are described along twolines: linguistic policy and extralinguistic policy. In the case ofthe Sami language or, more precisely, Northern Sami, the mostcentral issues in linguistic policy were the establishment of normsfor a common orthography for Northern Sami, which has hadseveral systems, and lexical elaboration, i.e. the standardizationand modernization of the lexical stock.Extralinguistic policy, the ultimate aim of which is to raisethe status of the language in society, is directed to three majorpoints. These are: (1) the acquisition of a legal guarantee tothe official status of the Sami language in various situations, includingeducation; (2) the expansion of the domain of useof the language, particularly by ensuring its position in massmedia; and (3) the encouragement of the people to revaluatetheir own language as an irreplaceable medium of their ethnicvalues. It is not difficult to associate the ideology of the lastpoint with that of the recent tendency in the ethnopoliticalmovement mentioned above, i.e. the emphasis of cultural uniqueness.It is to be noted, however, that their demand for the rightto the mother tongue, especially in education, is not accountedfor only in terms of this "uniqueness." It appears that increasingstress is being put on a kind of universal axiom concerningboth the importance of the mother tongue in elementary education and the injurious effects of failure in normal language acquisition.This theory, which has been repeatedly resorted toin various connections (e.g. in demands for the improvementof Sami language education and in parents' meetings) seems extremelyeffective, because little is left for either the political authoritiesor individuals to argue against when presented withthese scientifically attested human rights.The achievement of these activities, at least in the normestablishmentand social-legal settings of the Sami language,has been notable since the early 1970s and, in particular, fromthe late 1970s, when a common orthography for Northern Samiwas finally created. In reality, however, concrete achievementin language rehabilitation e.g. an increase in language use or animprovement in the language competence of the speakers, hasnot been seen yet.The last two sections, 10 and 11, discuss the role of the Samilanguage rehabilitation movement in Sami ethnopolitics. Theaim to revive their mother tongue has been accounted for asbeing similar to the recovery of their ethnic right to their nativelands. It is also to be noted that the language movement itselfhas played an important role in the entire ethnopolitical movementas a unifying force for the national assembly of the Samis.The unique value of the language in relation to the Sami environmentand traditions, coupled with their cooperation to achievethis collective common goal of revitalizing their language inpresent-day Sami society, has without doubt contributed to therecent ethnopolitical processes of the Sami peoples.