著者

今井 むつみ

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.5, pp.415-433, 2000-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

105

被引用文献数

3 3

---

Traditionally, the issue of the relationship between language and thought has been framed as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, in which crosslinguistic-crosscultural universality or diversity of thought has been the center of the debate. The long-lasting debate revolving around the hypothesis has not yielded a clear, satisfactory conclusion. This unsatisfactory result seems to be largely attributed to the fact that (a) the term “thought” has been so vaguely defined, and that (b) the interpretation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis itself has been quite diverse among researchers. In this paper, I argue that the question we should ask is not whether thought is universal or different across different language groups. Instead, we should ask more specific (and realistic) questions, taking it for granted that our thought is constrained by innate language-independent cognitive faculties but at the same time a large part of our thought is shaped by language. The questions we should ask are: in what cognitive domains (e.g., spatial cognition, ontological knowledge, categorization of natural objects etc.), at what specific level (e.g., perception, memory, knowledge representation, on-line information processing) and in what degree (a) our thought is influenced by the specific structure of the given language (or is immune to it) and (b) our thought is shaped by language learning (or constrained by language-independent innate cognitive structure). In order to reevaluate the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in this new perspective, I reviewed literature mainly focusing on three distinctive cognitive domains: ontological knowledge with respect to individuation, categorization of natural objects, and spatial cognition.

著者

湯川 進太郎 吉田 富二雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.89-96, 1998-06-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

2 3

---

The present study investigated the effects of media violence on affective, cognitive, and physiological reactions of viewers. Eighty undergraduate students (male=40, female=40) participated in the experiment. First, subjects were exposed to one of four violent films whose levels of violence and entertainment were based on ratings taken in a previous study (Yoshida & Yukawa, 1996). Immediately after viewing the film, subjects described their thoughts which occurred during watching the film and rated thier affective reactions toward the film. Heart rate and eyeblink rate as indicators of physiological arousal were measured continuously before, during, and after the film. Results showed that the film high in violence elicited more negative and empty-powerless affects, while the film high in entertainment evoked more positive affects.

著者

奥村 優子 鹿子木 康弘 竹内 祥惠 板倉 昭二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.248-256, 2014 (Released:2014-08-25)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

3 3

---

Recent research demonstrates that social preferences for native language speakers emerge early in development, indicating that infants prefer speakers from their own society. Dialect may also be a reliable cue to group membership because it provides information about an individual’s social and ethnic identity. We investigated whether infants showed social preferences toward native-dialect speakers over those with unfamiliar dialects. Infants at 9 and 12 months of age were shown videos in which two adults (a native-dialect speaker and an unfamiliar-dialect speaker) each spoke to and then offered an identical toy to the participating infants. Next, two real versions of the toys were presented to the infants in person. The 12-month-old infants preferentially reached for the toy offered by the native-dialect speaker. The 9-month-old infants also showed a preference for native-dialect speakers but this finding was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that dialects may be a reliable cue to group membership, and that infants’ orientation toward members of their native community may guide their social and cultural learning.

著者

松田 侑子 永作 稔 新井 邦二郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.6, pp.512-519, 2010 (Released:2012-03-20)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

4 6

---

The present study developed a job-hunting anxiety scale and investigated the influence of job-hunting anxiety on coping, number of job-hunting applications, and satisfaction with job-hunting. Questionnaires were completed by 306 college students who had started job-hunting. Explorative factor analysis extracted five factors such as “appeal anxiety”, “support anxiety”, “activity persistence anxiety”, “test anxiety”, and “a lack of readiness anxiety”. Analysis of covariance structures indicated that (a) job-hunting anxiety was negatively related to problem-focused coping, the number of job-hunting applications, and the satisfaction with job-hunting, and (b) problem-focused coping was positively related to the number of job-hunting applications and the satisfaction with job-hunting. These results suggest that reduction of job-hunting anxiety and the use of problem-focused coping facilitated job-hunting.

著者

増井 啓太 下司 忠大 澤田 匡人 小塩 真司

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.88.16240, (Released:2018-01-15)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

13

---

The purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the Dispositional Greed Scale (J-DGS), and to examine its reliability and validity. The participants in this study were Japanese university students (N = 856). The principal component analysis indicated that the J-DGS had a unidimensional structure and adequate internal consistency. There were positive associations between the J-DGS and envy, psychological entitlement, materialism, impulsive buying behavior, extravagance, and neuroticism. Conversely, J-DGS scores were negatively correlated with self-control, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and agreeableness. These results, which are consistent with previous studies, confirmed the concurrent validity of the J-DGS.

著者

増田 惟茂

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

日本心理学雑誌 (ISSN:18841074)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.T1, no.1, pp.9-33, 1923-01-01 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

5

著者

宇井 美代子 福富 護 上瀬 由美子 関口 元子 立脇 洋介

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

日本心理学会大会発表論文集 日本心理学会第70回大会 (ISSN:24337609)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2EV043, 2006-11-03 (Released:2018-07-03)

著者

永田 良昭

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.5, pp.361-369, 2000-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

2 2

---

We hypothesized that one of the reasons that not a few Japanese are interested in lay personality theories of ABO blood-typing and similar unsupported beliefs on human nature, was unsatisfied needs of having clear collective and personal identities. To test the hypothesis, we asked 149 married women, 34 to 62 years of age, to describe themselves as in self introduction to strangers, and then separately indicate the degree of interest in lay personality theories. We then counted the number of references to personal/private aspects (an index of personal identity) and the number to social groups whose membership was known to be exclusive and limited (an index of collective one). Results showed that those who were high on both indices were less interested in lay theories than those low on one or both of personal and collective indices.

著者

渡辺 茂

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.144-156, 2000-06-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

157

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The avian hippocampus, that locates in the posterior part of dorsomedial telencephalon, is considered to be a mammalian hippocampus homologue. The studies of connection, distribution of transmitters, and development of the avian hippocampus all support the homology. Food storing birds have large capacity of spatial memory and have a big hippocampus in comparison to non-storing species. The food-storing birds do not have good memory in general but have good memory specialized to the spatial tasks. The correlation between the volume of the hippocampus and behavior other than food storing but needs spatial memory is also suggested. The hippocampul damages cause deficits in spatial learning especially those using a maze but do not impair non-spatial learning tasks. These studies suggest that the avian hippocampus share a similar function with the mammalian hippocampus, especially that of rodents.

著者

大久保 圭介

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.91.19401, (Released:2020-09-15)

参考文献数

75

---

Issues concerning caregiving behavior in attachment theory have been overlooked, even though it is an essential factor of the theory. In this paper, we reviewed previous studies on caregiving to explore why there is a lack of research and to determine future directions. To begin, based on research pertaining to parent-child relationships and intimate adult relationships, we defined caregiving in the context of attachment theory. In addition, we outlined the idea of a behavioral system and an internal work model (IWM) that can become a basis of research, or a process of formation and development of the caregiving system and the IWM, including the problems to be investigated in future studies. Then, some problems in the research of intergenerational transmission of attachment and intimate adult relationships were suggested as the reason why the research on caregiving behavior has been delayed in attachment theory. Moreover, it was also indicated that the proximate occurrence mechanism of caregiving behavior was not clarified as a cause. We suggest a new model and some future directions.

著者

菅原 健介

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.134-140, 1986-08-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

9 10

---

Public self-consciousness involves two contrasting attitudes toward self-presentation-exhibitionism and shyness. The purpose of this study was to explore the distinctive motivational states which mediate these two attitudes. This paper consists of two researches. 395 undergraduates (207 males, 188 females) participated in the former study and 452 undergraduates (288 males, 164 females) participated in the latter one. The first study employed a factor analytic technique and results pointed to the existence of the following two motivational states-(1) acquiring praise and (2) avoiding rejection-both of which were positively correlated with public self-consciousness. “Acquiring praise” was also found to be related to exhibitionism but “avoiding rejection” was not. The later was found to be related to shyness. The second study revealed that both motivational states were related to a tendency to seek out and value the experience of participating in a social group. The implications of these findings for theories of self-consciousness and self-presentation were discussed.

著者

伏島 あゆみ 津田 彰 田中 芳幸

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.93.21016, (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

46

---

Reports have indicated that character strength, which includes positive personality traits, improves well-being. However, less is known about how one’s character strength is linked to suicidal risk, and whether well-being mediates this relationship. This cross-sectional study examined the possibility that well-being has a mediating effect on the relationship between one’s character strength and suicidal tendencies. University students (N = 305, average age = 19.7) answered the questionnaire. The data was analyzed using mediation analysis. Students’ knowledge of their character strength and using that strength each had different direct effects on suicidal tendencies. Knowing one’s character strength directly reduced suicidal tendencies, which were also mediated by a high level of well-being. Meanwhile, using one’s character strength had negative effects toward suicidal tendencies. These results indicate that students’ knowledge of their own character strength might play a protective role in suicidal tendencies even if well-being did not improve, and also suggest that one’s use of character strength might increase suicidal tendencies if it were not used appropriately according to the types of strengths and various situational factors.

著者

鎌谷 美希 伊藤 資浩 宮崎 由樹 河原 純一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.5, pp.350-359, 2021 (Released:2021-12-25)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

4

---

Pre-COVID-19 epidemic studies found that wearing a sanitary mask negatively impacted perceived facial attractiveness. In particular, people demonstrated more negative explicit or implicit attitudes toward wearers of sanitary masks when the masks were black rather than white. The present study examined whether changes in social behavior in response to the COVID-19 epidemic, including the prevalent use of sanitary masks, might alter explicit and/or implicit attitudes toward wearers of black sanitary masks. We measured explicit (Study 1) and implicit attitudes (Study 3) and facial attractiveness (Study 2) of males wearing black or white sanitary masks. The results revealed that attitudes toward wearers of black sanitary masks were more positive than those measured pre-epidemic. Regardless of mask color, explicit attractiveness rating scores for low-attractiveness faces tended to increase after the epidemic. However, no such improvement was observed for high- and middle-attractiveness faces. There was also no change in implicit attitudes measured by the implicit association test. These results suggest that the COVID-19 epidemic has reduced explicit negative attitudes toward wearers of black sanitary masks.

著者

白神 敬介 川野 健治

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.16212, (Released:2018-07-14)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a useful evaluation measure of medical, health, and welfare activities, but it is difficult to apply it at the individual level. To solve this problem, we analyzed a widely used HRQOL instrument, the Medical Outcomes Study short form-36 (SF-36), using latent rank theory (LRT) to try to identify findings useful for supporting health care activities. We analyzed data from 2952 people obtained in a population health survey. In Analysis 1, we examined the feasibility of applying LRT. In Analysis 2, we performed qualitative interpretation analysis of the LRT results of Analysis 1 to determine more effective use of support activities in local public health care. Analysis 1 showed that LRT could properly extract information from SF-36 data. In Analysis 2, the LRT results allowed for the classification of each subject based on HRQOL status. The method would therefore be useful for determining appropriate interventions and selecting subjects for interventions. This study demonstrated a new methodology to more effectively use HRQOL measures in health care and psychological support.

著者

上野 雄己 平野 真理 小塩 真司

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17323, (Released:2018-09-20)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

12 10

---

This study aimed to examine the relationship between resilience and age in Japanese adults. Participants were Japanese adults (N = 5,143; 3,078 men and 2,065 women, mean age = 49.62 years, SD = 10.76, age range = 20–69 years). They responded to the Bidimensional Resilience Scale, examining innate and acquired factors of resilience. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted, and the results indicated a linearly increasing trend for resilience with age in acquired resilience factors that are strongly related to character. Additionally, a linearly increasing trend with age was also indicated in innate resilience factors that are strongly related with temperament. A significant correlation was observed with the squared term of age, suggesting a curvilinear relationship. These results suggest that resilience in Japan increases with age, which corroborates the findings of previous international studies; however, the status of age-related changes differs slightly based on whether the resilience factors are innate or acquired.

著者

財津 亘

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.6, pp.504-511, 2007-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

25

---

The effect of fear on the retrieval of eyewitness' recognition memory was experimentally investigated. Participants were presented with a thematic series of slides of either neutral or ambiguous stimuli. The ambiguous stimulus consisted of a red liquid flowing on a girl's head. Participants who saw the ambiguous stimulus interpreted the liquid as either red paint, or the girl's blood. Differences in the interpretation of the ambiguous stimulus affected the participants' recognition memory. Participants who interpreted the stimulus as blood displayed inferior memory compared to those who interpreted the stimulus as red paint or those who were shown the neutral stimulus. Moreover, when the participant's interpretation was changed from blood to red paint by an experimenter, the memory for central details was enhanced. These results suggest that fear interferes with retrieval. Participants' memory could be improved by reducing fear during the retrieval stage.

著者

山本 博樹 織田 涼 島田 英昭

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17015, (Released:2018-05-25)

参考文献数

24

---

We examined the hypothesis that the effect of signaling on students' prose comprehension is significant only when structure strategies are deficient during production. Participants included first-year high school students (N = 120, mean age 16.0) and university students (N = 120, mean age 20.8). Students' tendencies to use structure strategies were evaluated and classified as lower-structure (LS) or upper-structure (US) strategy using the median (23 high school students and 25 university students). Participants performed sentence arrangement, recall, and reconstruction tasks. Each task consisted of expository sentences with or without signaling. The results indicated the following: (a) Signaling facilitated structure identification in organizational processes in the US strategy group of high school students, which improved their prose comprehension, whereas no effects were evident in the LS strategy group. (b) An identical effect was seen in the LS strategy group of university students, whereas it was not observed in the US strategy group. These results support our hypothesis. The boundary conditions for the effect of signaling on students' prose comprehension are discussed from the perspective of the production deficiency in structure strategy.

著者

宇野 究人 浅野 倫子 横澤 一彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.6, pp.571-579, 2019 (Released:2019-02-25)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

---

Grapheme-color synesthesia is a condition in which visual letters or characters induce a specific color sensation. It has been suggested that a range of linguistic properties influence synesthetic grapheme-color correspondence, but the influence of graphemic (orthographic) information is not well understood. In this experiment, synesthetes chose up to two synesthetic colors for each Japanese Kanji character. The results showed that characters that could be divided into right and left subcomponents (radicals) were associated with a higher number of synesthetic colors than characters that could not be divided. This tendency was stronger for projectors, who perceive colors visually in external space, than for associators, who perceive colors in their ‘minds eye’. The results of this study suggest that the graphemic information of Kanji characters affects the number of synesthetic colors, especially for projectors.

著者

横田 賀英子 渡邉 和美 和智 妙子 大塚 祐輔 倉石 宏樹 藤田 悟郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.86.13086, (Released:2015-05-28)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

9 3

---

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to create an index for a behavioral linkage analysis of serial sex crimes, and second, to construct a predictive model for the analysis. Data on 720 sex crimes (rape, indecent assault) committed by 360 offenders arrested between 1993 and 2005 throughout Japan were collected. The following seven behaviors were examined during a series of analyses aimed at illustrating the effectiveness of crime linkage in serial sex crimes: victim age group, area type, publicness of offense site, weapon, time, contact method, and day of the week. The results indicated that six of the seven behaviors (excluding “day of the week”) significantly distinguished between linked and unlinked crime pairs. Under a logistic regression of these six variables, which were dichotomously coded in terms of the concordance or discordance between each pair of incidents, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.82–0.87), indicating a high level of discriminative accuracy in identifying disparate sex crimes committed by the same person.

著者

蒔苗 詩歌 河西 哲子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.5, pp.452-459, 2017 (Released:2017-12-25)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

3

---

Body analogy is an operation that links spatial cognition with the sensorimotor systems. Previous studies on mental rotation have shown that adding a head at the top of stimulus cubes or imitating human posture improves mental rotation performance results. On the other hand, mental rotation performance tends to be better in males than females. In this study, we tested sex differences in the effects of body analogy on a mental rotation task. The task was to judge whether the stimulus from a pair of cubes was the same or not; we added faces to the cubes or imitated human posture with cubes. The results revealed that body analogy was useful for both males and females but the effect was greater for females. However, additional correlation analyses indicated that this effect was at least partly due to the differences in abilities required for mental rotation, rather than sex differences. These results suggest that body analogy can compensate for weaknesses in spatial cognition.