著者

宮下 孝吉

出版者

社会経済史学会

雑誌

社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.5, pp.421-440, 1956

著者

森住 信人

出版者

専修大学法学会

雑誌

専修法学論集 (ISSN:03865800)

巻号頁・発行日

no.108, pp.43-86, 2010-03

著者

内田 善久 伊藤 正人

出版者

一般社団法人 日本行動分析学会

雑誌

行動分析学研究 (ISSN:09138013)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1-2, pp.71-87, 1997-06-30 (Released:2017-06-28)

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本稿では学際的領域としての採餌行動研究の最近の発展を概観した。最適餌場利用、最適食餌、頻度依存捕食という3つの話題に対してオペラント心理学が培ってきた方法論を適用した研究に主眼がおかれた。行動生態学から導出された最適餌場利用と最適食餌という最適性モデルは、動物は最も効率的に餌を採るという仮定を共通に持つ。最適餌場利用と最適食餌の問題に適用された、強化スケジュールを用いた実験室シミュレーションは、最適性モデルによる予測の検証や移動時間、餌の分布等の採餌行動に及ぼす様々な要因の効果を検討する上で有効な方法論であることが示された。また、頻度依存捕食とは動物が相対頻度の高い餌を過剰に摂食する現象のことを指す。この現象に適用された、並立連鎖スケジュールを用いた実験室シミュレーションの結果は、餌の目立ち易さの要因が頻度依存捕食を生起させる上で重要であることを示した。これらの知見から、実験室シミュレーションが最適性モデルによる予測の検討や採餌行動に影響する要因の探求に際して強力な道具となることが明らかにされた。

著者

大北 碧

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.69.1.6, (Released:2019-06-24)

参考文献数

87

被引用文献数

1

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The saying "A dog (Canis familiaris) is man's best friend" and the term Jinba ittai (describing the connection between a horse [Equus caballus] and a human) express the affinitive interactions between humans and these animals. In this paper regarding psychology of learning, these interspecies interactions were considered to indicate that human behaviors change behaviors of these animals and vice versa. Such mutual influence is possible because humans and these animals have innate cognitive systems that allow them to process each other's behaviors, and because humans and these animals learn each other's behaviors. Thus, studies that investigated these cognitive systems and such learning were reviewed. Next, we looked at studies that examined these interspecies interactions during rearing or training. Finally, the reason why humans not only feel that dogs and horses can interact with them but also experience affinitive relationships with these animals was discussed. The innate and learned factors involved in the construction of these relationships were considered.

著者

山本 蘭

出版者

医歯薬出版

雑誌

医学のあゆみ (ISSN:00392359)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.256, no.4, pp.304-311, 2016-01-23

著者

西村 明代

出版者

横浜市立大学学術研究会

雑誌

横浜市立大学論叢. 人文科学系列 (ISSN:09117717)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.3, pp.227-237, 2012

著者

永橋 弘价

出版者

国士舘大学政経学部附属政治研究所

雑誌

国士舘大学政治研究 (ISSN:18846963)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, 2010-03

著者

TAKANORI WAKAYAMA

出版者

The Juntendo Medical Society

雑誌

順天堂醫事雑誌 (ISSN:21879737)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.Suppl.1, pp.135, 2018 (Released:2019-06-26)

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Introduction: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are believed to prevent the progression of osteoarthritis (OA), since they act as an antioxidant and possess anti-inflammatory effect to suppress protein catabolism in cartilage and synovial cells. However, association between oxidative stress and fatty acid (FA)-related markers in synovial fluid of knee OA have not been fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between oxidative stress and FA-related markers in the patients with knee OA.Methods: We examined the oxidative stress- and FA-related markers both in the serum and synovial fluid taken from the patients with knee OA (male/female: 4/6). The Kellgren-Lawrence classification of knee OA in these patients were II-IV. The average age was 60.7 years old. The levels of biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) were measured using free radical analytical system (FRAS4, Wismer Co.Ltd., Tokyo Japan). Omega-6 PUFA (arachidonic acid: AA), omega-3 PUFA (EPA), and eicosanoid (Leukotriene C4: LTC4, Thromboxane B2: TXB2, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid: HETE) were investigated as FA-related markers using LC/MS/MS method. In statistics, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r) and statistical significance (p) were calculated using GraphPad Prism version 6.0 (GraphPad Software). The values of p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.Results: The serum level of BAP/d-ROMs ratio (antioxidant capacity) was lower than that of synovial fluid; 5.8 (95%CI: 4.9-6.6) in serum and 18.9 (13.2-24.7) in synovial fluid (p<0.01, paired t-test), the ratio of serum/synovial fluid was 0.31, suggesting that antioxidant capacity within joint is higher than that in serum. The ratio of serum/synovial fluid of FA were as follows; EPA: 3.8 (1.5-6.1), DHA: 0.4 (0.2-0.6), AA: 0.7 (0.5-0.9). The serum/synovial fluid ratio of EPA/AA (indicator of the anti-inflammatory capacity) was 4.3 (1.3-7.3). These data indicates that the levels of FA in synovial fluid depend on the types of FA, and FA-related anti-inflammatory capacity is low in the synovial fluid of knee OA. There were significant negative correlation between the levels of BAP/d-ROMs and AA, LTC4, 15HETE, 12HETE (r=-0.72, -0.79, -0.85, -0.68, respectively, p<0.05) in synovial fluid, whereas no correlation in serum, suggesting that oxidative stress within knee joint are related to the activation of AA cascade.Discussion: We examined the relationships between oxidative stress and FA metabolism both in serum and synovial fluid of knee OA and found that oxidative stress in synovial fluid was involved in the AA cascade. Since omega-3 PUFA such as EPA and DHA poses anti-inflammatory effect, administration of these FA would be helpful to relief the inflammation of knee OA via suppression of oxidative stress within knee joint. Furthermore, our data suggest that the improvement of systematic methaboric conditions such as hyperlipidemia can loose their body weights in obesity individuals as well as surpress inflammation within the knee joint. Therefore, it’s important to evaluate general health conditions when we manage the patients with OA.

著者

藤本 武

出版者

日本文化人類学会

雑誌

文化人類学 (ISSN:13490648)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.3, pp.347-370, 2010-12-31 (Released:2017-06-23)

被引用文献数

1

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近年アフリカにおける小規模な紛争について環境変化による希少な資源をめぐる争いとする議論がある。牧畜民と農耕民の間の紛争では放牧地を確保しようとする前者と農地を拡大しようとする後者の土地をめぐる争いとされる。本論はエチオピア西南部の牧畜民と農耕民の間で発生してきた紛争事例について検討を行った。この地域では低地に暮らす牧畜民間の紛争が変動する環境下での資源確保や民族形成との関連で考察されてきた。ところが牧畜民の一部は1970年代から近隣の山地に暮らす農耕民を襲い、遠方の農耕民にまで対象を拡大してウシなどの財を略奪してきた。本論の分析から、紛争の背景には19世紀末にしかれた牧畜民と農耕民に対する国家の異なる統治策、国家支配のエージェントである入植者の私的関与、20世紀前半に主として農耕民になされた奴隷狩り、そして近年の自動小銃の流入など、外部からの地域への関与の問題が無視できないことが明らかとなった。じつは、他のアフリカの牧畜民と農耕民の紛争でも、紛争当事者間の土地などの資源をめぐる争いの背景に、国家や国際機関などによる開発政策が結果として争いを激化させていたり、過去の奴隷制が集団間の関係に影響をおよぼしているなど、資源紛争の構図におさまらない同様の問題が認められた。小規模な紛争を対象に、その個別具体的な相を掘りさげて分析する人類学の紛争研究は、今日常套句的になされがちな紛争説明に対して発言していくべきであるとともに、紛争後も長期に関わることで地域の紛争予防にむけた動きを支援するなど、独自の貢献を果たしていくことが求められる。

著者

尾崎 恭一

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.81-94, 1996-10-01 (Released:2018-02-01)

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Not a few people in Japan are killed in active euthanasia. However, most cases are hidden, as active euthanasia is prohibited in any situation. Consequently some people are killed by immoral ways, for example involuntarily or cruelly, though they could survive with handicaps, or though they could die calmly in voluntary active euthanasia. Voluntary active euthanasia should be permitted legally, and the Involuntary one should be prohibited strictly. Why is Voluntary active euthanasia prohibited? Because people think that no one has the right of death and believe in the theory of the slippery slope. But everyone has the right of self-determination. Does this right imply that? And cannot we put the brake on unlimited killing performed under active euthanasia? In order to answer these questions, I first investigated how the right of self-determination is justified by two theories which differ from each other:social contract theory and utilitarianism. This call give an impartial solution for them. The solution is that each person has the right to decide all one's own affairs and even commit suicide if the right is not misused and makes no one unhappy. Secondly I studied the meaning of death for the dying person, especially with regard to its positive meaning, i.e. the completion of his life. It is important what he does as the last act in his life when he suffers terribly from fatal wounds or diseases. Is it morally good that doctors prolong the severe pain of the patient as long as possible? It is bad that they rob him of self-determination and his happiness. He doesn't only have the right to die,but also should exercise the right in oder to get rid of his fatal pains. Thirdly I think through the new legal systems which permit the right to die and prevent patients from misusing it. Judging from the above, these systems must be based on the principles of self-determination and state of necessity. In the case of voluntary active euthanasia, to help one commit suicide can be legally justified. However, to kill one based on the one's serious request cannot justified, but only irresponsible for the murder.

著者

齋藤昌三 著

出版者

文藝資料研究會

巻号頁・発行日

1927

著者

高 松花 濱 定史 小林 久高 安藤 邦廣

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.678, pp.1853-1860, 2012-08-30 (Released:2012-10-15)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1 1

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The log cabin is a kind of traditional house in east area of Asia. In Japan, there are traditional temples represented by the Shosoin and are located in the mountain. By the other hand, in Korea, these temples are located in the mountains and the islands. In the case of China, there are some log cabins located near the Changbai Mountain, and where many people are still living.The purpose of this paper is to describe the construction and the production technology of log cabins through a survey conducted in the protected area of Jingjiang Village in China's Changbai Mountain. It will also aim to make a linkage between characteristics with local area's weather, forest, society and economic condition.

著者

名古屋市土木部 編

出版者

名古屋市土木部

巻号頁・発行日

vol.昭和12年版, 1937

出版者

陸軍省情報部

巻号頁・発行日

1939

著者

根本 浩行

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 = Studies of Language and Culture (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.1-19, 2015-03-30

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As is the case with face-to-face communication in L2 learning, computer-mediated communication (CMC) has been increasingly investigated from the sociocultural perspectives of second language acquisition (SLA), which enable us to attend to rather than remove the broader social and discursive contexts from research data (cf. Warschauer, 2005). This approach has led CMC researchers to reconsider e-learning not only as a means of assisting individual language learning but as a source of providing language learners with authentic sociocultural activities and has also made such researchers more aware of intricate relationships between CMC and its sociocultural factors, including cultures, contexts, communities where learners participate, their social positionings in the communities, power relations with others, L2 identities and L2 learning motivations.This paper reviews various previous CMC studies and then argues the applicability of several sociocultural and pedagogical concepts to CMC research, including the Vygotskian notion of scaffolding, task-based language teaching, intercultural interactions, and language socialization. The sociocultural analyses of CMC in this paper suggest that CMC enhances students’ goal-driven social actions to promote grammatical, sociolinguistic and sociocultural competence in L2 and provides affordances that help students to apply an analytical lens on their own L2 production.

著者

一色 俊行

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.99-103, 2000 (Released:2007-03-29)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1

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痛みを理解するためには,単に身体的側面からの捉え方をするのではなく,心理学的側面からの理解が必要である。痛み知覚は情動との関連性が高く,身体的原因の全くない疼痛,いわゆる心因性疼痛も存在する。この心理的疼痛に関してICD-10とDSM-IVの分類について解説し,理学療法に関連の強い幻肢痛と慢性疼痛について主に心理面からの関係を述べた。

著者

駒見 敬祐

出版者

明治大学大学院

雑誌

文学研究論集 (ISSN:13409174)

巻号頁・発行日

no.46, pp.399-412, 2016

著者

根本 浩行

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 = Studies of language and culture (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.19-38, 2012-03-31

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When research on second language acquisition (SLA) began to prevail in the 1970s and 1980s, the SLA process was primarily deemed as the cognitive process which occurs in the mind. While acknowledging the importance of this traditional approach, due to the increasing awareness of the socially constructed nature of cognitive development, many researchers currently claim that cognition is not the sole SLA paradigm and consider the cognitive and sociocultural processes as two parallel constituents of SLA. Such a perspective has contributed to the emergence of various sociocultural theories in the area of applied linguistics, such as Vygotskian sociocultural theory, language socialization, situated learning, critical theory, identity approach, socio-constructionist genre theory, and so on. This paper delineates the historical background of the paradigm shift from the dominance of cognitivism to sociocultural perspectives of SLA, and discusses how to apply sociocultural theories in empirical SLA studies, focussing on the socio-constructionist genre theory, the concept of situated learning, and an identity approach to SLA.

著者

大和田 玄 岡野 弘 木村 康宏 吉田 輔 七尾 大観 藤本 潤一 西澤 英雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本集中治療医学会

雑誌

日本集中治療医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13407988)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.273-274, 2019-07-01 (Released:2019-07-01)

参考文献数

6

著者

小林 琢也 近藤 尚知

出版者

岩手医科大学歯学会

雑誌

岩手医科大学歯学雑誌 (ISSN:03851311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.3, pp.88-97, 2015-01-30 (Released:2017-03-05)