著者
東郷 育子
出版者
JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2006, no.145, pp.72-92,L10, 2006-08-29 (Released:2010-09-01)
参考文献数
40

Since the 1989 Tiananmen Incident, the Chinese government has strongly governed and controlled to constrain democratization. Despite severe limitations, China's citizens have lived better and freer than before 1989 as a byproduct of China's economic reform and opening to the outside world. The enhanced government control following the Tiananmen incident has understandably aroused the civil liberties awareness of the Chinese people vis-à-vis the government, particularly with respect to human rights.The Chinese government has basically rejected western human rights pressure, while at the same time, pursuing a positive strategy at the international level. China has signed and ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and is also a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, although this is not yet to be ratified.In line with the continued development of the market economy, China has promoted legal reform including the adoption of the Civil Procedure Law, the revised Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law, Administrative Litigation Act and others. In 2004, China adopted amendments to the Current Constitution including articles for improving the protection of citizens' lawful private property and provisions on respect for human rights. However, full compliance with these legal reforms and international human rights law is a different problem to be analyzed separately.Since 1991, China has published the so-called white paper on human rights practices to advocate its own view on human rights, and to make public a limited amount of information about human rights in China. A number of NGOs and human rights research institutions have been established and are engaging, albeit under significant government scrutiny and control, in academic research and international exchange about human rights. The China Society for Human Rights Studies is a typical government sponsored NGO. It hosts the country's biggest human rights website and published the first human rights magazine in China. In China, while the number of NGOs is increasing rapidly, only NGOs permitted by the government are allowed to engage in westernized human rights development or democratization. Furthermore, international NGOs that are critical of the Chinese government are barred from operating in China.It goes without saying that the 1989 Tiananmen Incident and subsequent human rights battles with Western nations have heightened awareness and concern amongst the international community of China's human rights record. As a result, the Chinese government has become more accommodating, holding over the years an increasing number of meetings and dialogue on human rights with various governments and private organizations. Tibet and Xinjiang, which had hitherto not been treated as human rights issues, are now the object of calls for improvement by the international community. At the UN Commission on Human Rights, Chinese government has fought year after year to resist Western cosponsored resolution for China's human rights abuses. However, it is significant that the Chinese government has accepted visits and activities of High Commissioner for Human Rights and Special Rapporteurs, and promoted human rights technical cooperation with the UN agencies.However, China's policies and strategies have not necessarily produced a standard of human rights sufficient to satisfy international community. The criticism from international community remains strong. With China now a member of the new UN Human Rights Council, it will come under increasing pressure to fulfill new obligations with respect to this role and the promotion and protection of human rights.Two vectors in China's human rights development can be identified. Firstly, there exists external pressure, such as calls from international community for the improvement of China's human rights situation in addition to diplomatic pressure.
著者
奥田 和子 渡邊 裕季子 倉賀野 妙子 河辺 達也 長浜 源壮 森田 日出男
出版者
一般社団法人日本調理科学会
雑誌
調理科学 (ISSN:09105360)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, no.1, pp.81-85, 1990-02-20
被引用文献数
2

米重量に対して1.7%の本みりんを添加して炊飯した本みりん添加炊飯米の調理特性を、官能検査と物性測定の両面から検討した。本みりん添加炊飯米は水炊飯米に比べて、「外観」「粘り」「かたさ」「うまみ」「総合評価」において良好であり、好まれる比率が高いことを認めた。「香り」と「甘み」では好みの差がみられなかった。定速圧縮試験でえられた初期弾性率、総仕事量、付着エネルギーは、本みりん炊飯米の方が水炊飯米よりも大きく、官能検査でえられた「こしやねばりがありつぶれにくい」という評価とよく対応した。本みりん添加炊飯米の水中落下速度が水炊飯米に比べて速かったのは、表面の滑らかさに起因しているものと思われる。両米飯の水分含有率、重量増加率ではほとんど差がみられなかった。粘りの少ない食味の劣る米に対して本みりんを添加すると、うまみ、物性、香りを向上させることを認めたが、その作用機作については現在検討中である。
著者
岡本 拓司
出版者
一般社団法人 日本物理学会
雑誌
日本物理学会誌 (ISSN:00290181)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.4, pp.237-239, 2018

<p>歴史の小径</p><p>真空からみた物理学の歩み</p>
著者
外務省通商局 編
出版者
外務省通商局
巻号頁・発行日
vol.大正13年4月30日現在, 1924
著者
Toshihide Izumida Yosikazu Nakamura Yumika Hino Shizukiyo Ishikawa
出版者
Japan Atherosclerosis Society
雑誌
Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (ISSN:13403478)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.49528, (Released:2019-08-29)
参考文献数
38
被引用文献数
24

Aims: Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLP-C) are the novel atherosclerotic risk factors and might be strongly associated with inflammation. The basic evidence supports that sdLDL and RLP have some different mechanisms inducing an inflammatory response. Many studies have focused on the mechanism of inflammation of sdLDL-C or RLP-C per se, with limited data on the association between sdLDL-C and RLP-C in the real-world, population-based setting. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between sdLDL-C and RLP-C with inflammation. Methods: We examined the baseline cross-sectional data of participants from the Jichi Medical School-II Cohort Study. In total, 5,305 participants (2,439 men and 2,866 women) were included in this study. Results: Of all quartiles of sdLDL-C, the fourth had the highest high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level. Once adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, antidyslipidemic and antihyperglycemic medication use, and RLP-C, sdLDL-C was significantly and positively associated with hs-CRP (geometric mean, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.36 mg/L (0.34–0.38 mg/L), 0.37 mg/L (0.35–0.39 mg/L), 0.40 mg/L (0.37–0.42 mg/L) versus 0.44 mg/L (0.42–0.47 mg/L), P<0.001 for trend). After stratifying the participants into four sdLDL-C×four RLP-C categories, the group in the fourth sdLDL-C quartile and the forth RLP-C quartile had the highest hs-CRP level (geometric mean, 95% CI, 0.52 mg/L, 0.48–0.57 mg/L, interaction P=0.75). Conclusions: SdLDL-C and RLP-C had different associations with inflammation. Our results support sdLDL-C as the potential novel factor of cardiovascular disease, independently of RLP-C.
著者
金野 美奈子(1966-)
出版者
東京女子大学現代教養学部国際社会学科社会学専攻紀要編集委員会
雑誌
東京女子大学社会学年報 (ISSN:21876401)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, pp.17-32, 0000

婚姻は,多くの人々にとって生活の中心の一つであり価値ある人間関係を築く場であるだけでなく,物質的な生活からアイデンティティのあり方までその人のさまざまな側面を規定しうる存在である.人々がどのように自らの婚姻を経験するかは,当該政治社会が婚姻という領域をどのように位置づけ,規定し,その関係を支え,また規制するか,つまり「婚姻制度」に大きく影響を受ける.政治社会が婚姻をどのように制度化すべきかをめぐっては,それぞれの時代に応じて,議論と変革が繰り返し行われてきた.近年においてもまた,日本の文脈では夫婦別姓,またより広い文脈においては同性婚や複婚(ポリガミー)など,オルタナティヴな婚姻制度をめぐる議論が活発になっており,また制度的変革も一定程度進展してきている.では実際,私たちには「伝統的」なものとは異なるオルタナティヴなパートナーシップのあり方を婚姻制度に包摂すべき理由があるのだろうか.リベラリズムはこの問いに肯定的に答えようとしてきた代表的な立場だが,従来の議論は多元社会の公共的議論として決定的な不十分さを抱えており,伝統的な家族を擁護する立場との間の相克を乗り越えられているとはいえない.ジョン・ロールズによってもっとも包括的に提案された政治的リベラリズムとその中心理念である公共的理性は,生き方に関する価値観の多様性を前提とする社会において,人々に共通に受け入れられうるものとしてオルタナティヴなパートナーシップを婚姻制度に包摂する議論を構築しうる可能性を示唆する.本稿はその枠組みに基づき,より開かれた婚姻制度を擁護する議論を素描する試みである.リベラルな政治社会の市民によって共通に受け入れ可能な公共的意味ないし価値の観点から婚姻制度をとらえることで,オルタナティヴなパートナーシップ関係もまた適切に議論の俎上に乗せることができる.Marriage is among the central foci of the daily lives of many people, serving as the source of valuable interpersonal connection. In many ways, ranging from material conditions to subjective identity, marriage defines our existence. The ways in which individualsexperience their own marriage is significantly affected by the ways in which our political society institutionalizes this practice (i.e., how it situates, defines, supports, or regulates it).Indeed, whether and how marriage should be institutionalized to meet the needs of a particularhistorical period has been the subject of recurring debate. Examples of such controversies include the introduction of the option of separate surnames for Japanese husbandsand wives or of same-sex or polygamous marriage in the broader context.Do we, as citizens of a liberal democratic political society, have reason to believe that non-traditional forms of marriage should be included in the institution of marriage? Liberalism has been a major force in the effort to answer this question in the affirmative,but it has failed to offer a sufficiently persuasive public argument thus far, leaving the conflict between its views and more conservative positions unresolved. Political liberalism,which has been developed in its most comprehensive form by political philosopher John Rawls, points to the possibility of constructing an argument that supports the institutionalinclusion of alternative forms of marriage in pluralist liberal democracies that can be endorsed by individuals with diverse and incompatible worldviews. Thus, this paper presents an argument based on public reason that aims to overcome the limitations of more comprehensive liberalism.
著者
江本 裕
出版者
大妻女子大学
雑誌
大妻女子大学紀要. 文系 (ISSN:03020304)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, pp.107-122, 1999-03
著者
Atsushi KOBAYASHI Sayaka TSUCHIDA Atsushi UEDA Takuji YAMADA Koichi MURATA Hiroshi NAKAMURA Kazunari USHIDA
出版者
JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
雑誌
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.19-0014, (Released:2019-08-12)
被引用文献数
20

The transgenerational maintenance of symbiotic microbes that benefit host nutrition and health is evolutionarily advantageous. In some vertebrate lineages, coprophagy is used as a strategy for effectively transmitting microbes across generations. However, this strategy has still not been studied in birds. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of maternal cecal feces consumption by Japanese rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta japonica) chicks as a strategy for acquiring essential gut microbes. Both the duration of coprophagy behavior by the chicks and the development process of the chick cecal microbiome (n=20 one- to three-week-old chicks, from three broods) were investigated. In all three broods, coprophagy behavior was only observed from 3 to 18 days of age. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the number of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in 1-week-old chicks (n=651) and adults (n=609), and most of the main OTUs observed in the adults were already present in the 1-week-old chicks. These results indicate that, in this precocial bird species, coprophagy may contribute to the early establishment of cecal bacteria that are essential for food digestion and, thus, chick survival. In fact, Japanese rock ptarmigan chicks consume the same food as their hens from the time of hatching. This behavior may have applications to ex-situ conservation.
著者
矢野 淳滋
出版者
日本物理教育学会
雑誌
物理教育 (ISSN:03856992)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.4, pp.229-232, 1987

粘土から発生するTnを抽出して自作の箔検電器で線量を測定し,半減期を求めることができる,実験は10分間もあれば終るので検電器を投影して箔の動きを読みとらせれば高校の演示実験として最適である.また粘土から抽出したRnは生徒のクラブ活動や家庭実験に適している,核エネルギーが身のまわりで使われている現代の社会人として,わかりやすい器具で放射線を検出した経験を持つことは是非必要なことであると思う.
著者
井上 遠 井上 奈津美 吉田 丈人 鷲谷 いづみ
出版者
一般社団法人 日本生態学会
雑誌
保全生態学研究 (ISSN:13424327)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, no.1, pp.87-98, 2018 (Released:2018-07-23)
参考文献数
49

奄美大島の亜熱帯照葉樹林における森林性鳥類の種組成、および保全上重要な種の生息密度分布のモニタリングに録音法を用いる可能性を検討した。繁殖期(2015 年4 月22 日~ 5 月6 日)に5 か所の森林域において、早朝および夜間に音声録音(録音法)とポイントカウント法を同時に実施した。オオトラツグミやルリカケスなど奄美大島の森林域に生息する保全上重要な鳥類種を含めて、録音法でもポイントカウント法とほぼ同様の鳥類相を記録できた。録音法で記録されたリュウキュウコノハズクとアカヒゲのさえずり頻度は、ポイントカウント法で計数した個体数に対して有意な正の効果を示し、録音法はこれらの種の生息密度のモニタリングにも有効であることが示唆された。