著者
藤木 健二
出版者
Keio University Faculty of Letters, Department of Asian History
雑誌
Al-Madaniyya (ISSN:24360678)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, pp.15-26, 2023 (Released:2023-05-07)

This paper examines a prohibition on trading monopolies of artisans and retailers issued in Istanbul in 1789. First, the hatt-ı hümâyûn document that Selim III (r. 1789–1807) authored is scrutinized to understand the intent and purpose of the prohibition. Next, the enforcement of the prohibition and its impact is examined in detail. The focus is on the vegetable trade of Istanbul, which was emphasized most in hatt-ı hümâyûn. Using court registers from Istanbul as the main historical source, the monopoly over vegetable trade and changes in the system are presented following an analysis of lawsuits brought by vegetable retailers (sebzeci) and others.
著者
Natalia GOGOLEVA Zeynab Javanfekr SHAHRI Atsushi NODA Ching-Wei LIAO Arata WAKIMOTO Yuri INOUE Hyojung JEON Satoru TAKAHASHI Michito HAMADA
出版者
Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science
雑誌
Experimental Animals (ISSN:13411357)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.23-0044, (Released:2023-05-12)
被引用文献数
1

Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) has become a popular tool for gene transfer because of its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and efficiently transduce genetic material into a variety of cell types. The study utilized GRR (Green-to-Red Reporter) mouse embryos, in which the expression of iCre results in the disappearance of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) expression and the detection of Discosoma sp. Red Fluorescent Protein (DsRed) expression by intraplacental injection. Our results demonstrate that AAV9-CMV-iCre can transduce multiple organs in embryos at developmental stages E9.5–E11.5, including the liver, heart, brain, thymus, and intestine. These findings suggest that intraplacental injection of AAV9-CMV-iCre is a viable method for the widespread transduction of GRR mouse embryos.

1 0 0 0 OA 慢性呼吸不全

著者
茂木 孝
出版者
一般社団法人 日本呼吸ケア・リハビリテーション学会
雑誌
日本呼吸ケア・リハビリテーション学会誌 (ISSN:18817319)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.2, pp.171-175, 2023-04-28 (Released:2023-04-28)
参考文献数
24

慢性呼吸不全は室内気で PaO2 が 60 Torr 以下という低酸素血症が1か月以上続く場合と定義される.その病態は肺高血圧・肺性心,呼吸筋疲労を中心として中枢神経系,栄養障害など多岐にわたる. 病態からみた慢性呼吸不全の管理ポイントは3つある.1つは低酸素血症と高炭酸ガス血症への対処であり,具体的介入が酸素療法および非侵襲的・侵襲的人工呼吸である.さらにこれらの管理に伴う臨床的問題への対処(モニタリング,アドヒアランスなど)が必要である.第2に栄養,代謝,臓器・筋肉障害への対処であり,介入内容は体重と栄養状態の管理,身体活動性・運動耐容能の向上・維持,および呼吸リハビリテーションである.第3にすべてに共通するのがセルフマネジメント支援である.近年新しい研究も報告されたが,残念ながら酸素療法の適用基準は40年前からほぼ進化していない.一方で新たなデバイスの研究も進んでおり適用拡大も期待されている.
出版者
東洋大学文学部
巻号頁・発行日
2014
著者
Fumiko Kagiura Ryota Matsuyama Dai Watanabe Yuuki Tsuchihashi Kazuhiko Kanou Takuri Takahashi Yusuke Matsui Masayuki Kakehashi Tomimasa Sunagawa Takuma Shirasaka
出版者
Japan Epidemiological Association
雑誌
Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.5, pp.256-261, 2023-05-05 (Released:2023-05-05)
参考文献数
29
被引用文献数
1

Background: The CD4 cell count of patients during diagnosis and distribution of CD4 cell counts in the patient population are important to understand infection-diagnosis interval and incidence rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, respectively. However, this information has not been published in Japan. This study aimed to describe the change in CD4 cell count trends and clarify the change in patients’ characteristics in association with the CD4 cell count information.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to analyze the medical records of patients with HIV who visited one of the largest acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) core hospitals in western Japan. The basic characteristics, CD4 cell counts, viral loads, and diagnosis-treatment intervals between the first (2003–2010) and second (2011–2017) halves of the study duration were compared.Results: The distribution of CD4 cell counts significantly changed between 2003–2010 and 2011–2017 (χ2 = 20.42, P < 0.001). The proportion of CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3 increased (38.8% in 2003 to 45.9% in 2017), whereas CD4 cell count ≥500 cells/mm3 decreased (19.4% in 2003 to 12.2% in 2017). Moreover, the distributions of age groups, history of HIV screening test, patient outcomes, HIV viral load, and diagnosis-treatment interval also significantly changed (χ2 = 25.55, P < 0.001; χ2 = 8.37, P = 0.015; χ2 = 6.07, P = 0.014; χ2 = 13.36, P = 0.020; χ2 = 173.76, P < 0.001, respectively).Conclusion: This study demonstrated the fundamental trends of the HIV epidemic in Osaka, Japan between 2003–2010 and 2011–2017 and indicated that the incidence rate of HIV was decreasing in Japan.
著者
西脇 雅人 小田 啓之 尾井 直矢 久米 大祐
出版者
一般社団法人日本体力医学会
雑誌
体力科学 (ISSN:0039906X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, no.3, pp.215-225, 2023-06-01 (Released:2023-05-10)
参考文献数
34

Single-tooth sandals under new development have special material and shape characteristics. Exercises with single-tooth sandals can increase pressing stimulus on the soles of the feet, thereby suppressing a decline in medial longitudinal arch and elevating sole surface temperature. This study thus aimed to examine the effects of exercise with single-tooth sandals on medial longitudinal arch and sole surface temperature. Sixteen young adults (23 ± 5 years) participated in 20 min of stepping exercise on the spot. They randomly put on a regular normal sandal (N conditions) or a single-tooth sandal (Z conditions) on each left and right side. Before and after exercise, medial longitudinal arch and sole surface temperature were assessed by digital caliper and straightedge and thermography, respectively. No significant differences in baseline parameters were observed between N and Z conditions. After exercise, arch height and arch height ratio significantly reduced in N conditions, but not in Z conditions. Central sole surface temperature in Z conditions also increased significantly, and the changes in surface temperature were significantly higher in Z conditions than in N conditions. Therefore, these findings suggest that exercise with single-tooth sandals has a positive effect on a suppressing decline in medial longitudinal arch and an elevation in sole surface temperature.
著者
斎藤 泰弘
出版者
イタリア学会
雑誌
イタリア学会誌 (ISSN:03872947)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, pp.67-92, 2022 (Released:2022-11-09)
参考文献数
11

Nel presente articolo vengono trattate le vicende di una causa civile in cui Stefano Pirandello, figlio di Luigi, fu accusato di essere il vero autore di un soggetto del padre: Il figlio dell’uomo cattivo, che fu acquistato dall’imprenditore G. Manenti nel 1936 in qualità di “soggetto originale dell’Accademico Luigi Pirandello” poco prima della morte del premio Nobel. Tuttavia, dopo la sua scomparsa l’imprenditore denunciò il soggetto come “apocrifo” indicando Stefano come il suo vero autore. Per controbattere l’accusa, Stefano presentò un memoriale in cui venivano indicate dettagliatamente le modalità di svolgimento di questo tipo di lavoro, nonché le parti della trama modificate per interferenza censoriale del governo fascista e del Sant’Uffizio. Tale vertenza si concluse con una transazione in cui Stefano fu assolto dall’accusa a lui rivolta.Questo Memoriale di Stefano ci rivela chiaramente il funzionamento dell’officina creativa di Pirandello: lui parla liberamente agli amici intimi delle sue idee in merito a vari soggetti, accettando volentieri le loro proposte per migliorarli, mentre Stefano, il suo “negro” (inteso come “schiavo”), prende nota di tutto quello che gli detta il padre, e allo stesso tempo cerca di colmare le lacune dei racconti inventando nuovi episodi. Egli stesso nel suo Memoriale confessa quanto segue: “Accanto a Pirandello, chi sa come, ci sentiamo tutti bravi a inventare. Bravi come lui. Bravi anche più di lui. Chi sa come, poi, senza Pirandello, siamo tutti un po’ meno bravi. […] Il merito di questo fervore inventivo restava per intero alla fantasia creativa […] che era la fantasia di Pirandello”.Il “negro” Stefano collabora volentieri con il padrone posseduto dal suo demone creativo. L’editore Bompiani ci fornisce una spiegazione convincente in merito a questa strana relazione fra i due: “Il rapporto di Stefano col padre era del tutto fisiologico: Stefano aveva un cervello simile, ma critico, e Pirandello se ne serviva come di un proprio organo.” (da Il mestiere dell’editore). Una volta completata la stesura, Pirandello regolarmente considerava come proprio tutto ciò che veniva scritto da Stefano senza apportare nessuna modifica al testo.Questo atteggiamento potrebbe essere riconducibile al fenomeno del “padre-padrone” specifico del Meridione; Stefano dedica tutto sé stesso al padre, lavorando come un “negro” e perfino tramutandosi nel coautore del padre, alimenta la sua creatività anche dal di dentro.Tuttavia, quando il padre gli impose di pubblicare un intero scenario a nome suo per ripicca nei confronti di un ordine del governo fascista—è il caso dell’Acciaio—, il figlio non poté sottrarsi a un forte rimorso di coscienza, e giungendo perfino a deridere i critici incapaci di distinguere le differenze di stile, confessò in modo autolesionistico di esserne stato il vero autore.Da questo Memoriale rivelatore del funzionamento dell“officina Pirandello” si può intuire che il figlio non è mai riuscito a liberarsi dalle catene del padre, nemmeno dopo la morte di quest’ultimo, e visse come un buon figlio docile covando un sentimento ambivalente di amore-odio nei confronti del “padre-padrone”. In ultima analisi Stefano si sentiva anche lui come il figlio dell’uomo cattivo.
著者
尾崎正久著
出版者
自研社
巻号頁・発行日
1955
著者
長崎 滉大 中西 航 朝倉 康夫
出版者
公益社団法人 土木学会
雑誌
土木学会論文集D3(土木計画学) (ISSN:21856540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, no.5, pp.I_825-I_831, 2023 (Released:2023-05-12)
参考文献数
10

道路の一地点を通過する交通量は一日の間で時間によって変動する.地点交通量の確率分布を推定することにより,路側での観測が容易な交通量データからドライバーの行動の時間変動を知ることができる可能性がある.また,交通量の時間変動のように24時間単位で繰り返されている現象に対しては,角度を扱う方向統計学を適用し,0時と24時を同一と見なして分析することが適切である.本研究では,方向統計学における確率分布である円周分布を混合した分布を用いて,高速道路の複数地点で観測された地点交通量の分布のパラメータ推定を行った.分布の推定により,交通量の時間変動を朝の出勤と夕方の帰宅の分布に分離することができた.また,朝の分布は左に歪んだ立ち上がりの速い分布であり,後者の分布は緩やかな分布であることがわかった.
著者
近畿大学中央図書館
雑誌
図書館だより = Toshokan Dayori
巻号頁・発行日
no.202, pp.1-4, 2023-05-01
著者
陳 力衛
雑誌
成城大學經濟研究 = Seijo University economic papers
巻号頁・発行日
no.194, pp.9-35, 2011-11

近代の西洋においてdemocracyとrepublicはもともと区別のつきにくい概念であった。その二つのことばに対して、19世紀半ばころまでは中国では「民主」、日本では「共和」と、各々異なった漢語訳語を当てていた。いわば中日言語の没交渉の時代があっての産物だった。19世紀後半になると、漢訳洋書や英華字典の日本への流入によって、中国語の「民主」は日本語に入って、まずrepublicの意味において「共和」と類義関係をなすようになった。一方、19世紀末期に来日していた中国人は日本語の「共和」を持ち帰っていって中日両国語にともに「民主」「共和」が使われるようになった。こうしてrepublic=「共和」の対訳が固まるにつれてdemocracyと「民主」との意味結合も徐々に多くなってきた。さらに明治後期の日本においてdemocracyを「民主主義」やカタカナ語の「デモクラシー」へと訳され、政体を表す「民主」との意味区別を図るようになった。20世紀の初めころ、「民主主義」の言い方も中国へ伝わり、democracyとrepublicは最終的に「民主」と「共和」に対訳するように、意味の棲み分けをするようになった。