著者
井上 敦子 仲田 義啓
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬理学会
雑誌
日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.127, no.3, pp.137-140, 2006 (Released:2006-05-01)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
2 3

サブスタンスPを代表とする神経ペプチドは,刺激に応じて一次知覚神経から遊離され,脊髄後角において二次神経に痛み情報を伝達すると同時に,末梢組織で遊離された神経ペプチドは,免疫担当細胞,肥満細胞,血管平滑筋細胞に作用して神経因性炎症反応を引き起こす.我々は,一次知覚神経の活性化の解析モデルとして脊髄後根神経節初代培養細胞(培養DRG細胞)を用い,サブスタンスPの動態(生合成と遊離)について炎症性メディエータの影響とその作用メカニズムを検討している.炎症反応により組織局所や神経支配する一次知覚神経のサブスタンスP含量は増加する.培養DRG細胞を炎症性サイトカインであるインターロイキン1βで処置すると,数時間でサブスタンスPが遊離され,数日間の処置で細胞内サブスタンP前駆体PPT mRNAレベルの増加が観察された.また,発痛物質でもあるブラジキニンで培養DRG細胞を前処置すると,カプサイシンによるカルシウムの取り込みを増加したことから,一次知覚神経の興奮性を促進することがわかった.また,数時間のブラジキニン処置でカプサイシンによるサブスタンスP遊離が増強された.インターロイキン1βとブラジキニンの長時間処置によるサブスタンスP遊離に及ぼす影響はシクロオキシゲナーゼ(COX)阻害薬で抑制され,インターロイキン1βとブラジキニンにより培養DRG細胞においてCOX-2の発現誘導が観察された.サイトカインなどの炎症性メディエータは,種々神経ペプチドの動態に影響を及ぼすことによって炎症反応,炎症性痛覚過敏を引き起こすと考えられる.その作用機序および細胞内伝達経路を解明することは病的痛覚過敏の制御に極めて重要であると思われる.
著者
蔵永 瞳 樋口 匡貴 福田 哲也
出版者
公益社団法人 日本心理学会
雑誌
心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.89.16070, (Released:2018-02-20)
参考文献数
11
被引用文献数
2

The purpose of this study was to explain the psychological process of exhibiting prosocial behaviors after a person receives gratitude. The results of a preliminary survey indicated that psychological responses are organized into six categories for people who receive gratitude and five categories for those who do not receive it. Participants who participated in this study’s two main surveys completed questionnaires measuring their psychological responses and prosocial behaviors after receiving or not receiving gratitude. Participants in Survey 1 recalled their experiences of receiving or not receiving gratitude from their friends after exhibiting prosocial behaviors, whereas Survey 2 participants recalled their experiences of receiving or not receiving gratitude from strangers. Regression analysis showed that among participants who received gratitude from others, the “affirmative responses to one’s own behavior” promoted a wide variety of prosocial behaviors. Furthermore, a “desire to receive gratitude” promoted prosocial behaviors toward another person after not receiving gratitude.
著者
福安 直樹
出版者
一般社団法人電子情報通信学会
雑誌
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. SS, ソフトウェアサイエンス (ISSN:09135685)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.108, no.173, pp.79-84, 2008-07-24
参考文献数
10

ウェブサイトにおいてHTMLの各要素をどのように表示するかを指定する記述としてCSSが広く利用されているが,一般的なプログラミング言語と同様に,変更の繰返しが保守性の低下を招くおそれがある.本稿では,一つのルールセット内で宣言されているプロパティの種類や複数のルールセット間で宣言されているプロパティの類似性に着目して,CSS記述における不吉な匂い(役割の重すぎるルールセット,重複したルールセット)を検出する手法を提案する.また,検出された不吉な匂いに対する三つのリファクタリング手法を提案する.実際に,役割の重すぎるルールセットや重複したルールセットが多く含まれるサイトのCSS記述についてリファクタリングを実施した結果を報告する.
著者
小元 久仁夫 大村 纂
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.124, no.1, pp.127-135, 2015-02-25 (Released:2015-03-11)
参考文献数
22
被引用文献数
3

The Rhone Glacier is the best-documented case in the Alps of a rapidly retreating glacier. Photographs and other documents show the history of the changing glacier since the Little Ice Age. Fluctuations of the glacier tongue reflect decadal temperature fluctuations during the observation period. The last quarter century witnessed the most spectacular retreat, resulting in the development of a glacier lake. The pro-glacial lake has increased rapidly in size to the extent that the Swiss Federal Office of Cartography and Survey has given it the official geographical name of “Rhonesee”. The major stages of the Rhone Glacier are presented in this article with selected photographs and figures.
著者
上田 純子
出版者
The Historical Society of Japan
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.109, no.11, pp.2014-2042, 2000-11-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

This paper explores the decision-making process of the Hagi Domain government during their Bunkyu era reforms, which began in March 1863 and were brought to an end in September 1869 after the bombardment of Shimonoseki and the outbreak of violence in Kyoto. Before the reforms, policy-making functions were carried out by two members of the Karo家老 class, called Ryoshoku両職, who were supported by a small group of lower level officials, the Goyogatachu御用方中. After the reforms, policy-making activities and appeals to the daimyo were both carried out at a newly established Seijido(政事堂;Hall of governance). The officials of the Seijido routinely conducted policy meetings in the presence of the daimyo. These measures aimed at involving a larger range of the warrior class in the consultative process give that process more authority, or potency. The abolition of the Ryoshoku system also aimed at better preparing the domain for war, by emphasising the military role of Karo members and moving the former Goyogatachu officers into military administrative roles.
著者
木村鷹太郎 著
出版者
日新閣
巻号頁・発行日
1920
出版者
日本史籍協会
巻号頁・発行日
vol.上巻, 1927
著者
寺前 典子
出版者
慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科
雑誌
慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科紀要 (ISSN:0912456X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.70, pp.73-90, 2010

論文Music has been thriving to be the site of an endless competition between two aspects of human beings; a rational (mechanical) aspect and an aspect that cannot be determined by rationality (sensible). In Max Weber's The Sociology of Music: The Rational and Social Foundations of Music, he contrasts rationalizations of many kinds of ethnic, ancient, and modern music to western classical music, concerning what had brought modern western classical music to fruition. Weber concludes that the piano is a successful form of a rationalization of keyboards in western classical music.This study is concerned with the rationalizations of instruments and temperaments through two contrasting aspects; a rational aspect would be a mechanical aspect, while an aspect which cannot be determined by rationality would be a "human sense." Most musical instruments that are used in western classical music have experienced structural rationalizations such as that of the piano. In terms of the construction of the instruments, the flute in particular has been employing the equal temperament and has changed a scientific instrument that is prior to a mechanical aspect just like the piano. On the other hand, in terms of performance, the flute has kept its pure intonation that is based on the "human sense," contrasting to the piano whose tones have deteriorated because of rationalization. Consequently, this paper would find that musical rationalizations are processes of changing rationality to an aspect of "human sense" and a mechanical aspect of things. The more modern a musical rationalization is, the less rational its "human sense" becomes.
著者
寺前 典子
出版者
慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科
雑誌
慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科紀要 : 社会学・心理学・教育学 : 人間と社会の探究 (ISSN:0912456X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.74, pp.19-32, 2012

論文Classical music, which is western ethnic music from one among several periods in the history of music, has had a greater impact than other kinds of music. According to Weber, one reasons for its impact is the rationalization of notation. Why has the West invented rationalized notation?This study examines Weber's studies of notation to investigate this issue, relating societal time consciousness to rationalizations of notation on the basis of Schutz and Husserl's theories.According to Schutz, people connect with others through a "mutual tuning-in relationship" that underpins all communication to form not only face-to-face relationships but also quasi-simultaneity that is separated by hundreds of years via music. First, this study analyzes the notation of Japanese traditional music in terms of quasi-simultaneity. Further, it describes the process of development of societal time consciousness in the West—from the Roman to the Gregorian calendar and Greenwich Mean Time—and western music's process for rationalization of notation—from neumatic to modern notations. The study finds a parallel relationship between both processes, which are eventually connected by the invention of the metronome. Maki asserted that activities in modern society must be controlled by "universal time," which in western music means the note that represents abstract time and the beat of modern notation. Husserl philosophically analyzed processes of consciousness in inner time expressed in his time chart. This study also analyzes people's processes of consciousness in a musical environment by collectively using a time chart and notation and identifies the distinctions as well as limitations of universal time. Elias took a contrary position and noted that humankind develops ideas through experience and learning. This study demonstrates that philosophical approaches are effective in sociologically explaining time.These analyses explain why rationalized notation has been invented in the West. Such notation satisfied the societal demand of connecting people in quasi-simultaneity by abstracting time, as it represents the process of developing societal time consciousness.
著者
寺前 典子
出版者
慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科
雑誌
慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科紀要 : 社会学・心理学・教育学 : 人間と社会の探究 (ISSN:0912456X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.72, pp.157-160, 2011

平成22年度博士課程学生研究支援プログラム研究成果報告1.はじめに2.楽器の合理化3.フルートの発展と"身体感覚"
著者
小野 暢三
出版者
The Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers
雑誌
造船協會會報 (ISSN:18842054)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1936, no.59, pp.85-98, 1937-02-20 (Released:2009-07-23)

The first part of the paper deals with the combination comprising a triple expansion engine, with poppet valves for high and intermediate pressure cylinders, and direct coupled to the main shaft line, and an exhaust steam turbine, to utilize the energy contained in the exhaust steam from the engine, double reduction geared to the main shaft line. In this system, the turbine is to work for ahead direction only; an automatic friction clutch is to disengage the turbine when the main engine is to run in astern direction.Mechanical regilient coupling composed of friction disks and a number of coil springs is contained inside the first reduction gear wheel, and is arranged to take off uneven torsional shocks taking place due to the action of the crank shaft of the reciprocating engine.In the second part, description is given about the combination consisting of a set of double compound high speed engine, single reduction geared to the main shaft line, and a low pressure turbine, double reduction geared to the same line. In this case an astern turbine is also arranged. The exhaust steam from the engine is controlled with special manoeuvering valve to enter into either ahead or astern turbine as desired and the valve is to cooperate with the reversing mechanism of the reciprocating engine.Particulars of the ships having these systems of combination machinery are given in the attached table also the performance data of their maiden voyages are given in another table.A sketch of the design of the machinery space of twin screw engines and its brief description is given in the last part of the paper.
著者
鹿目 久美
出版者
Japanese Council on Family Relations
雑誌
家族研究年報 (ISSN:02897415)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.38, pp.5-13, 2013-07-10 (Released:2017-02-14)

結婚後、自然豊かな福島で家族とともに暮らしていた生活は、東日本大震災後の原発事故であっけなく失われた。事故後の放射能による娘の健康不安から、私は神奈川へと母子避難を決意した。被害にあったこと、避難することで、家族のつながり、友人とのつながり、地域とのつながりを失いかけていた避難先の生活で、福島の子どもを招く保養キャンプの活動に参加するようになった。自分たちのためにも福島の子どもたちのためにも、この活動を続けていきたいと考えている。
著者
荒川 一郎
出版者
公益社団法人日本オペレーションズ・リサーチ学会
雑誌
オペレーションズ・リサーチ : 経営の科学 = [O]perations research as a management science [r]esearch (ISSN:00303674)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.5, pp.366-372, 2003-05-01
参考文献数
6

医療経済情報の利用方法については,本邦の製薬企業として未だ模索の段階である.数ある選択肢の中で,現段階でもっとも可能性のある活用方法は,マーケティングプロモーションを目的とした個々の製品に関する情報の創生である.しかし,マテリアルの創生に当たっては,意思決定者に対していかに分かりやすく,シンプルにするかが今後の課題となっている.さらに,単なる製品のための情報創生だけではなく,システマティックに疾患を包括した疾病管理の立場から情報の創生が求められてきており,製薬企業も積極的に目を向けなければならないのではないかと考える.
著者
鯨井 千佐登
出版者
国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌
国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.174, pp.145-182, 2012-03

日本中世・近世「賤民」の権利のなかでも、①斃牛馬の皮を剥いで取得する権利、②埋葬する死体の衣類を剥いで取得する権利、③「癩者」の身柄を引き取る権利がとくに注目される。中世史家の三浦圭一は「牛馬にとって衣裳にあたるのが皮革に他ならない」とのべて、①と②を「同じレベル」で見ようとした。横井清も「皮を剥いでそれを取得することと死体の衣類を受け取ることが無縁なものとは私も思えない」といい、「身に付けている表皮を剥ぎとる権利と行為」をどのように考えるべきかという問題を提起している。一方、③は中世的な権利で、引き取られた「癩者」は「賤民」集団の一員となった。「癩」は「表皮」に症状のあらわれる皮膚の病であるから、③も含めて、「賤民」の権利は身を覆っている「表皮」にかかわるものとして一括して把握すべきかもしれない。こうした斃牛馬や死体の「身に付けている表皮を剥ぎとる権利」や「癩者」に対する監督権の宗教的源泉が、古くは境界の神にあると信じられていた可能性が高い。境界の神とは地境などに祀られていた神々のことで、「賤民」の信仰対象でもあった。本稿の課題は、そうした境界の神の本来の姿を見極めることである。本稿では、古くは境界の神に対する信仰が母子神信仰、とくに胎内神=御子神への信仰を骨子としていたことや、境界の神が月神としての性格を備え、人間の身の皮や獣皮、衣類、片袖を剥いで取得すると信じられていたこと、それゆえ境界の神に獣皮や衣類、片袖を捧げる習俗が生まれたこと、境界の神が皮膚の病の平癒という心願をかなえるだけでなく、それを発症させるとも信じられていたことなどを推定した。つまり、境界の神と「身に付けている表皮」との密接な関係を推定し、また、「賤民」の有した境界の神の代理人としての性格の検証という今後の課題を提示した。Among the rights of "senmin" in medieval and early modern Japan, the following three attract special attention: (1) the right to strip and obtain the skins of dead oxen and horses, (2) the right to strip and obtain the clothes of corpses to be buried, and (3) the right to take "lepers" along. The medieval historian Keiichi Miura said "the skins of oxen and horses were regarded as clothes" and treated ( 1) and ( 2) on the "same level." Kiyoshi Yokoi also said "I do not believe that stripping and obtaining the skins is unrelated to receiving the clothes of corpses" and raised the issue of how to consider "the right and behavior of stripping worn superficial skins." On the other hand, (3) was a medieval right, and the "lepers" taken along became a member of the group of "senmin." Because "leprosy" is a skin disease that causes symptoms on "superficial skins," the rights of "senmin" might have to be understood as related to all the "worn superficial skins" including ( 3) .It is very likely that the religious sources of the "right to strip worn superficial skins" of dead oxen, horses, and human bodies, and the right of supervision of "lepers" were believed to be in the gods of the boundaries in ancient times. The gods of the boundaries were worshipped in the boundaries of lands and also believed in by "senmin." This article attempts to ascertain the original figure of the gods of the boundaries.This article presumes the following: in ancient times, the belief in the gods of the boundaries was based on that in the mother-child gods, especially the belief in the fetal or child god; the gods of the boundaries had the character of moon gods and were believed to strip and obtain human skins, animal skins, clothes, and single sleeves; based on such belief, the custom of offering animal skins, clothes, and single sleeves to the gods of the boundaries was started; it was believed that the gods of the boundaries not only healed skin diseases but also caused them. In other words, this article presumes a close relationship between the gods of the boundaries and "worn superficial skins" and presents the future task of verifying the character of "senmin" as agents for the gods of the boundaries.