著者
松見 俊 マツミ タカシ Takashi MATSUMI
出版者
西南学院大学学術研究所
雑誌
西南学院大学神学論集 (ISSN:03874109)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.1, pp.109-198, 2011-03

わたし自身,元来組織神学を専門分野として研究し,西南学院大学神学部では実践神学を教える者であり,歴史的研究は門外漢ではあるが,2010年度前期にプラハに在外研究を許された者として,プラハとチェコの歴史にとって避けることのできない重要な人物としてのヤン・フスから彼の神学思想を聞きたいと考えた。この論文では,1.フスの生涯を当時の社会的,哲学的,教会史文脈で考え,2.彼の主著といわれている『教会論』をまとめて提示し,3.彼の生涯と『教会論』を中心とした著作群から見えてくる神学思想の特徴を考察・整理しようと試みるものである。プロテスタント宗教改革は,マルティン・ルターが1517年10月31日,ヴィッテンベルクの教会の扉に「95箇条の提題」を貼り出した時から始まったとみなされがちである。むろん,バプテストの場合は,それ以前のバルタザール・フプマイヤーやアナバプテストの歴史などにも光を当ててきたのである。もっとも,「宗教改革」そのものを無視して,聖書時代に遡ってしまう極端な立場も存在してきた。そのような極端な歴史理解は別にして,ルターの宗教改革は「始まりというより,むしろ,その時点に先立つ二世紀続いた運動の結果」であったと考えるのが適切であると思える。ヤン・フスの教会改革運動も,彼自身,かなり意固地で個性的な性格であったように見受けられるが,ある才能ある個人の孤立した運動というより,この時期の教会改革運動の流れの一部分として理解されるべきであろう。ボヘミアの哲学者・神学者であり,「宗教改革以前の宗教改革者」と呼ばれるヤン・フス(Jan Hus 英John Huss,独Johannes Huss)は,今日でもその評価が分かれている。異端として断罪され,火刑に処せられたフスは,本当に異端思想の持ち主であったのだろうか,あるいは,今日,聖者として名誉回復がなされるべきなのであろうか。そして,いずれにもせよ,今日に生きるわれわれに,フスが死をかけてまで問い掛けようとしたメッセージは何であったのだろうか。われわれキリスト者は,歴史の中から「危険な記憶」としてのイエスの物語と共に,いかなる「記憶」を心に刻み,また,伝承すべきであろうか。これがこの論文の基本的テーマである。
著者
菊地 章太
出版者
日本宗教学会
雑誌
宗教研究 (ISSN:03873293)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.84, no.4, pp.910-928, 2011

明治二十年(一八八七)に私立哲学館を創立した井上円了は、諸学の根拠を哲学に求めた。仏教が時代に取り残されようとした時代である。真宗寺院に生まれ育った円了は、仏教を哲学として理解しようとつとめ、仏教の語彙ではなく日常の語彙によって仏教を語ろうとした。いずれも前代未聞の試みである。みずからの思索にもとづく仏教理解という方向から、さらに進んで寺院や既成教団から独立した信仰と実践の可能性を切り開こうとした。教団に属さない宗教実践があり得るか。これが近代化の怒濤のなかで仏教存続の方向を模索した円了が導き出した問いであった。寺院なくして信仰は成り立つか。個人でも信仰をもつことができるのか。今ならば問うまでもないこの間いが、明治も終盤をむかえる時代の宗教者にとって抜きさしならない課題となったのである。
著者
植村 玄輝
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2015, no.66, pp.127-142, 2015

<p></p><p>In discussing the nature of laws of logic in the <i>Prolegomena</i> of the <i>Logical</i> <i>Investigations</i>, Husserl gives a passingly critical remark about a certain sort of <i>anti</i>-psychologism. He accuses some antipsychologists of misconceiving the laws of logic as essentially normative. This is a mistake, he claims, because logic is a system of norms of thinking or judging only in a <i>deliberative</i> sense; in its primal form, "pure" logic concerns <i>descriptive</i> laws that govern the relationship among propositions as ideal meaning-entities. Such a remark is in need of elucidation and evaluation, since it is widely and correctly acknowledged that the <i>Prolegomena</i> is devoted to the refutation of psychologism rather than anti-psychologism. In the present paper, the author argues for the following four claims: (I) Husserl's criticism of antipsychologism is an integral part of his argument for pure logic. Since his argument against psychologism in and by itself leads only to the anti-psychologism in question, he is in need of a separate argument for the primarily descriptive and deliberatively normative nature of logic. (II) Husserl succeeds in giving a coherent and fine account of how laws of logic are primarily descriptive and deliberatively normative. (III) This account is not well motivated unless it is supplemented by the phenomenological analysis of cognition. (IV) Husserl does not succeed in providing such a supplementation in the second volume of the <i>Logical</i> <i>Investigations</i>, because he there excludes intentional objects from the domain of phenomenological descriptions. With those claims, the author concludes that Husserl's so-called transcendental turn and the further development of his thought should be understood as attempts to overcome the incoherence of the Logical Investigations in order to save the largely Aristotelian conception of logic that lies behind the whole discussion.</p>
著者
吉田 一史美
出版者
日本医学哲学・倫理学会
雑誌
医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, pp.53-62, 2011-09-30 (Released:2018-02-01)

This paper studies a movement in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s for a new adoption system to give women reproductive freedom by providing an alternative to abortion. The study examines why the adoption movement resulted in failure and reveals how concurrent campaigns to restrain abortion influenced this failure. In 1973, Dr. Noboru Kikuta publicly confessed to arranging 100 illegal adoptions using false birth certificates in cases of unwanted pregnancy to protect the mothers and save their fetuses. Subsequently, he started a movement to deny abortion to any woman past her seventh month of pregnancy, when a fetus can survive outside of the womb, and to establish a new adoption system protecting women's privacy in records of childbirth and adoption to provide an alternative to abortion. However, jurists did not embrace the protection of unmarried mothers from stigma and the Special Adoption Law established in 1987 did not reflect Kikuta's proposal. In the 1970s and 1980s, while Kikuta developed his movement, some religious groups and politicians criticized the Eugenic Protection Act, which was enacted in 1948 and allowed abortion within the seventh month. They campaigned to amend the act to prohibit most abortions and include disabled fetuses in eugenic policies instead. However, feminist and disabled people's groups protested against and frustrated the campaigns. As a side effect of this controversy, Kikuta's movement for a new adoption system was seen as being radically pro-life or anti-feminist. Moreover, obstetricians making a living by performing abortion and feminists did not actively support him. Kikuta's new adoption system was a simple proposal to protect fetuses' lives and add to women's choices, but the concurrent anti-abortion campaigns made Kikuta's beliefs and actions seem overly political. Kikuta's failure and the present situation of adoption in Japan are representative of the limitations of women's reproductive freedom in Japan.
著者
濵本 鴻志 葛谷 潤 荒井 ひろみ
出版者
一般社団法人 人工知能学会
雑誌
人工知能学会全国大会論文集 第35回 (2021)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2C4OS9b02, 2021 (Released:2021-06-14)

人工知能(AI)の発展が目覚ましい一方で、その背景にある機械学習、特に深層学習のブラックボックス性は、信頼と責任の観点から社会実装の障害となっている。こうしたブラックボックス化の問題を解決するために、説明可能AIのコミュニティでは、透明性や説明責任を実装するための技術的な取り組みが急速に進められているだけでなく、近年では、そもそも説明とは何かといった哲学的問題に取り組む研究も始まっている。既存の研究の一つとして、Mittelstadt et al. (2019)は、Miller (2019)による説明概念の分析に基づいて、対話型の対比的説明を提供する説明可能AIの開発の必要性を訴えている。本論文では、まず、肺炎リスク予測システムの事例を用いて説明可能AIのニーズを確認し、次にMittelstadt et al.(2019)の議論を概観した上で、そこで提案されている対話型の対比的説明の有用性について議論する。
著者
渡邉 学
出版者
宗教哲学会
雑誌
宗教哲学研究 (ISSN:02897105)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, pp.1-14, 2003 (Released:2019-03-21)

The focus of the psychology of religion is on conversion from the beginning of its history. The theme of “defection” was not focused on until recently. This theme concerns not only psychological change or disillusionment, but also the loss of a social identity and disaffiliation from a religious community. Formerly it was common that scholars of religion regarded defectors as sources of trouble for new religious movements. As a result, they tended to underestimate their importance for their study. However, scholars have changed their attitude toward defectors due to the high rates of dropouts after the second half of the 1970s. There are two kinds of studies on defectors: one by defectors themselves, and the other by scholars of religion. The former is divided into those by defectors who become disaffiliated through their own will, and another by defectors forced by their community to be disaffiliated. Scholars of religion have found three levels of defection: affective (disaffection) , cognitive (disillusionment), and social organizational (disaffiliation). And they have found temporal variability in defectors’ testimonies. In this essay the author takes the concrete example of a former executive member of Aum Shinrikyō in order to examine those findings. The defector is apparently a willing one, with some complications. He first showed disillusionment, knowing the assassination of Sakamoto family was done by Aum members, and disaffection followed. He was disaffiliated from Aum according to his own free will after he was arrested. He changed his testimony during the series of his trials.
著者
林 洋一郎
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 組織学会
雑誌
組織科学 (ISSN:02869713)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, no.1, pp.46-57, 2012-09-20 (Released:2013-10-01)
参考文献数
37

本論文では,「正義・公正」について哲学に基づく規範的研究と組織行動や心理学に基づく経験的研究の双方を論じた.正義に関する規範研究と経験研究の双方を展望した結果,両者の関連性があまり強くないことが明らかにされた.さらに「規範的論議-経験的論議」そして「ミクロ-マクロ」というふたつの軸を組み合わせることによって今後の研究方向について議論した.
著者
有馬 斉
出版者
日本医学哲学・倫理学会
雑誌
医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, pp.71-80, 2007-10-18 (Released:2018-02-01)

In moral discourse, people often appeal to emotion as opposed to reason. This is particularly true when they discuss the moral status of the use of new biomedical technology. Sometimes we may be unable to articulate an argument against organ transplantation from a brain-dead person, host surrogacy, human embryonic stem cell research, etc; we may then only say that "these acts are disgusting." What exactly do we mean when we say that someone's act is "disgusting"? In the first half of this paper, I shall distinguish three cases: (1) a person who seeks to reach a "reflective equilibrium;" (2) a communitarianist; and (3) a moral realist, each of whom may appeal to emotions in his or her own way. The purpose of the latter half of the paper is to examine and refute the manner in which moral realists appeal to emotion. Consider, for example, incest, cannibalism, rape and murder. It may seem that these acts are objectively evil, and that they provoke a negative emotional reaction. These facts might lead one to believe a realistic idea that human beings are biologically equipped with a special kind of emotion whose function is to detect objectively existing moral evilness. In order to show a fallacy involved in this inference, I shall point to a fact that has been reported in the literature of empirical psychology.
著者
一ノ瀬 正樹
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2005, no.56, pp.42-62,3, 2005-04-01 (Released:2009-07-23)
参考文献数
26

The past is nowhere, but it is implied in our understanding of the world. We have to take into account these two fundamental characteristics of the past, i.e. absence and im-plicitness, in order to clarify historical knowledge, as history must be a part of the past highlighted by linguistic description. In this article I investigate the nature of historical knowledge by taking implicitness of the past to be causation between the past and our present state, and interpreting absence of the past as bringing about a probabilistic character of historical knowledge.After briefly examining the controversy about the reality of the past, I scrutinize the covering law model of historical causal explanation through considering its probabilistic form. In particular I mention the problem of how to apply Bayesian Conditionalisation to historical causal explanations. However, Bayesian theory is involved in serious difficulties like the problem of old evidence. This suggests that our choice of context must be ques-tioned, which calls the narrative theory of history into discussion. I argue that narrative theory will introduce backward causation from narration to past events, and that the theory will still imply a probabilistic contingent status of the past. Finally I take up the question of why we narrate our history, and I assert that a sense.of crisis causally motivates us to narrate it. As the sense of crisis itself is a sort of historical knowledge as well as the resultant narration, the probabilistic and contingent character extends throughout our historical knowledge.