著者

甘利 俊一 理化学研究所脳科学総合研究センター

雑誌

人工知能

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, 2017-11-01

著者

若林 芳樹 西村 雄一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 Series A (ISSN:18834388)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.1, pp.60-79, 2010-01-01 (Released:2012-01-31)

参考文献数

109

被引用文献数

5 3

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GISとその応用技術の普及にともない,それが地理学研究のみならず社会に及ぼす影響をめぐって,英語圏では1990年代から議論されてきた.本稿は,GISと社会をめぐる諸問題について,英語圏の動向をもとに論点を整理し,日本のGIS研究に対する意味合いを考察するものである.まず2000年以前のこうした議論を「クリティカルGIS」と呼んで整理したSchuurman(1999, 2000)の論考をもとに,三つの時期に分けて論調の変化と影響を検討した.その結果,1990年代初頭の社会理論派との反目・対立から,対話・協調へと移行した結果,GISと社会との関係を包含する地理情報科学が成立した過程が確かめられた.2000年以降になると,参加型GISの実践,フェミニズム地理学が提起した質的GIS,科学技術社会論からみたGISと社会との関わり,監視とプライバシーをめぐる法的・倫理的問題などをめぐって研究が進展している.こうした議論を日本のGIS研究に導入するにあたっては,英語圏での論点を的確にとらえた上で,GIS関連技術の普及や制度的・社会的背景の違いにも留意する必要があると考えられる.

著者

竹内 章郎

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.211-218, 1999-10-01 (Released:2018-02-01)

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In this article, I will chiefly demonstrate the assertion that the right to die cannot yet be justified. And I will carry out this demonstration from the following five aspects. First of all, the way of society and culture should not be ignored, for the right to live and the right to die are also dependent upon the way of society and culture. Particularly noteworthy is the horizontal development of society and culture. In the long run, if this development is enough to preserve all the lives of people sufficiently, people may not claim the right to die. Secondly, I notice the problem of the method of the ethical question itself, which academic practices have often overlooked. Because this problem has effected the justification of the right to die as I will show later. Third, we must clearly distinguish the right to die from inevitable death by reason of historical limitations. This argument, of which many sholars often have forgotten, should be unavoidable. Fourthly, we may be informed of some problems about the right of self-determination. Because even if the authentic right to death is guessed on the basis of the right of genuine self-determination, that case cannot often be brought into materialization. Fifthly, we should direct our attention to self-preservation of life itself and to social intensification of a disposition to this self-preservation. I have confidence that the evidence of demonstration which can be acquired from those aspects mentioned above in this article may be sufficiently strong to override the justification of the right to die.

著者

北島 雄一郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1-2, pp.23-34, 2018 (Released:2018-05-07)

参考文献数

24

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Klyachko, Can, Binicioğlu, and Shumovsky (KCBS) have introduced an inequality which holds if there is a noncontextual hidden variable theory. It is called KCBS inequality. Its violation shows a contradiction between predictions of quantum theory and noncontextual hidden variable theories. Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem also shows that there are no noncontextual hidden variable theories in quantum theory by showing that there is no value assignment on a set of all observables. Thus, its approach is different from KCBS inequality. In the present paper, we show a logical relation between KCBS inequality and a value assignment, and examine a consequence of this logical relation.

著者

中村 隆文

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.47-55, 2008-03-30 (Released:2010-02-03)

参考文献数

10

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There are many problems about causality and identity in Humeanism. Especially, a problem that “Humean Supervenience” allowing many possibilities of various external laws encounters is concerned with the difficulty whether such laws can be coherent with the intrinsic properties of causation. This problem is related to another one whether “Humean Supervenience” is compatible with objectivism in accordance with Hume's original intention. Struggling with a disharmony between Hume's pragmatic epistemology and his realistic ontology, many philosophers have tried to dissolve such a complicated problem. But I think their efforts wouldn't be successful and the disharmony doesn't need to be settled, because the prospective collapses of their efforts wouldn't reduce the meaning of Humeanism. In this paper, I conclude that the seeming incoherence should be retained, because it suggests a moderate scientific attitude to be placed between dogmatism and skepticism. I demonstrate it by emphasizing the significance of some parts included in Hume's Treatise.

著者

堀井 洋一 吉成 愛 中本 百合菜 郡司 ペギオ幸夫

出版者

公益社団法人 計測自動制御学会

雑誌

計測自動制御学会論文集 (ISSN:04534654)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.31-38, 2018 (Released:2018-01-25)

参考文献数

13

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The model of human's decision process by Bayesian Inference cannot represent the sudden change of the decision manner. Featuring novel Inverse Bayesian Inference, we modeled the decision process including sudden change, and evaluated the effectiveness through psychological experiments. In the experiment, the subjects progress in zigzag toward the goal in virtual 3D space by selecting the left or right. As a result, many unreasonable and sudden change decisions are observed. We show our model of decision process featuring Inverse Bayesian Inference can represent such a sudden change. We also examined examples applied to trends in stock prices and the influence of parameters of Inverse Bayesian inference.

著者

村上 陽一郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1-2, pp.46-49, 1982-12-25 (Released:2009-07-23)

著者

前原 昭二

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.107-115, 1979-12-25 (Released:2009-09-04)

著者

廣野 喜幸

出版者

科学技術社会論学会

雑誌

科学技術社会論研究 (ISSN:13475843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.180-184, 2018-11-20 (Released:2019-12-02)

著者

林恕 撰

出版者

国書刊行会

巻号頁・発行日

vol.第12, 1920

著者

下村 寅太郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.4, pp.149-158, 1955-06-30 (Released:2009-09-04)

参考文献数

16

著者

大河内 泰樹

出版者

日本ヘーゲル学会

雑誌

ヘーゲル哲学研究 (ISSN:13423703)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, no.14, pp.56-65, 2008-12-15 (Released:2011-12-19)

参考文献数

20

著者

岩城 見一

出版者

日本ヘーゲル学会

雑誌

ヘーゲル哲学研究 (ISSN:13423703)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1998, no.4, pp.23-33, 1998-06-11 (Released:2010-07-27)

参考文献数

15

著者

山田 友幸

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.1-16, 2013-12-20 (Released:2014-06-28)

参考文献数

10

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John Searleʼs discussion of the gaps in rational action raises serious problems for the commonsense view that an explanation of an agentʼs action in terms of her reason for doing what she did is a species of causal explanation. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the problems Searle's discussion raises and examine the relation between the experienced gaps and the neurobiological processes in the brain.

著者

小口 峰樹

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.1_1-1_16, 2011 (Released:2011-10-13)

参考文献数

32

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John McDowell proposes conceptualism of perceptual content to warrant the idea that perceptual experience rationally constrains belief. To support this idea, McDowell claims that not only belief and perception, but also the world itself has a propositional structure. This view of the “unboundedness of the conceptual” is, however, doubtful. In this paper, I shall explore how we can defend conceptualism without accepting the above view. To do this, I shall propose a mechanism that gives a propositional structure to perception before it is established as a conscious experience. In so doing, I shall employ two empirical theories: the visual index theory and the sensory classification theory. This inquiry aims at revising conceptualism and giving it an empirical basis.

著者

水本 正晴

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.1_59-1_78, 2008 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

40

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The "entailment thesis", or the principle that knowledge entails belief, is accepted by most epistemologists today. However, not everyone agrees. Some philosophers have presented at least prima facie convincing counterexamples. It seems, however, their challenges have been not so much answered as simply neglected. After examining two types of attractive, but not completely satisfying answers to such purported counterexamples, I will propose an alternative answer, which seems to be congenial to the spirit of epistemological naturalism.

著者

森田 邦久

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.119-131, 2004-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

8

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The main purpose of this essay is an analysis of the methodology in physical research using the semantic concept of scientific theories (SC). The structure of this paper is as follows. First, the antecedent analyses of scientific research by T. S. Kuhn, I. Lakatos and L. Laudan are surveyed. Secondly, I try to define what SC is. According to SC, theory is applied not to real world directly but to model. And next, the methodology of physical research is analyzed by using SC according to the following three steps: 1. improving the approximation between model and the real world, 2. introducing unknown objects (or interactions), 3. alternating basic theory. Finally, the development of physics is discussed. I insist that a criterion to judge which theory is better when theory is modified is the ability to solve empirical problems not conceptual.

著者

竹内 泉

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.135-150, 2003-12-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

被引用文献数

1

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This work proposes a new semantics named "context semantics", which interprets predicate modal logic in which the modality symbols means logical validity. Although the possible world semantics is the most well-known method for semantics of modal logic, it is not so useful or so essential in studying the predicate modal logic. Especially, the transworld identification always makes serious problem. In order to avoid the problem, we propose the new semantics. Our semantics interprets a formula with finite information. This point is the most essential difference between our semantics and possible world semantics.

著者

戸田山 和久

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.29-43, 1999-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1 1

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To naturalize philosophy of science radically and thoroughly, we must re-examine the ontological character (not ontological commitment) of theories and ask how theories are realized in this physical world. Paul M. Churchland dare to answer to this question and claims that a theory is a partition across activation space which is realized by a specific pattern of synaptic weights in a brain. He also tries to justify some Feyerabendian strategies for doing science well in terms of neurocomputational functions of our brains. In this paper, Churchland's project to naturalize philosophy of science is defended against some criticisms. Then, a minor deficiency of his theory is pointed out and a way-out is suggested.

著者

伊勢田 哲治

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.61-78, 1995-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

15

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There have been interesting debates between Hilary Putnam and his critics on his argument against metaphysical realism. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the nature of the debates and to defend Putnam's position in several important points. There are two types of criticism, one is to defend the correspondence theory of truth, and the other is to defend metaphysical realism without the correspondence theory of truth. Putnam seems to be able to answer these criticism effectively. Of course this isn't exhaustive survey, but I think this limited survey is enough to indicate the remaining problems.