著者
岸畑 豊
出版者
大阪大学
雑誌
大阪大學文學部紀要 (ISSN:04721373)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, pp.151-332, 1968-10-30

Thomas Hobbes, who lived an eventful life in the turbulent days of the Puritan Revolution, is a problematic philosopher; indeed, he had much concern about social and political affairs of those days. The present paper, however, aims to study Hobbes solely as a ture philosopher, and the reason for this concentration is, simply, that an accurate appreciation of his thoughts as a whole necessarily presupposes a full understanding of his philosophical foundations. The present study is mainly concerned with two basic problems in his philosophy. Hobbes names all objects of his philosophy 'corpus' (body). I should like to pay attention to this fact. What is meant by 'body', which is the sole object of his whole philosophy?-this is the first problem, i.e. the first point to be brought under examination. And then, how is his philosophy of man and common-wealth to be interpreted, on the basis of the result of that examination? This is the second problem. By his definition, philosophy (that is to say, science in general) is nothing but the correct ratiocination of reason, advancing from the diverse phenomena (natural or social ) or effects, to their causes, i.e. the things, and vice versa. Whenever an event unfolds itself before us, it is supposed that there must have been some things which have given rise to it. His philosophy intends seek after its causes. However, 'body', which his philosophy seeks, is neither the thing in itself nor its phenomenon, but just a being, such that it is ratiocinated and supposed by reason, which analyses this phenomenon with the view to finding its causes according to its own logic; or a being known by the names of'suppositum' and 'subjectum'. Suppositum or subjectum may be considered as a certain being supposed by reason under a phenomenon and, at the same time, in substitution for the thing in itself, so as to comprehend and account for that phenomenon. This is the true object of his philosophy, and here is a key to solve the riddles in his notorious materialism. According to this nature of body, we come to realize, therefore, that by the word 'man' is menat a body, to which some human 'accidentia' (accidents) are ascribed, and by 'common-wealth', literally, a body politic. There are, however, some notable differences between man and other natural beings. Man necessarily lives under certain social conditions, it is true, but he may, on occasions, endeavour to erect a desirable society working togather with their fellows. Man, in this sense, may be considered as a person. Now, 'person' is, in its original sense, a mask worn by an actor on the stage, and, in its transferred meaning, an actor himself, who personates himself or others and acts according to his assigned principles. If left in a state of nature, men must personate themselves, and act like wolves killing one another, from which state men necessarily hope to flee. They ardently desire to have a peaceful common-wealth set up, where they are expected to act as virtuous citizens. A common-wealth is, in his opinion, an artificial man established by the people, and a sovereign also is an artificial person, who, as an actor, stands for the citizens. The main contents of his philosophy of man and common-wealth are, in my opinion, composed of great dramas, depicting a progress of human beings from the state of nature to a peaceful state. We may find the original archetype of these dramas in the grand epic 'Exodus' in the Holy Scriptures. His philosophy of man and common-wealth, therefore, should be regarded, I conclude, as a philosophical theory of this great human emancipation. There still remain two problems, concerning which there have been no established theories as yet. The state of nature is described by him as 'Bellum omnium contra omnes' (a war of every man against every man). What does this description mean ? This is the first problem. To this there have been given several answers, indeed, but very few that are satisfactory. He thereby intends, I believe, to point out the radical evil of man, that is to say, the Original Sin of modern people. In spite of our belief in the modern rationality of the human behaviours, we ought to learn here about the irrational activities of man in modern times. And Hobbes has usually been blamed for his theory of Absolutism. What is meant by the aboslute sovereignty? This is the second point that remains unsolved. It is, of course, unreasonable to think that he did try to defend the Kings of those days in any way. We should rather say that his strange theory of the absolute sovereignty must be explicated as a logical consequence of the irrational activities of man mentioned above. A man, who shudders at the monster 'Leviathan', is really tormented by his radical evil that exists in himself. We should find here, in this point, the radical irrationality and other difficulties inherent in the modern state. The conclusion of this study is, in a word, that Hobbes was a true philosopher who had a deep insight into man and his relations in modern times. If we are to discuss the basic problems in modern philosophy and ethics more or less fundamentally, then we should remember that his philosophy, as the origin of these disciplines, deserves our snecial attention and is well worth our serious studies and re-examinations.
著者
福井 勇
出版者
奈良大学
雑誌
奈良大学紀要 (ISSN:03892204)
巻号頁・発行日
no.5, pp.p301-307, 1976-12

近来徐々にではあるが,居合道を修練する者が増加していることは居合道を愛好する者にとっては大きな喜びである.現在居合道は一部の流派を除いては全日本剣道連盟組織内の一分野に位置づけらわているが,居合道と剣道とのスポーツ性等の関連やその違い等については,成書類には理論的に解明されていないので,所謂る剣道人の多くは居合道について確固とした理念に乏しく,中には明治時代以後強調された日本精神や武士道精神を基調とする考え方をしている者が多いのではないかと考える.筆者は居合道については,この練習のための筋肉連動は一般保健体育上から見たスポーツとは縁遠いように考えるし,またスポーツ性の有無の論よりも別な観点に立って居合道が芸術性と密着しているその性格を重大視している者である.このように述べて来ると剣道界の中から居合道が芸術であるとはそもそも論外であり,武道を冒演するものと厳しく反論される人が出ることも当然予想されるが,筆者としては甘んじて批判を受ける覚悟である.然しながら近代に普及させるためには論理に無理があってはならないと思うので,筆者は本文のように居合道と芸術性との結びつきについて論理的に考えてみたのである.但し本稿はすべて古流の居合道を対象にしており,明治時代以後新設された抜刀居合術についてはその時代の背景があるうえに実戦剣法としてこの道の練達者多人数によりそのさ形,を制定されたものと承知しているので,この居合術については理論的には全く別な観点から考えることが自然であり,本文の芸術性との密着についても異る性格であると考えているのでこの種居合術に関するものは除外して論述することにした.
著者
田中 泉吏 中尾 央
出版者
京都大学文学部科学哲学科学史研究室
雑誌
科学哲学科学史研究 (ISSN:18839177)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, pp.1-19, 2009-02-28

The aim of this paper is to critically examine the theory of linguistic analogy of morality by Mikhail, Harman, Hauser, and Dwyer through a comparison with emotional theory of morality by Haidt, Greene, and Prinz. The theory of linguistic analogy argues that moral judgments come from our unconscious moral grammar. Dual process theory by Greene, on the other hand, argues that moral judgments are based on our unconscious emotional response and conscious reasoning. We argue that the action analysis model in the theory of linguistic analogy may be able to reveal an important aspect of moral judgment, but that the theory of linguistic analogy should not underestimate the role of emotion in moral judgment.
著者
今関 六也
出版者
日本植物病理学会
雑誌
日本植物病理学会報 (ISSN:00319473)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.3, pp.101-104, 1963-06-30 (Released:2009-02-19)
被引用文献数
1 3
著者
平 侑子 岡本 健
巻号頁・発行日
2011-09-02

第53回北海道図書館大会. 2011年9月1日 (木) ~2011年9月2日 (金). 藤女子大学. 札幌市.
著者
君塚 正臣
出版者
横浜国立大学
雑誌
横浜国際経済法学 (ISSN:09199357)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.3, pp.49-74, 2010-03

來生新教授退職記念号
著者
岡本 健
出版者
旅の文化研究所
雑誌
まほら
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, pp.46-47, 2012-01-01
著者
泉 岳樹 松山 洋
出版者
日本建築学会
雑誌
日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.581, pp.83-88, 2004
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
7 9

Rooftop area and potential area for rooftop greening in Tokyo metropolitan area are estimated by analyzing polygon data of buildings and digital aerial photographs on geographic information system The followings are the results of this research 1) Rooftop area of buildings for public, commerce, residence and industry in 23 wards of Tokyo is estimated to be 16,491ha 2) The ratio of the potential area for rooftop greening is estimated to be 77 6% on average 3) Potential area for rooftop greening is 4,917ha, about 8% of 23 wards' area These results give important suggestions for planning scenarios of rooftop greening in Tokyo
著者
久保田 晃弘 岩崎 秀雄 高橋 透
出版者
多摩美術大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2010-04-01

個人レベルでゲノムデータを解読できる、ポスト・ゲノム時代のバイオメディア・アートに関する調査研究を行なった。バイオメディア・アートのポータルサイト「Bioart.jp」を立ち上げた。バイオアートの父と呼ばれるアーティストのジョー・デイビスを日本に招聘し、ワークショップ等を開催した。最終年度には3つの展覧会を開催し、本とカタログを出版した。
著者
花岡 健介
出版者
Waseda University
巻号頁・発行日
2004

近年,PDAや携帯電話などの組み込み機器は非常に高機能化してきている.それに伴ってOSも年々高機能化してきているが,同時に構造が複雑化してきている.本研究の目的は,比較的規模の小さなOSであるMINIXをARMアーキテクチャへ移植し,OSの基本的な動作を理解した上で,組み込み機器の持つ要求を満たすために必要なOSの機能について議論することにある.移植を行ったMINIXの性能評価として,プロセス管理において重要なforkおよびexecシステムコールのコストを計測し,同じARM上で動作するLinuxとの比較を行った.MINIXはLinuxと比較して30倍近く遅いという結果を得たが,MINIXのオーバーヘッドとなっている部分について考察を行い,組み込み機器への適用可能性を議論した.
著者
Kanetada NAGAMINE Hiroyuki K. M. TANAKA Satoshi N. NAKAMURA Katsuhiko ISHIDA Misao HASHIMOTO Akihiko SHINOTAKE Masaaki NAITO Asao HATANAKA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.81, no.7, pp.257-260, 2005 (Released:2005-11-07)
参考文献数
4
被引用文献数
15 31

By using the detection system of the near-horizontal cosmic-ray radiography originally developed for probing inner structure of volcanic mountains, a measurement was conducted to probe the inner structure and its time-dependent change of the blast furnace for iron-making. Precise determination (±5 cm) of the thickness of brick used for both base-plate and side-wall was made in 45 days; a crucial information to predict a life-time of the furnace. Also, the local density of iron-rich part was determined in ±0.2 g/cm2 in 45 days; static structure as well as time-dependent behavior can be monitored for the iron-rich part of the furnace during operation. (Communicated by Kazuhiko NISHIJIMA, M.J.A.)
著者
小島 浩之
出版者
社団法人情報科学技術協会
雑誌
情報の科学と技術 (ISSN:09133801)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.2, pp.42-48, 2010-02-01

資料保存を指す言葉にプリザベーション,コンサベーションがあり,これらは,戦略や戦術などと近似する意思や方向性の決定を伴う概念である。本稿では資料保存における意思決定プロセスに着目し,日本の図書館における資料保存について分析し,その留意点や問題点の整理を試みる。まず種々の保存に関する理論的枠組みのうち,主要なものをとりあげてこれらが現在の資料保存の枠組みに与えた影響の大きさを考察する。その後,実際の保存計画の立案や保存対策のおける意思決定プロセスに焦点を絞り,資料保存の理論的枠組みがどのように利用されているかを概観する。