著者

小松 志朗

出版者

日本政治学会

雑誌

年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.2_421-2_443, 2012 (Released:2016-02-24)

参考文献数

13

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This paper examines three cases of humanitarian intervention (Bosnia, Kosovo, and Libya) to show that intervening parties face challenges concerning the effectiveness of it. The analytical framework for this inquiry consists of ‘the relationship between the use of force and diplomatic negotiations’. The specific challenges are as follows: there are difficulties in defining the proper use of force in relation to diplomatic negotiations for a resolution of political conflict within a intervened state, and those are due to the uncertainty of communication between policymakers and the military within intervening parties; a gap between the use of force and diplomatic negotiations causes the uncertainty; and the gap has at least two variations, ‘the gap between means and end’ and ‘the gap between different ends’. The latter type of gap is especially noticeable since it reflects the trend of the time, the rise of legitimacy of humanitarian intervention.

著者

Hidehiro Furumoto Tharnath Nanthirudjanar Takashi Hirata Tatsuya Sugawara

出版者

公益社団法人 日本油化学会

雑誌

Journal of Oleo Science (ISSN:13458957)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ess15227, (Released:2016-02-15)

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Numerous studies have shown that dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), improve lipid metabolism. The beneficial effects of PUFA-derived oxidation products have been increasingly reported. However, EPA is easily oxidized in food products and in the human body, generating various derivatives of oxidized EPA (oxEPA), such that these oxidation products may partially contribute to EPA’s effect. We previously reported that oxEPA was more potent than intact EPA in reducing liver-X-receptor α (LXRα)-induced cellular triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation. However, the in vivo hypolipidemic effects of oxEPA remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of oral administration of EPA and oxEPA on hepatic steatosis in mice induced by a high-sucrose diet and a synthetic LXRα agonist, TO-901317. Both EPA and oxEPA reduced TG accumulation in the liver and plasma biomarkers of liver injury. Furthermore, they suppressed the expression of lipogenic genes, but not β-oxidation genes, in a similar pattern as the biomarkers. Our results suggest that oxEPA and intact EPA suppress de novo lipogenesis to ameliorate hepatic steatosis.

著者

成瀬 隆純

出版者

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES

雑誌

印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.178-182, 1999-12-20 (Released:2010-03-09)

出版者

公益社団法人 日本植物学会

雑誌

植物学雑誌 (ISSN:0006808X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.402, pp.182-183, 1920 (Released:2013-05-14)

著者

Atsushi Yasuda

出版者

The Botanical Society of Japan

雑誌

植物学雑誌 (ISSN:0006808X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.408, pp.179-180, 1920 (Released:2007-05-24)

著者

青井 和夫

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.29-50,146, 1955-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

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1. Although the 'Experimental Method' has played a central role in natural scientific investigation, in the field of the social sciences it has remained in a primitive stage. There are many approaches to the problem of experimental methods in sociological research, and marked differences in this respect between German, French and American methodology. (1) German methodology (as, especially, in M. Weber's Verstehende Soziologie or H. Freyer's Soziologie als Wirklichkeitswissenschaft) has emphasized the specific character of sociology and asserted that the essential purpose of sociology can be attained only if the experimental method is excluded from the methods of sociological research. This stand-point may be called the 'essential (ist) ' approach to experimental methods. (2) By contrast, French methodology (as, for example, in E. Durkheim's Les Regles de la Methode Sociologique) has directed attention to the process of logical inference and consequently, following J. S. Mill's system of logic, has claimed that sociological experiment is impossible. (Essentially, Durkheim's 'concomitant method' or 'comparative method' is not experimental.) This standpoint may be called the 'formal logical' approach. (3) Lastly, in American methodology (see, for example, G. Lundberg's Social Research) 'the methods of social research' means 'the techniques of gathering data' and methodology begins and ends with the consideration of methods of research and has thus been largely concerned with the technical difficulties of sociological experiment. This may be called the 'technical' approach. 2. The origin of these different standpoints may be traced back to the traditional character of sociology in these countries and to the peculiar nature of their social structures, but, at all events, these have been the main barriers to experimental sociology. What, then, is experiment ? An experiment consists of two elements : the 'verification of hypotheses' and the 'creation of experimental conditions'. The former is the theoretical aspect and the latter the practical aspect. If we neglect either one we shall fail not only to grasp the essential nature of experiment (as, for example, did E. Greenwood, who neglected the practical aspect and included what he calls 'ex-post-facto experiment' in the category of experiment) but also to understand the nature of inference from individual instances to generalisations, the advance from correlation to causation, or the practical significance of experiment. From these points of view, we must, I think, include only Goode and Hatt's 'quasi-experiment', French's 'field experiment', Greenwood's 'projective experiment' and 'stochastical experiment', in the category of experiment proper, and must exclude from it 'natural experiments' ex-post-facto experiment', 'trial and error experiment' and 'controlled observation study. (These are preliminary stages to experiment itself.) 3. The aim of experimental procedure is the determination of geno-typical phenomena or relationships ; the discovery of 'laws'. If such 'laws' can be discovered they will not only influence sociological concepts and theories, they will bring sociology itself out of the stage of verstehen or 'interpretation' to that of 'application'. For the 'futility' of sociological studies depends not only on their purpose, but also on the character of traditional sociological theories and the type of 'laws' they have been concerned to establish.

著者

武田 憲幸

出版者

JAPAN SOCIETY FOR GENDER STUDIES

雑誌

日本ジェンダー研究 (ISSN:18841619)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, no.6, pp.13-26, 2003-08-31 (Released:2010-03-17)

参考文献数

22

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The aim of this paper is to point out the problem of gender bias in Japanese high school textbooks and suggest some solutions. I have examined the contemporary literature sections in “Kokugo-I”, a basic high school text, and “Kokugo-Sogo”, which will be used starting next year.I initially researched the male-to-female ratio of authors and editors of Japanese textbooks over the past ten years. Then later I examined the percentage of literature written by women that is presently being used in the Japanese school system. According to what I found, the percentage of female authors included in the textbooks still does not reach 20% and only 12.9% of the editors are female. These results clearly show us two problems that we are dealing with today: the mostly male editors are not including literature written by women, nor are females being chosen as editors.Another problem I found with the textbooks has to do with the questions following each work. The questions lead students to understand the material in a traditional way, directing them to prepare their answers according to the writer's intention. The questions do not allow for differences in opinion or critical thinking.I chose the short story titled Harunohino-Kageri by Shimao Toshio to illustrate the big difference in opinion between editors and female high school students. In this story, the character “I” recalls his school days, when he always had a sense of inferiority because of his lack of strength and bravery. Due to his inferiority complex, he once chased an unknown girl with the goal of impressing his fellows. Upon reaching the girl, he had no idea what he should do next. This novel perfectly shows the distress of “I” in adolescence. It is valued as a youth novel because readers can relate to the character “I”, and as a result it has become a widely used text in Japanese high schools. However, not all readers relate in the same way.Why does this difference in understanding arise? In my experience, some female high school students today have an intuitive understanding of the writer's sexism and feel that the character “I” looks down on women. This alternative interpretation shows quite a difference in opinion between predominantly male editors, who think that this story is about timeless youth distress and is applicable to everyone today, and actual adolescents who are required to read it.As educators, what can we do about the difference in understanding? Now that we know about the alternative ways of interpreting literature, we need to ensure the development of all high school students' minds. In order to do this, we need to have a “revision of ideas” represented by Feminist Criticism. Editors should be required to engage in text editing from this new point of view. High school students should be exposed to literature written by women as well as that written by men. The questions following the works should encourage students to critically interpret the meaning and to consider many points of view. Only through an overhaul of the current system can we achieve the goal of eliminating gender bias in Japanese high school textbooks.

著者

大久保 公裕

出版者

日本耳鼻咽喉科免疫アレルギー学会

雑誌

耳鼻咽喉科免疫アレルギー (ISSN:09130691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.1-5, 2011 (Released:2011-04-08)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1 1

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日本のアレルギー性鼻炎治療における抗ヒスタミン薬のエビデンスレベルは高くなかった。それは開発治験しかランダム化された試験がほとんどなく,またプラセボを使用しない,さらに英文での公表がなかったからである。このため近年では市販された後に多くのエビデンスが収集され,また開発治験でもその結果を英文で公表し,レベルが向上してきた。実際の臨床現場ではアレルギー性鼻炎の治療方針はガイドラインに述べられているようにくしゃみ・鼻汁型をその適応とし,効果の高く副作用の少ない抗ヒスタミン薬を基本治療薬とする。一方,鼻閉型では抗ロイコトリエン薬や鼻噴霧用ステロイド薬を主として処方すべきである。種々の抗ヒスタミン薬の効果がフィールド試験,暴露試験などで検討されているが,効果には個人的なバラつきが存在し,ただ単に強い弱いと比較する事だけでは抗ヒスタミン薬を選択できないことを知る必要がある。

著者

淀 太我 井口 恵一朗

出版者

日本水産増殖学会

雑誌

水産増殖 (ISSN:03714217)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.31-34, 2003-03-20 (Released:2010-03-09)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 6

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長野県大町市を流れる農具川で外来魚コクチバスの仔稚魚9群が確認され, この中の1群で保護親魚が同時に観察された。これは本邦の流水域における繁殖の初記録である。各群れの平均体長は9.8~22.8mm (屈曲期仔魚~稚魚) で, 各仔稚魚群の出現箇所内において, 仔稚魚の出現した観測点の流速は最大3.2~61.1cm/sを示した。仔稚魚は成長にともなってより速い流心部に進出すると考えられ, 一方産卵には緩流部が必要と考えられた。また, 農具川への侵入源と考えられる木崎湖と比較して農具川ではオオクチバスよりもコクチバスの比率が有意に高く, 本種の流水域への適応性の高さが明らかとなった。これらは, オオクチバスが定着しなかった本邦の河川中・上流域においてもコクチバスが定着して生物群集に悪影響を与える危険性を改めて強く示唆するものである。

著者

吉岡 豪 今枝 紀明 鳥本 安男 水野 拓

出版者

日本養豚学会

雑誌

日本養豚学会誌 (ISSN:0913882X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.4-11, 2001-03-10 (Released:2011-06-08)

参考文献数

14

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夏季のトラック輸送が, 豚ストレス症候群 (Porcine Stress Syndrome: PSS) 遺伝子型の異なる豚に及ぼす影響を検討する目的で, PSS遺伝子型をヘテロ接合体で保有する (以下, Nn型) 個体とPSS遺伝子を保有しない (以下, NN型) 個体を輸送間平均気温36℃ (以下, 36℃区) 及び平均気温30℃ (以下, 30℃区) の条件下で輸送し, 直腸温度, 呼吸数, 輸送前後の血清中グルコース, 乳酸, サイロキシン (以下, T4), コルチゾール濃度の変化を調査した。36℃区の直腸温度変化は, NN, Nn型ともにトラック搬入時に上昇し, Nn型の体温はNN型に比べ有意 (P<0.05) に高かった。一方, 30℃区は36℃区と同様にトラック搬入時で各遺伝子型ともに直腸温度が上昇したが両遺伝子型に差はみられなかった。呼吸数は, トラック搬入時点で比較するとNn型がNN型よりそれぞれの輸送区において高い傾向にあった。血清中グルコース濃度はいずれの区の各遺伝子型において輸送前から後にかけて上昇する傾向であった。乳酸濃度については, 両遺伝子型に輸送による影響は認あられなかった。血清中T4およびコルチゾール濃度は, 各区においてNN型, Nn型ともに, 輸送前から後にかけて有意 (T4: P<0.05コルチゾール: P<0.01) に上昇したが, 遺伝子型間に差は無かった。直腸温度や呼吸数の変化は, 高温環境下において豚をトラックに搬入する際に, 最も大きなストレスを受けることを示していた。本研究の結果から環境温度36℃における輸送では, 輸送に対する豚の反応がPSS遺伝子型に依存して異なることが示唆された。

著者

早稲田 周 岩野 裕継

出版者

石油技術協会

雑誌

石油技術協会誌 (ISSN:03709868)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.6, pp.585-593, 2007 (Released:2008-11-14)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

10 9 10

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Carbon isotope compositions of methane, ethane and propane, and hydrocarbon ratios in gas samples provide information of their origin (microbial vs. thermogenic), maturity of thermogenic component, compositional change due to migration, and extent of biodegradation. Mixing of gases with different origins or different maturities can also be evaluated using gas isotopic and molecular compositions. While these gas geochemical data have been used mainly for petroleum exploration, their applications for development, production and operation issues are also increasing. Headspace gas analyses can be used to delineate reservoir compartments and pay zones. Carbon isotope compositions in commingled production could be used to allocate contributions form individual production zones if isotopic differences exist between the gases from the contributing reservoirs. Origin of gas seepage in production sites could be investigated by the gas molecular and isotope compositions if enough reference data exist in the area.

著者

原 修一 三浦 宏子 山﨑 きよ子 森崎 直子 角 保徳

出版者

一般社団法人 日本老年医学会

雑誌

日本老年医学会雑誌 (ISSN:03009173)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.4, pp.391-398, 2015-10-25 (Released:2015-12-24)

参考文献数

22

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目的:介護施設に入所する高齢者を対象とした横断研究により,健康関連QOLと音響学的分析による音声機能との関連性を明らかにした.方法:対象は,介護老人施設に入所する高齢者61名,平均年齢82.1±8.3歳である.質問紙による健康関連QOLの調査を,SF-8 Health Survey(SF-8)日本語版を用いて実施した.音声機能は,ソリッドステートレコーダーに録音した音声を,音響分析ソフトを用いて,基本周期変動指数(Pitch Period Perturbation Quotient:PPQ),振幅変動指数(Amplitude Perturbation Quotient:APQ)および,雑音成分の指標であるNoise-to-Harmonic Ratio(NHR)を算出し,健康関連QOLとの関連性を分析した.結果:SF-8の全体的健康感(GH)の得点が25%tile値未満の値を示した者(低下群)はPPQ・APQ・NHR全てにおいて,25%tile値以上の者(維持群)と比較して有意に高い値を認めた.また,活力(VT)においても,低下群は全ての音響分析の項目において,維持群と比較して有意に高い値を認めた.また,身体的サマリースコア(PCS)においても,低下群は維持群と比較して音響分析の測定項目全てにおいて,有意に高い値を認めた.年齢を共変量とした共分散分析による検討では,GHの低下はPPQ,APQ,NHR各値の増加と有意な関連性を認めた.また,VTの低下はAPQ値の増加との有意な関連性を,PCSの低下はAPQとNHR各値の増加との有意な関連性を認めた.結論:介護施設入所高齢者において,音響学的に分析された音声の音響学的要因は,身体的健康状態に関連したQOLスコアと有意な関連性を示した.音声の音響分析によるPPQ,APQ,NHRは,高齢者の健康調査とその経過を追跡する上で,一つの評価指標になりうる可能性がある.

著者

吉田 晋

出版者

公益社団法人 日本コンクリート工学会

雑誌

コンクリート工学 (ISSN:03871061)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.10, pp.T1-T2, 2012 (Released:2013-10-01)

参考文献数

3

著者

日比野 由利

出版者

公益社団法人 日本看護科学学会

雑誌

日本看護科学会誌 (ISSN:02875330)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.3-11, 2005-09-15 (Released:2012-10-29)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2 1 1

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中絶を経験した女性のスピリチュアリティを明らかにすることが本研究の目的である.水子供養に参加した女性にアンケート調査を実施し, 自由記述のテクストを, 帰納的手法に基づいて量的・質的に分析した. 量的分析には, コンピュータのコーディング・ソフト (KT 2 system) を使用した. 量的分析から次の知見が得られた. (1) 肯定的感情と否定的感情はほぼ同じ頻度で観察された. (2) 肯定的感情は胎児との関連が強く, 否定的感情はパートナーや女性自身と関連が強かった. (3) 胎児に対する肯定的感情と, パートナーや自分自身に対する否定的感情とは女性の観念において並存しながらも区別されていた. 質的分析から次の知見が得られた. (4) パートナーの理解や供養への参加は重要であった. (5) 生まれ変わりの観念や失った胎児との絆 (内的対話・交流) が, 中絶を経験した女性のエンパワーに繋がっていた. (6) 中絶の経験は, 女性が<生命>に対する感受性を育む契機となっていた.

著者

Federico BONSEMBIANTE Silvia Lucia BENALI Davide TREZ Luca ARESU Maria Elena GELAIN

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15-0697, (Released:2016-02-18)

被引用文献数

10

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Four feline renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) were examined using histopathological and immunohistochemical procedures. Specimens were classified by predominant histological pattern according to WHO criteria. A panel of antibodies including β-catenin, C-KIT, VEGF and VEGF-R2 and double immunostaining for vimentin/cytokeratin and for E-cadherin/CD10 was selected to characterize the tumors. Neoplasms were classified as tubular (3/4) and papillar (1/4). Neoplastic epithelial cells were cytokeratin, vimentin, E-cadherin, VEGF-R2 positive and C-KIT negative; 3 cases were β-catenin positive, whereas only 2 tumors were CD10 and VEGF positive. No correlation with histotype was evident. Our results confirm the low frequency of RCCs in cats and suggest a histological pattern similar to canine RCCs. In contrast, a peculiar immunohistochemical profile different from both canine and human RCCs is identified.

著者

Hengbin QIU Deigui LIN

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15-0557, (Released:2016-02-18)

被引用文献数

7

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The Breast cancer 1, early onset gene (BRCA1) is known to be significantly associated with human familial breast cancer and is identified to play an important role in canine mammary tumors. Here, genetic variations in the coding region and DNA methylation in the 5′ flanking region of BRCA1 in canine mammary tumor samples, 15 each of benign and malignant against 10 normal canine mammary tissue samples, were analyzed using the direct sequencing method. The results indicated two point mutations each in the coding region of canine BRCA1 in one benign mammary tumor sample (4702G>T and 4765G>T) and in one malignant canine mammary tumor sample (3619A>G and 4006G>A). No mutations were detected in the normal canine mammary tissue samples. The 4702G>T mutation was found to terminate further translation. The physical effect of the 4765G>T mutation was found to be the repalacement of the glutamate residue with glutamine. The physical effect of the 3619A>G mutation was found to be the replacement of the threonine residue with alanine, and that of mutation 4006G>A was the replacement of the valine residue with isoleucine in the BRCA1 protein. Bisulfite sequencing detected methylated CpG sites in one canine malignant mammary tumor sample. In conclusion, the present study elucidated the mutational status of the BRCA1 coding region and methylation status of the 5′ flanking region of BRCA1 in canine mammary tumors.

著者

斉藤 俊 千葉 洋三

出版者

一般社団法人 日本機械学会

雑誌

日本機械学会論文集 C編 (ISSN:03875024)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.623, pp.2389-2394, 1998-07-25 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

10

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Two kinds of road racer bicycles are employed to research vibration characteristics of driving bicycles. After obtaing the natural frequencies and modes by vibration test in the non-driving state, practical driving tests are carried out. The acceleration of vibration in the middle of the handles and under the saddles are measured and the corresponding spectral density functions are calculated based on FFT method. The results show that in the driving bicycles, the dominant frequencies exist between 10 Hz and 50 Hz and the lower two modes in the non-driving state are excited.

著者

元田 敏和

出版者

一般社団法人 日本航空宇宙学会

雑誌

日本航空宇宙学会論文集 (ISSN:13446460)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.638, pp.117-124, 2007 (Released:2007-04-20)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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In aerospace projects preflight evaluation is crucial for mission success, because flight testing in a real environment is often difficult or impossible. Monte Carlo simulation is a powerful tool for the preflight evaluation because a nonlinear system incorporating various uncertain parameters can be evaluated directly. Monte Carlo simulation has been used in various aerospace projects throughout the world as the computer power increases. After the system evaluation, it is important to detect influential uncertain parameters which cause significant performance degradation so that measures for the system improvement can be studied. However, detecting those parameters is often uneasy because various uncertain parameters are incorporated simultaneously and their magnitudes are randomly generated in Monte Carlo simulation. An interaction of more than two uncertain parameters might be affected. This paper presents a simple approach to detect influential uncertain parameters applying a statistical test to the Monte Carlo results.

著者

矢澤 和虎 柘植 善明 高橋 千治 一條 正芳 松崎 廉

出版者

一般財団法人 日本消化器病学会

雑誌

日本消化器病学会雑誌 (ISSN:04466586)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.6, pp.440-444, 1997-06-05 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

12

著者

南 盛一 長嶋 和郎

出版者

日本外科系連合学会

雑誌

日本外科系連合学会誌 (ISSN:03857883)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.6, pp.1076-1080, 2014 (Released:2015-12-28)

参考文献数

10

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症例は84歳男性.約2年前より左乳房腫瘤を自覚していたが放置.吐血のため当院に救急搬送され,上部消化管出血の精査目的に上部消化管内視鏡検査を行った.胃噴門部に約5cm大のBorrmann2型の腫瘍を認め,生検にてtub2の結果であり胃癌の診断となった.また,入院後の胸部CTで左乳房に3.5cm大の腫瘤を認め,乳房超音波検査で低エコー腫瘤として描出され乳癌を否定できなかったため針生検を施行した.病理学的に浸潤性乳管癌と診断され,各々の転移ではなく左乳癌,胃癌の同時性重複癌と判断した.手術は乳癌,胃癌の順に逐次行い,術後補助療法は,乳癌に対してはタモキシフェン内服によるホルモン療法を行っているが,認知症のため胃癌に対する補助化学療法は行わず経過観察中である.男性乳癌は全乳癌の約1%とされ比較的稀で,同時性に胃癌と重複した報告例は本症例が8例目と稀であり,文献的考察を加えて報告する.