著者

武山 隆昭

雑誌

椙山国文学

巻号頁・発行日

no.3, pp.31-41, 1979

著者

小松 尚 小篠 隆生

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.739, pp.2227-2237, 2017 (Released:2017-09-30)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2 2

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Currently, Japanese municipalities under demographic change have struggled the issues about how to reorganize existing public facilities, such as a school, a library, a public housing, and a hospital, with the reduction of total amounts of facilities and the transformation to multi-purpose public hubs. But, since their reorganization process have just started, it is quite difficult to verify their efforts and effects based on the examples by Japanese municipalities. Then, the authors pick up the public library named as “Biblioteca Salaborsa” (hereinafter, Salaborsa) run by Bologna city, Italy, and aim to study its characteristics, in particular, from the viewpoint of a public space. Salaborsa is highly appreciated by European experts as an good example of “social library” which is a new type of public library emerged recently in Europe to meet citizens' wide demands. It is located in the city center of Bologna, and is adjacent to the famous plaza of “Piazza Maggiore”. In the beginning of 1990s, the development of Bolognese new public library was started together with the development of city center around “Piazza Maggiore”. This new public library was planned based on the concept of an “uncovered plaza” with the assistances from a lot of stakeholders including the University of Bologna, and was finally opened in 2001 as the advanced public library with the most advanced information technology at that time. Salaborsa benefited Bolognese citizens a lot, but gradually, various types of citizens, such as immigrants, homeless people, elderly people as well as university's students, got to visit and sometimes to request what they needed. It was beyond the general services of public libraries in Bologna to meet their requests, but Salaborsa's librarians decided to implement it in the partnership with relevant departments of the city. As for Salaborsa's spaces, the existing building standing in the city center has been used with renovation work. The three-story atrium with beautiful glass roof is in the center of the building. But, since it is a masonry construction, the activities in Salaborsa can't be seen from outside, and each floor is divided into relative small spaces by walls and columns. Therefore, it can be said that this building is not best for a contemporary public library which generally needs wide spaces for many book shelves. The authors conducted the interviews to key persons who were / are in charge of Salaborsa's development and management, and analyzed Salaborsa's characteristics with the published documents, in particular, from the viewpoint of a public space by referring to the definition on the public nature by J.Saito which is consisted of three aspects of “Open”, “Common”, and “Official”. To analyze Salaborsa's characteristics, three aspects of Salaborsa’s space, operation and organization were analyzed with three aspects of public nature. Some important findings differed from that Japanese public facilities are in general likely to pay most attention to the nature of “Official”. But, it can be pointed out that there were some problems which should be solved even in Salaborsa. The lack of public involvement in the process of library development was representative. As the conclusion of this paper, the followings should be considered to develop a public library as a public space; (1) Place making for social inclusion, (2) Integral planning based on potentialities of existing building as public space, (3) Development connected to urban planning and design policy (4) Trans-sectional administration organization.

著者

内藤 淳

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, pp.67-109, 2019-03-18

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John Stuart Mill endeavored to prove the principle of utility in his essay Utilitarianism. He argued that people’s social nature is the source of the sanction of the principle of utility and the fact that each person desires his or her own happiness is the basis of the goodness of general happiness, which is the object of the principle of utility. His arguments are concerned with human nature, specifically natural feelings and desires. However, his observation of human nature has two problems. Firstly, the principle of utility treats everyone’s happiness as equal. However, it does not coincide with people’s innate dispositions, because people tend to cherish themselves, their relatives, neighbors, and friends much more than strangers or acquaintances. It is our nature to treat people unequally. Secondly, Mill focuses on specific parts of our nature, especially social feelings like the desire to be in unity with fellow creatures, as the source of the sanction of the principle of utility. However, humans naturally have a variety of dispositions, including anti-social ones like egoistic desires or competitive spirits.We have to take into account the whole of the elements and workings of the human mind when we consider human nature. The human mind, as a whole, works to produce adaptive and beneficial behaviors according to present circumstances from the perspective of evolutionary psychology, and we can understand human nature egoistically with this perspective. This kind of view of human nature is named “absolute psychological egoism.”Some people may say that Mill’s proof is based on an egoistic view of human nature because he stresses the human desire for personal happiness as a ground for the principle of utility. However, his reasoning in connecting that desire with the principle of utility includes some fallacies. Some scholars are attempting to defend Mill in this regard, but they do not succeed in it, especially concerning the fallacy of composition. The principle of utility and Mill’s proof of it are based on some altruistic elements of the human mind and thus do not accord with an egoistic view of human nature.

著者

中野 義照

出版者

密教研究会

雑誌

密教文化 (ISSN:02869837)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1960, no.48-50, pp.52-70, 1960-11-25 (Released:2010-03-12)

著者

電務局業務課 編

出版者

電務局業務課

巻号頁・発行日

vol.第4号, 1934

著者

海野 進

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.5, pp.498-521, 1994-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

1 1

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Recent progress in studies on magma plubming system beneath mid-ocean ridges is reviewed. Mid-ocean ridges are not continuous, homogeneous series of crests, but are segmented by various topographical offsets of several orders of magnitude. Such topographical ridge segmentation is a surface manifestation of along-strike variations in the pattern of mantle convection and the supply of magma.Upwelling of the mantle material beneath the spreading center takes the form of a diapir, rather than sheet-like flow. Such diapiric upwelling has an along-axis dimension of several hundred to several tens of kilometers, which corresponds to first-and second-order segments, but some are as small as the scale of third-order segments. Where magma upwelling is intense, hot lithosphere and high magmatic productivity produces thick crusts, resulting in low gravity anomaly.When the spreading rate is low, mantle flow is cooled on route to the bottom of the lithosphere and ceases to melt at depths. Thus magmas produced beneath slow spreading ridges have low degrees of melting. On the contrary, fast spreading ridges are followed by intense mantle upwelling which melts significantly the mantle column from deeper part of the upper mantle up to just beneath the crust.Magmatic budget is so large at fast spreading ridges as to maintain large, steady-state magma chambers along the ridge axes with extensions comparable to second-and third-order segments. Such magma chambers have a very small melt pocket one to two kilometers wide and up to several hundred meters thick, underlain by a large mush of crystals and melt. Cumulate layers on the top of the mush sink and deform to S-shaped or downwarping layers as seen in large layered plutonic bodies in some ophiolites. However, low spreading ridges do not have enough supply of magma but only possess short-lived small magma chambers consisting of crystal mush.Volcanic landforms consist of major topographic features associated with small volcanic edifices : the former is a large shieled volcano several tens of kilometers long and is probably formed by episodic eruptions every several tens of thousand years ; the latter is a small conical lava cone comprising pillow flows which is constructed during a short-period eruption but some are active as long as 1.8 million years which are unequivocally central volcanoes.Rifting episodes at spreading axes depend on the spreading rate and the width of the volcanic zone. Slow spreading ridges such as Iceland have rifting every 100 years, but fast spreading ridges such as East Pacific Rise rift every year or two. Such rifting episodes continue for several years and are associated with multiple dikes with an injection interval of a month up to a year.Diapiric mantle upwelling, structure of magma chambers and volcanic landforms seen in mid-ocean ridges resemble those in some large ophiolites such as the Troodos, Cyprus and the Semail, Oman, and post-Teritary volcanism in Iceland.

著者

Kiyoshi Yoshioka Tatsunori Watanabe Mizuki Yoshioka Keita Iino Kimikazu Honda Koshiro Hayashida Yuji Kuninaka

出版者

The Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine

雑誌

Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine (ISSN:24321354)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.20200009, 2020 (Released:2020-04-17)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

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Objective: This study aimed to characterize reaching movements of the paretic arm in different directions within the reachable workspace in post-stroke patients. Methods: A total of 12 post-stroke patients participated in this study. Each held a ball with a tracking marker and performed back-and-forth reaching movements from near the middle of the body to one of two targets in front of them located on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the arm performing the movement. We recorded and analyzed the trajectories of the tracking marker. The stability of arm movements was evaluated using areas and minimum Feret diameters to assess the trajectories of both the paretic and non-paretic arms. The speed of the arm movement was also calculated. Results: For the paretic arm, contralateral movement was more impaired than ipsilateral movement, whereas for the non-paretic arm, no difference was observed between the directions. The maximum speed of the contralateral movement was significantly slower than that of the ipsilateral movement in both the paretic and non-paretic arms. Conclusion: The paretic arm shows direction-specific instability in movement toward the contralateral side of the arm.

著者

鈴木,三郎

出版者

日本ヤスパース協会

雑誌

コムニカチオン

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.5, 1989-01-25

著者

千明 悟

出版者

デジタルアーカイブ学会

雑誌

デジタルアーカイブ学会誌 (ISSN:24329762)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.44-47, 2018-01-31 (Released:2018-04-27)

参考文献数

3

著者

Krassimir Stoev Kenji Sakurai

出版者

The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry

雑誌

Analytical Sciences (ISSN:09106340)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19R010, (Released:2020-03-06)

被引用文献数

7

著者

魯 耀翰

出版者

立命館大学アジア・日本研究所

雑誌

立命館アジア・日本研究学術年報 (ISSN:2435421X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.1-27, 2020-06

著者

Somnuk Bunsupa Kana Komastsu Ryo Nakabayashi Kazuki Saito Mami Yamazaki

出版者

Japanese Society for Plant Biotechnology

雑誌

Plant Biotechnology (ISSN:13424580)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.5, pp.511-518, 2014-12-25 (Released:2015-02-27)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

8 16

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Anabasine is an alkaloid found in a small number of Nicotiana species. The components of the anabasine biosynthetic pathway have yet to be identified. Here, we report the reinvestigation of biosynthetic pathways of anabasine and related tobacco alkaloids in genetically engineered cells. Hairy roots of N. tabacum harboring a lysine/ornithine decarboxylase gene from Lupinus angustifolius (La-L/ODC) were fed with labeled [ε-15N]- or [α-15N]-L-lysine. Relative to the unfed control, feeding of labeled 15N-L-lysine greatly enhanced anabasine levels 13.5-fold in La-L/ODC-expressing line compared to 5.3-fold in the control line, suggesting that both LDC activity and substrate supplied are important factors for the efficient production of anabasine. GUS-expressing line showed preferential incorporation of [ε-15N]-L-lysine into anabasine, indicating the main biosynthetic pathway of Δ1-piperideine intermediate in tobacco is asymmetrically processes. In contrast, the expression of La-L/ODC showed the symmetric labeling of 15N atom into anabasine, implying the occurrence of free cadaverine, which is produced by La-L/ODC enzyme, during the biosynthesis of Δ1-piperideine intermediate. No considerable incorporation of 15N into other tobacco alkaloids such as, nicotine, anatabine, and anatalline, was detected. Detailed analysis using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry indicated that two 15N atoms were incorporated into anabasine in La-L/ODC-expressing lines after feeding [ε-15N]- or [α-15N]-L-lysine. Our results not only provide information insight into the biosynthesis of anabasine but also suggest an alternative route for the production of anabasine by genetic engineering.

著者

前田 正登

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.33-41, 2005-09-30 (Released:2010-07-27)

参考文献数

5

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The present study focused on the behavior of the ball at the time of the stroke in soft tennis, and it aimed at exploring the relations of many kinematic values at impact, and the flight behavior of the ball, while checking whether there might be an abnormal flight behavior. The flight of the ball was videotaped by three sets of video cameras, and the ball at impact was videotaped with two high speed cameras. The behaviors of these balls were analyzed. These experiments investigated the conditions of the flights of soft tennis balls, both when given a lift from an applied drive rotation and when given a sinking flight from a slice rotation. It was suggested that the difference in rate of spin given by a stroke influenced the abnormal flight behavior of a soft tennis ball, and also that when there was drive rotation or slice rotation of 40rps or more, the possibility of abnormal flight behavior occurring was high.

著者

福島 裕助 中村 晋一郎 藤吉 臨

出版者

CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN

雑誌

日本作物学会紀事 (ISSN:00111848)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.3, pp.432-436, 2001-09-05 (Released:2008-02-14)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1

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スクミリンゴガイ生息田への野菜投入によるイネ苗の被害回避の可能性を探ることを目的として, 水槽内で野菜に対するスクミリンゴガイの選好性と摂餌行動を明らかにした.水槽内で, イネ苗と数種の野菜を同時に与えると, イネ苗よりもメロン, スイカ, レタス, ナスおよびトマトに対する貝の付着頭数または被摂食量が多かった.また, 付着頭数と野菜の被摂食量との間には正の相関関係が認められた.このことから, スクミリンゴガイは, これらの野菜に対する選好性が高いと判断された.選好性の高かったメロンとナス, 選好性の低かったイネ苗とタマネギを同時に与えて, スクミリンゴガイの摂餌行動を観察すると, 本貝は6時間以内に選好性の高い食餌を認識した.また, 選好性の低い食餌に一次付着した貝は, その後, 選好性の高い食餌へ移動した.さらに, 選好性の高かったメロンやナスへの付着時間はイネ苗よりも明らかに長かった.これらの結果から水田へ選好性の高いメロン, スイカ, レタスやナスを投入することによって, スクミリンゴガイによるイネの被害を回避できる可能性のあることが示唆された.

著者

斉藤 泰雄

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. I-A 教育研究 = Educational Studies (ISSN:04523318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.59, pp.149-157, 2017-03-31

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本論は,1880 年代後半期に初代文部大臣として日本の近代教育制度の基本的骨格を樹立した森有礼の思想と政策を,かれの豊富な国際経験とグローバル感覚という視角から,あらためて見直すことを目的とする。初期留学生,外交官として長い海外生活を経験していた森は,弱小国日本の国力向上,国づくりのためには,国家的な教育制度の樹立が不可欠であると確信する熱烈な教育立国論者となっていた。維新以来の教育事業を整理し,体系的な教育システムに再編することを企てる。また,きびしい国際競争のなかで日本が生残り発展するためには,脆弱な国民気質の改善そのものが不可欠であるとして,国民の士気の向上,気力の鍛錬が国民教育の中心的目的であると力説した。国民の精神的支柱となるものを模索した森は,それを日本独特の天皇制の伝統に見いだした。しかし,森の功利主義的な天皇制への接近は,国粋主義者の疑念をまねくものとなった。In 1885, Mori Arinori was appointed to the minister of education under the newly-established cabinet system led by the prime minister Ito Hirobumi. Mori was the primary architect of the national education system. He was one of the Westernized intellectuals in the early period of Meiji era and had worked mainly for in the field of diplomacy. Through his suffering negotiation with the great powers, he had come to firmly confident of the importance of education for nation building. His experience and observation in the global context had a major effect on his educational philosophy and policy. He undertook to reorganize the educational efforts in the early stage of development and integrated into an entire education system. He stated that education was not for the sake of individuals but for the sake of state. He thought that in order to Japan survive and win in the increasing competitive world, it was essential to boost the morale of the Japanese people. To strengthen the mental backbone of the nation, he dared make the most of the authority of the age-honored Japanese imperial system. However, the conservative camp suspected his utilitarian approach to the imperial tradition. He was assassinated by a fanatic who insisted on his disrespectful act in the main shrine connected with the Imperial Household.

著者

早川 博文

出版者

The Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology

雑誌

衛生動物 (ISSN:04247086)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.155-161, 1978-06-15 (Released:2016-09-05)

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岩手県下の沢内村, 雫石町および滝沢村において採集された成虫と幼虫の標本にもとづいて, 新種Atylotus hasegawaiハセガワキイロアブを記載した。本種はA. horvathi (Szilady)ホルバートアブとA. bivittateinus Takahasiフタスジアブに酷似しており, 外部形態による区別は容易でないが, その生態は明らかに相違している。これら近縁な3種の主な形態的特徴点についても比較を行なった。本種名は成虫を最初に採集された長谷川勉氏に献名したものである。

著者

Hiroki Shimizu Makoto Sudo Shinji Furuya Koichi Takiguchi Ryo Saito Suguru Maruyama Yoshihiko Kawaguchi Hiromichi Kawaida Tetsuo Kondo Daisuke Ichikawa

出版者

The Japan Society of Coloproctology

雑誌

Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon (ISSN:24323853)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.145-150, 2020-07-30 (Released:2020-07-30)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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Objectives: Rectal stump washout has been widely performed to prevent the implantation of exfoliated cancer cells (ECCs) in patients with rectal cancer. However, it remains unclear whether intraluminal washout before transection is required in patients with sigmoid colon cancer. Therefore, this pilot study was conducted to elucidate the necessity of intraluminal washout for sigmoid colon cancer patients in comparison with rectal cancer patients by cytological assessments.Methods: A total of 16 patients with sigmoid colon cancer and 24 patients with rectal cancer who underwent sigmoidectomy or anterior resection with anastomosis using double-stapling technique were enrolled. A transanal washout sample was collected before washout and after irrigation with 500 and 1,000 mL of saline. Cytological assessments were conducted according to the Papanicolaou classification, and class IV and V cells were defined as malignant.Results: Before washout, exfoliated cancer cells were found in 15 of 24 (62.5%) patients with rectal cancer and in 1 of 16 (6.2%) patients with sigmoid colon cancer (p < 0.001). Distal-free margin from the tumor was significantly shorter in patients with cancer cells (p = 0.002), and the length of the distal-free margin was significantly associated with the tumor location. After irrigation with 500 and 1,000 mL of saline, no cancer cell was found in all patients with sigmoid colon cancer, whereas ECCs were still found in five patients with rectal cancer (20.8%).Conclusions: Intraluminal washout with 1,000 mL may be sufficient for sigmoid colon cancer patients with longer distal-free margin. A large-scale, randomized controlled study is necessary to confirm these results.

著者

境 新一

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

成城大學經濟研究 (ISSN:03874753)

巻号頁・発行日

no.187, pp.315-356, 2010-02

著者

吉永 進一

出版者

宗教哲学会

雑誌

宗教哲学研究 (ISSN:02897105)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.68-83, 1993

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In Chapter XXVI of <i>The Principles of Psychology</i>,William James tries to argue for the existence of "will" using a physiological concept of the reflexive action. His argument of "will" seems to consist of the two seemingly conflicting standpoints, of which one is a physiological psychology and the other is an introspective psychology. The former enables him to discard the dualism of mind and matter and to connect the voluntary actions with the reflexive actions, the latter proving the existence of mind's functions, that is, to choose an object of mind and to make an effort to attend to it. In the last analysis, James' conception of mind could be thought of as the teleologically interpreted reflexive arc. <br>This paper is intended to deal with the relationship of these psychological schemes and his theism, which is described in the papers included in <i>The Will to Believe</i>, such as "Reflexive Action and Theism","The Dilemma of Determinism", and so on. His concept of "God" is a relative and functional term as his concept of "self" is. So his theism is not a traditional one, but something like an indeterministic world-view, which permits "chance" or "effort" to contribute, for its part, to the future of the world.

著者

樋口 雄三

出版者

国際生命情報科学会

雑誌

Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISSN:13419226)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.295-298, 2006-09-01

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現代医療は最高の水準にあり、検査機器も高度に発達しているにもかかわらず、病気が治らないのは現代医学が病気の本質を捉えていないからである。精神的ストレスや生活習慣の誤りなどによるものは現代医療で治療できるが、残りは気の不足と滞り、霊障によるものである。近年ようやく代替医療が取り入れられ、統合医療が行われるようになってきたが、それでも不十分でさらに霊的施療を加えた高次元医療でなければならない。高いレベルの氣功師や霊的施療によって著しい効果が認められた症例を紹介する。