著者

加藤 陽子

出版者

公益財団法人史学会

雑誌

史學雜誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.96, no.8, pp.1257-1291, 1407-1408, 1987-08-20

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Dai Hon'ei 大本営 (Imperial Military Headquarters) refers to the highest office organizing wartime military operations. This office was set up in the 1894 Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and the War with China which extended into the Pacific War. This paper deals with Dai Hon'ei established at the beginning of the War with China in November, 1937. It has been said that the Dai Hon'ei was very much the same in function as its Russo-Japanese War counterpart, or that it was merely a kind of the General Staff Office whose function was reorganized to meet the demands the war. World War I, as the first total war in human history, however, must have greatly influenced Japanese military authorities and stimulated them to study seriously the war tactics and the wartime systems of the participating countories. We may therefore conclude that the Japanese military authorities took into consideration the results of this careful study when establishing the third Dai Hon'ei. Based on this assumption, this paper discusses the formation process and characteristics of the Dai Hon'ei during the Japan-China War. The first chapter discusses the great changes which took place in the Dai Hon'ei set up in the Japan-China War in comparison with its predecessors. At the time of establishment it increased the authority of such military administrative authorities as the army minister, the vice minister, the director and the chief of military affairs, and the military chief, vis-a-vis the supreme command authorities. The Dai Hon'ei's functional emphasis on the military administrative authorities theoretically should have caused the Prime Minister to be concerned with the Dai Hon'ei, since the army minister was also Minister of State. What leads us to believe that more emphasis was now being placed on the minltary administration is the recognition that in the case of total war the administration and the supreme command should not be separated, but unified in terms of policy and strategy. The second chapter examines the fact that the establishment of the Dai Hon'ei was not an isolated decision, but was made in relation with the Councillor System (Shangi-Sei 参議制), which was created by the government during roughly the same period, and was regarded as a cause of those government reforms which went as far as to totally revamp the cabinet system. Therefore it becomes clear that Konoe Fumimaro and the military authorities attemped to reform the government at the time of the establishment of the Dai Hon'ei, out of consideration that any dualism between state affiars and the military command would cause severe limitations on war mobilization efforts. While the move to the separate the Ministry of State from the Director of the Administrative Affairs was not realized, the successful establishment of the Sangi-Sei, was significant in empowering a minister without portfolio (Muninsho-Daijin-Sei 無任所大臣制). By including the unrealized cabinet reformation plan in the discussion, this paper emphsizes that the establishment of the Dai Hon'ei in the Japan-China War played a number of important roles not only in improving the capabilities for meeting the war demands, but also by being part of the reform plan for a wartime government system.

著者

足立 忠夫

出版者

聖泉大学

雑誌

聖隷学園聖泉短期大学人文・社会科学論集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.149-165, 1988-01-30

著者

君村 昌

出版者

同志社法學會

雑誌

同志社法学 (ISSN:03877612)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.5, pp.p821-877, 1988-03

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論説

著者

梅津 實

出版者

同志社大学

雑誌

同志社法學 (ISSN:03877612)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.5, pp.115-158, 1989-03-31

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論説

著者

森山 優

出版者

公益財団法人史学会

雑誌

史學雜誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.9, pp.1587-1622, 1713-1714, 1992-09-20

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This paper analyzes the political processes of 'Guidelines for Implementing National Policy' (Teikohu Kokusaku Suiko Yoryo) which was adopted by the Third Konoe Cabinet. During the term of the Third Konoe Cabinet, Japanese foreign policy was formulated at the Imperial Court by the Imperial Head-quarters-Government Liaison Conference (Dai-hon'ei Seifu Renraku kaigi). The decisions of this Conference were more influential than those of the Cabinet. Issues concerning National Policy (kokusaku) proposed by the Army and Navy were debated and constructed at the Liaison Conference. However, the Liaison Conference was unsuccessful in overcoming the structural flaw in the Meiji Constitution which saw legislative power shared between the Cabinet and the General Staff. The Liaison Conference could not override the Cabinet or General Staff in decision making. In cases where the interests of the various government organs conflicted, the Liaison Conference either avoided making a decision, or forwarded policies for imperial ratification that incorporated the interests of all the opposing government institutions by processes called Ryoron-Heiki. It is through these processes of compromise that National Policy was formulated. The formation of the Guidelines for Implementing National Policy is seen as the cornerstone for Japan's decision to go to war. This paper analyzes the political processes involved in the formation of National Policy. It examines the following points. 1)The political goals of the Army and Navy immediately after the establishment of the Third Konoe Cabinet. 2)The reaction of the Army and Navy towards the 'freezing' of Japanese funds in the United States by the United States Government. 3)The influence of assertions as to attacking the Soviet Union. 4) How the Army and Navy perceived the domestic and international situation when the Guidelines was first adopted. The chief aim of the Guidelines originally proposed by the Navy was to accelerate its arming against its potential enemy, the US. The summit meeting between Roosevelt and Konoe was the other dimension of the policy, as Navy Minister Oikawa was optimistic that a successful diplomatic agreement would be reached by the two leaders. The war Offlce stated that if diplomacy failed, the next step was war. The General Staff Office's position was that Japan must set a date for the commencement of war, but at the same time must persist through all diplomatic avenues available to try and reach some agreement. The stance of the Navy office was to continue to prepare its forces for war, but refuse to commit itself to a date when hostilities would commence. In the end, however, a compromise was reached with the deadline for any diplomatic solution being set for early October. This deadline was set immediately after Japanese authorities received a telegram reporting that Roosevelt was positive towards a summit meeting. Furthermore, the Navy Office was also successful in increasing the number of political procedures required in reaching a decision for war, effectively making any such decision harder to obtain. In the opinion of the Navy, a Japanese victory depended on a favourable change in the international situation. In short, the Guidelines was an ambiguous move to compromise. On one hand, diplomatic negotiations were still being pursued. On the other, preparations were being made for war. Yet, the success of either of the two objectives depended upon a change in the prevailing international situation. The inability to reach a decision led to Konoe to dissolve his cabinet in the middle of October, 1941.

著者

波田 永実

出版者

東海大学

雑誌

東海大学文明研究所紀要 (ISSN:02850818)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.61-80, 1999

著者

東田 親司

出版者

大東文化大学

雑誌

大東法学 (ISSN:02870940)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.一三七-一五七, 2003-10-30

著者

大貫 啓行

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗沢大学紀要 (ISSN:02874202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, pp.151-167, 2009-12-20

著者

竹下 英文

出版者

プラズマ・核融合学会

雑誌

核融合研究 (ISSN:04512375)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.3, 1983-04

著者

大貫 啓行

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗沢大学紀要 (ISSN:02874202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, pp.201-218, 2010-07-20

著者

大貫 啓行

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗沢大学紀要 (ISSN:02874202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, pp.207-224, 2010-12-20

著者

稲葉 馨

出版者

地方自治総合研究所

雑誌

自治総研 (ISSN:09102744)

巻号頁・発行日

no.399, pp.1-26, 2012-01

著者

佐藤 公俊

出版者

高崎経済大学

雑誌

地域政策研究 (ISSN:13443666)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.31-44, 2014-02

著者

中本 敦 木田 浩司 森光 亮太 小林 秀司 岸本 壽男

出版者

The Mammal Society of Japan

雑誌

哺乳類科学 (ISSN:0385437X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.1, pp.107-115, 2013-06-30

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岡山県全域を対象とした小型哺乳類の捕獲調査を2010年10月~2011年12月にかけて実施した.齧歯目6種,トガリネズミ型目2種の計130個体が捕獲された.小型哺乳類の8種すべてで生息密度が非常に低かった.アカネズミ<i>Apodemus speciosus</i>の捕獲数が最も多く,捕獲場所も県内全域の様々な環境に及んだ.これに対してアカネズミ以外の種では,植生や標高などの生息環境に選択性が見られた.アカネズミの生息密度に最も大きな影響を与えたのはハビタットタイプではなく,年2回の繁殖による個体数の増加であった.岡山県では何らかの理由で小型哺乳類の生息密度が非常に低くなっていると思われるが,特にこれまで普通種と思われていたヒメネズミ<i>A. argenteus</i>とハタネズミ<i>Microtus montebelli</i>の生息数の減少が懸念された.他県においても普通種を含めた小型哺乳類の生息密度の再評価が必要な時期に来ていると思われる.<br>

著者

高田 靖司 植松 康 酒井 英一 立石 隆

出版者

The Mammal Society of Japan

雑誌

哺乳類科学 (ISSN:0385437X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.89-94, 2014

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隠岐諸島をはじめ,本州から九州におけるカヤネズミ(<i>Micromys minutus</i>)の12集団について,下顎骨の計測値にもとづき,多変量解析(主成分分析,正準判別分析)をおこない,地理的変異を分析した.その結果,下顎骨について,全体的な大きさ(第1主成分)には集団間で差は認められなかったが,形(第2–第3主成分)には集団間で有意な差が認められた.特に,第2主成分は島の面積との間に有意な相関が認められたので,何らかの要因が形態変異に作用した可能性がある.正準判別分析では,隠岐諸島の集団間で形態変異が認められた.この変異には島の隔離に伴う遺伝的浮動が働いたと考えられた.しかし,下顎骨の大きさ(第1主成分)について集団間で差がみられず,また,遠く離れた地域の集団間で形態的な違いがみられなかった.これは,Yasuda et al.(2005)が明らかにしたように,日本列島におけるカヤネズミの低い遺伝的多様性を反映しているかもしれない.

著者

西牧 万佐子

出版者

The Japan Association of Sandplay Therapy

雑誌

箱庭療法学研究 (ISSN:09163662)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.161-163, 2012

著者

中村 公則

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

史学 (ISSN:03869334)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.3, pp.327-337, 1995-04

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一 はじめに二 カーブースの書三 七王妃物語四 ルーミー語録五 薔薇園六 ハーフェズ詩集七 地の呪い八 ハージー・アーガー九 赦しを求めて十 アラヴィーイェ・ハーノム

著者

山本 武史

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.63-72, 2011-04-30

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This paper aims to reconsider the education of the pronunciation and phonics of the vowels of General American by introducing Yamamoto (2006), who argues that the vowel system of this variety of English can be analyzed as five vowels plus /r/. His cluster analysis, together with modification of his notation and arrangement of the vowels in a tabular form, will help reduce the difficulties encountered in teaching vowels to Japanese-speaking students. The last part of the paper Will discuss the relationships between his cluster analysis and the English spelling system, which will lead to a new approach to phonics education.

著者

中村 充孝

出版者

公益社団法人 日本アイソトープ協会

雑誌

RADIOISOTOPES (ISSN:00338303)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.2, pp.93-99, 2017

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<p>粉末試料や非晶質などといった等方的試料のダイナミクスを研究対象とする場合,チョッパー分光器による中性子非弾性散乱測定は,定常炉の三軸分光器と比較して圧倒的な優位性を示す。特異な物性を発現する新規物質を発見した場合,研究の初期段階にあっては,単結晶を育成することができず,粉末試料しか得られないことも多いが,J-PARCの強力なパルス中性子ビームを用いることで,早々とダイナミクスに関する研究を展開することが可能である。すでにJ-PARCで稼働中の3台のチョッパー分光器は,今もなお装置高度化や新規解析手法の開発を継続しており,今後,革新的な研究成果を創出しうるポテンシャルを十分備えている。</p>

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経ビジネス (ISSN:00290491)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1170, pp.70-72, 2002-12-09

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東京・文京区の東京ドームシティにこんなアトラクションが来年5月登場する。東京ドームが「後楽園ゆうえんち」の一部を改装して開業する複合娯楽施設「ラクーア」の中核となる遊戯施設だ。