著者
大平 英樹
出版者
日本感情心理学会
雑誌
エモーション・スタディーズ (ISSN:21897425)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, no.1, pp.2-12, 2017-10-01 (Released:2018-01-10)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
3

Lisa Feldman-Barrett, who has promoted a psychological constructivism theory of affect, recently proposed the Embodied Predictive Interoception Coding (EPIC) model of affect, on the basis of the perspective of predictive coding. The theoretical framework of predictive coding argues that the brain creates inner models which can provide predictions for perception and motor movement, and that perception and behaviors are emerged from Bayesian computations rooted on the predictions. The EPIC model expands this perspective into interoception, which is perception of inner body states, and tries to explain phenomena of affect as integrative experiences based on interoception. This article introduces concepts of the EPIC model and examines the model by referencing to empirical findings.
著者
柴田 正良 三浦 俊彦 長滝 祥司 金野 武司 柏端 達也 大平 英樹 橋本 敬 久保田 進一
出版者
金沢大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2015-04-01

本研究の目的は、その核心のみを述べれば、(1)ロボットと人をインタラクションさせることによって、来るべき「ロボットと人間の共生社会」において重要となる「個性」がロボットにとってなぜ必要となるのかを認知哲学的に解明し、また、(2)その結果を「個性」に関する哲学的なテーゼとして提示するとともに、(3)そのテーゼに経験的な支持を与えることを目的とした、人とロボットのインタラクション実験を設計・実施することである。まず、われわれが今年度に到達した個性概念テーゼは、「ロボットが<個性>をもつとは、それが<道徳的な行為主体 moral agent>だということであり、道徳的行為主体であるとは、他の何者も代替できない責任を引き受けるということであり、そのためにロボットは、他者が経験しえない(クオリア世界のような)内面世界をもたねばならない」、ということである。われわれは、このテーゼを、本研究の最も重要な哲学的成果だと考える。このテーゼはロボットに適用可能であるばかりか、「道徳」、「責任」、「クオリア」、「内面世界」、「主観性」といった従来の道徳哲学や心の哲学、ひいては認知心理学全般に大きな視点の転換をもたらすものと考えている。このテーゼを経験科学的に「確証」するために、われわれは、今年度、人とロボットをメインとするインタラクション実験を設計し、このテーゼと実験の「概要」を、平成29年7月にロンドンで開催された国際認知科学会(CogSci2017)で発表した。この実験に関しては、今年度においては数回の予備実験と、それによる実験手順の調整をおこなったにすぎないが、来年度の本格実験のためのほぼ完璧な準備を終えることができた。この実験は、最近、心理学や認知科学の分野で頻繁に取り上げられている「トロッコ問題」などの道徳的ジレンマに、まったく新しい光を投げかけるものとなるだろう。

12 0 0 0 OA 心の闇の側面

著者
大隅 尚広 大平 英樹
出版者
日本感情心理学会
雑誌
感情心理学研究 (ISSN:18828817)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.1, pp.2-14, 2010-07-31 (Released:2011-09-01)
参考文献数
94
被引用文献数
1

This review summarizes empirical findings that have shown affective deficits of psychopathy. Previous studies have accounted for a failure of moral socialization in individuals with psychopathy in terms of low levels of fearfulness and empathy that may lead to an attenuated ability to inhibit deviant behaviors in response to punishments and distress cues from others. Both low-fear and low-empathy hypotheses have implied that a neural basis of psychopathy is a dysfunction of amygdala, a brain region of the center in affective processing. However, the affective dysfunction of psychopathy can also be associated with adaptive behaviors to maximize gains and minimize losses in some situations. Hence, we propose that psychopathy is one side of humans to shape a selfish strategy if necessary.
著者
中村 靖子 大平 英樹 金 明哲 池野 絢子 重見 晋也 葉柳 和則 中川 拓哉
出版者
名古屋大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2019-07-17

本研究は、独伊仏日の四カ国語圏にまたがって愛国的文化運動や、公共芸術や文化遺産保護運動、文芸誌とその検閲などを対象とし、ファシズム期のスイス、イタリア、日本、フランスにおける集合的記憶の構成過程を辿ろうとする領域横断型の学際プロジェクトである。四つの言語圏における文化運動のオラリティ資料を介して、人間の社会に情動が広範なムーヴメントを創り出すメカニズムを考察しようとするものであり、伝統的な人文学が培ってきた文献研究のスキルとテキストマイニング手法が共同することにより上記の目的を達成することが可能になると期待できる。
著者
大平 英樹
出版者
心理学評論刊行会
雑誌
心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.3, pp.283-291, 2016 (Released:2018-02-06)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
1

Studies using hyperscanning have reported coordination of behaviors among 2 persons who ­performed interactive tasks. Synchronization of brain activity is an underlying mechanism of behavioral coordination. This article proposes a mathematical model (the “Kuramoto model”) which describes a phenome­non called entrainment of oscillator to explain how synchronization of brain activity emerges and which factors affect brain synchronization. A model, including 4 oscillators (inferior frontal gyri and middle temporal gyri in 2 persons) suggested that 1) similarity of oscillation frequencies in brain regions is critical for synchronization of brain activity, 2) patients on the autism spectrum might have different oscillation frequencies in their brain regions resulting in impairment of fluent communication, and 3) learning of important pathways from one person to another person can facilitate synchronization of brain activity, and thus probably can improve communication and behavioral coordination.
著者
大平 英樹
出版者
日本感情心理学会
雑誌
エモーション・スタディーズ (ISSN:21897425)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.5, no.1, pp.4-15, 2020-03-31 (Released:2020-11-11)
参考文献数
61

Psychological constructivism of affect argues that experienced emotions are constructed through two processes: 1) formation of the core affect on the basis of interoception which is neural representation of bodily signals, 2) categorization of the core affect by using concepts and contextual information. In this article, it is proposed that cultural and historical situations can affect experiences of emotions via revision of concepts and processes of co-construction of affect between individuals. For this purpose, a hierarchical Bayesian computational model of affect is introduced, and the processes of co-construction of affect are examined through computational simulation. Furthermore, importance of culture and history is discussed in the perspective of co-construction of affect.
著者
大隅 尚広 金山 範明 杉浦 義典 大平 英樹
出版者
日本パーソナリティ心理学会
雑誌
パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, no.1, pp.117-120, 2007 (Released:2007-10-30)
参考文献数
16
被引用文献数
22 18

The purpose of the present study was to investigate reliability and validity of Japanese version of the Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scales. First, similar to the original scales, exploratory factor analysis of the data from a sample of 475 revealed two factors for the scale items. In addition, a sample of 77 provided good indication of internal consistency as well as test-retest temporal stability. Correlations with BIS/BAS scales and PANAS also gave support for the scales' validity. These and other results suggested that, with some reservations, the Japanese version had usefulness of the original scales to measure psychopathic tendencies.
著者
大平 英樹
出版者
JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
雑誌
心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, no.1, pp.132-141, 2019 (Released:2019-11-22)
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
3

Studies on psychiatric disorders in abnormal psychology have shown several cognitive and affective features of psychiatric patients such as attentional bias, deficits in working memory, deviations in the parameters of reinforcement learning such as learning rate, inverse temperature, and discounting rate. However, causal relationships between such cognitive and affective features and symptoms of the disorders are unclear. The hypothesis of this study is that the dysregulation of homeostasis and allostasis via mechanisms of the predictive coding of interoception may be a critical mediator of the link between cognitive and affective features and psychiatric disorders. In this paper, a computational model combining the predictive coding of interoception and reinforcement learning is proposed to provide suggestions for the hypothesis. Simulations using the model suggested that (1) a reduced learning rate and inverse temperature, which are observed in depressed patients, can lead to unstable decision-making and maintained higher levels of reward predictive errors and (2) can consequently result in dull physiological reactivity and chronically higher levels of autonomic responses. These results provide a perspective that can integrate cognitive and affective features, physiological states, and symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
著者
大庭 丈幸 西松 能子 大平 英樹
出版者
人間環境学研究会
雑誌
人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, no.1, pp.13-18, 2013 (Released:2013-06-29)
参考文献数
30

One of the features in psychopathy is a deficit of empathy. Without empathy, psychopathy can not inhibit to harm others. However, previous studies revealed that offenders had more empathic traits than non-offenders. Empathy is defined as multidimensional components (e.g.; cognitive empathy and emotional empathy), but not as a unitary. Generally, psychopathy is consisted of two subcomponents: Primary Psychopathy (PP; features of callousness and lack of empathy) and Secondary Psychopathy (SP; features of impulsiveness and uncontrollability to own behaviours). Here, we hypothesized that psychopaths, particularly who are dominant in PP, have less empathic traits both in cognitive and emotional domains, on the other hand, SP is more linked with emotional empathic trait, but less linked with cognitive one. Furthermore, we investigated not only to relate psychopathic traits and multidimensional empathy, but also to validate a Japanese version of the Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scales (PSPS), using both Machiavellianism (MACH) scale and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ). Results indicated that correlations between PP and MACH and between PP and BAQ subscales of physical aggression and verbal aggression were higher than correlations between SP and MACH and BAQ, while correlations between SP and BAQ subscales of anger and hostility were higher than correlations between PP and the BAQ subscales. About empathy, consistent with our hypothesis, PP was linked with less empathy both in cognitive and emotional domains, whereas SP was linked with more emotional empathy, but was linked with less cognitive empathy. This reveals that PSPS dissociated PP and SP well. Although there remain some problems, PSPS is a useful scale for measurement of psychopathic traits.
著者
大平 英樹
出版者
日本社会心理学会
雑誌
社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, no.1, pp.30-37, 1989-03-15 (Released:2016-11-23)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of self-conciousness on motives and responses of anger, especially on discrepancy between want and action of responses following anger in an everyday situation. The author administered Averill's "experience of anger" questionnaire and self-consciousness scale to 104 university students. The main foundings were as follows : (1) There were four factors in the responses which were interpreted as direct aggression, displaced aggression, suppression of anger, and nonaggressive problem-solving. (2) The higher private self-consciousness was, the smaller want-action discrepancy in direct aggression, displaced aggression, and suppression of anger. (3) The significant positive correlation was obtained between want-action discrepancy and social anxiety in nonaggressive problem-solving. (4) The significant positive correlation was obtained between public self-consciousness and self-reported justice. And the negative correlation was obtained between want-action discrepancy and justice in direct aggression and displaced aggression.
著者
大平 英樹
出版者
公益財団法人 パブリックヘルスリサーチセンター
雑誌
ストレス科学研究 (ISSN:13419986)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, pp.8-15, 2013 (Released:2013-12-20)
参考文献数
19

Chronic stress affects decision-making, especially shifts dominant modes of decision-making from goal-directed action to habit action. Animal studies have revealed that atrophy of the prelimbic and inflalimbic prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum as well as hypertrophy of the dorsolateral striatum by chronic stress mediates the alteration of decision-making. We expanded this finding to humans by a neuroimaging study and further suggested that chronic stress causes dysfunctional regulation of physiological responses by the brain. Another study using functional and structural neuroimaging replicated these findings and further showed that stress-caused alterations of decision-making and the structure and function of the brain can be reversible once individuals are released from stress. Stress-induced habit action might mediate the association between chronic stress and diseases by leading to unhealthy behaviors such as over-consumption of tobacco and alcohol, less physical activity, and addition to drugs. Further studies are needed to clarify detailed mechanisms by which chronic stress causes alterations of the brain and decision-making, and possibility of effective preventions for maladaptive influences on health.
著者
山川 香織 大平 英樹
出版者
日本生理心理学会
雑誌
生理心理学と精神生理学 (ISSN:02892405)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.1, pp.40-52, 2018 (Released:2020-03-13)
参考文献数
81

過度のストレスに曝されるような危機的な状況において,われわれは不合理な選択をしてしまうことがある。危機的状況によって生じた自律神経系,内分泌系,免疫系などの生物学的反応は,情報の更新や感情処理などに関連する脳領域を修飾しヒトの意思決定を変容させる。これまでの研究により,異なる時間的特性をもつそれぞれの生物学的反応が,認知・行動に特異的な影響を与える可能性が示されている。本論では,急性ストレス暴露が意思決定に与える影響およびその背景にある認知機能に関する実証的知見を概観する。そして基盤となる神経・生物学的メカニズムについて時間的要因の観点から考察し,その適応的役割について論ずる。
著者
金山 範明 大隅 尚広 大平 英樹
出版者
日本パーソナリティ心理学会
雑誌
パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.3, pp.362-365, 2007 (Released:2007-07-07)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
2 1

Depersonalization is considered to be elicited by traumatic stress, and is characterized by episodes of detachment or estrangement from one's self. Recently, this phenomenon was understood as a coping mechanism, reducing the impact of a traumatic event. But findings of previous empirical studies were not consistent, possibly because depersonalization has not been classified into more detailed, finer categories. In this study, we preliminarily investigated the classification scheme of Cambridge depersonalization scale using factor analysis, and the relationships between depersonalization and behavioral inhibition system (BIS). Results suggested that depersonalization might lead to reduced and maladaptive emotional responses.