著者

Martel A Blooi M Adriaensen C Van Rooij P Beukema W Fisher M C Farrer R A Schmidt B R Tobler U Goka K Lips K R Muletz C Zamudio K R Bosch J Lötters S Wombwell E Garner T W J Cunningham A A Spitzen-van der Sluijs A Salvidio S Ducatelle R Nishikawa K Nguyen T T Kolby J E Van Bocxlaer I Bossuyt F Pasmans F

出版者

American Association for the Advancement of Science

雑誌

Science (ISSN:00368075)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.346, no.6209, pp.630-631, 2014-10-31

被引用文献数

385

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両生類の新興感染症イモリツボカビがアジア起源であることを解明 -グローバル化がもたらす生物多様性への脅威-. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2014-11-05.

著者

Reynaldo C. Ileto

出版者

Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

雑誌

東南アジア研究 (ISSN:05638682)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.3, pp.496-520, 2011-12-31 (Released:2017-10-31)

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Teodoro Agoncillo's classic work on Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan revolt of 1896 is framed by the tumultuous events of the 1940s such as the Japanese occupation, nominal independence in 1943, Liberation, independence from the United States, and the onset of the Cold War. Was independence in 1946 really a culmination of the revolution of 1896? Was the revolution spearheaded by the Communist-led Huk movement legitimate ? Agoncillo's book was written in 1947 in order to hook the present onto the past. The 1890s themes of exploitation and betrayal bythe propertied class, the rise of a plebeian leader, and the revolt of the masses against Spain, are implicitly being played out in the late 1940s. The politics of hooking the present onto past events and heroic figures led to the prize-winning manuscript's suppression from 1948 to 1955. Finallyseeing print in 1956, it provided a novel and timely reading of Bonifacio at a time when Rizal's legacy was being debated in the Senate and as the Church hierarchy, priests, intellectuals, students, and even general public were getting caught up in heated controversies over national heroes. The circumstances of how Agoncillo's work came to the attention of the author in the 1960s are also discussed.

著者

T. Abe T. Yasuda T. Midorikawa Y. Sato C. F. Kearns K. Inoue K. Koizumi N. Ishii

出版者

Japan Kaatsu Training Society

雑誌

International Journal of KAATSU Training Research (ISSN:13494562)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.6-12, 2005 (Released:2008-07-18)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

172 190

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This study investigated the effects of twice daily sessions of low-intensity resistance training (LIT, 20% of 1-RM) with restriction of muscular venous blood flow (namely “LIT-Kaatsu” training) for two weeks on skeletal muscle size and circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Nine young men performed LIT-Kaatsu and seven men performed LIT alone. Training was conducted two times / day, six days / week for 2 weeks using 3 sets of two dynamic exercises (squat and leg curl). Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume were measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 3 days after the last training session (post-testing). Mid-thigh muscle-bone CSA was calculated from thigh girth and adipose tissue thickness, which were measured every morning prior to the training session. Serum IGF-1 concentration was measured at baseline, mid-point of the training and post-testing. Increases in squat (17%) and leg curl (23%) one-RM strength in the LIT-Kaatsu were higher (p<0.05) than those of the LIT (9% and 2%). There was a gradual increase in circulating IGF-1 and muscle-bone CSA (both p<0.01) in the LIT-Kaatsu, but not in the LIT. Increases in quadriceps, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus muscle volume were, respectively, 7.7%, 10.1% and 9.1% for LIT-Kaatsu (p<0.01) and 1.4%, 1.9% and -0.6% for LIT (p>0.05). There was no difference (p>0.05) in relative strength (1-RM / muscle CSA) between baseline and post-testing in both groups. We concluded that skeletal muscle hypertrophy and strength gain occurred after two weeks of twice daily LIT-Kaatsu training.

著者

古川 智恵子 中田 明美 フルカワ ナカタ C. FURUKAWA A. NAKATA

雑誌

名古屋女子大学紀要 = Journal of the Nagoya Women's College

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.1-12, 1985-03-01

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"現代のように,上に衣服を着ける社会では,褌は下着として軽視されやすいが,本来は前布によって紐衣を飾るハレの衣装であった.従って,わが国においても,昭和初期頃まで漁山村を問わず,仕事着として用いられていた事は,納得のいく事である.人間は権力を現わす手段の一つとして衣を用いてその形を変え,幾多の装飾を施してきた.しかし,褌は表着のめまぐるしい変化に対して,簡略化される事はあっても,大きく変化する事はなかった.それは,褌が人間工学的な機能美を最も追求した「衣」だったからである.シンプルな衣によってアピールするには,素材が一番重要なポイントである.従って,長い歴史の中で木綿だけでなく,絹羽二重や縮緬等の高価な素材も用いられるようになったのである.褌は,現在のファッションの動向である,最小限度という「ミニマル」の真髄を何千年もの間保ち続け,生きた日本文化を今日に伝える貴重な文化財である.伝統ある褌の形態や機能性は,時代の新しい息吹きを吹きこまれながら,若者の下着やビキニに,今後も脈々と生き続けていくであろう.褌のルーツを探る事によって日本文化の一端にふれ,愛着やいとおしさを覚えるものである."

著者

三浦 貴弘 犬飼 佳吾 Pacharasut S. San S. Thanee C. 佐々木 勝

出版者

行動経済学会

雑誌

行動経済学 (ISSN:21853568)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.106-109, 2017 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

5

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本研究では,アンケートを用いたリスク選好の測定の代替案の1つとして,実験室におけるサーチ実験を行い,観測された被験者のサーチ行動からリスクに対する選好の程度を測定した.その結果を用いて,性別間でリスク回避度に違いがみられるのかを日本,タイの被験者を用いて比較分析を行った.本研究から得られた結果として,日本では男女間でリスク選好に違いは見られなかったが,その一方でタイではリスク選好は女性のほうが統計的に有意にリスク愛好的であることが明らかになった.また,アンケートの結果から測定したリスク選好は日本,タイどちらの国でも有意な違いはみられなかった.この結果から,求職行動に関連するリスク選好の男女差は文化によって異なることが示唆される.

著者

Ehimen C Aneni Chukwuemeka U Osondu Javier De La Cruz Seth S Martin Michael J Blaha Adnan Younus Theodore Feldman Arthur S Agatston Emir Veledar Khurram Nasir

出版者

Japan Atherosclerosis Society

雑誌

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (ISSN:13403478)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.40741, (Released:2018-09-14)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

16

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Aims: There is limited knowledge about the association of lipoprotein particles and markers of coronary atherosclerosis such as coronary artery calcification (CAC) in relatively young high-risk persons. This study examines the association of lipoprotein subfractions and CAC in high cardiometabolic risk individuals.Methods: The study presents analysis from baseline data of a randomized trial targeted at high-risk workers. Employees of Baptist Health South Florida with metabolic syndrome or diabetes were recruited. At baseline, all 182 participants had lipoprotein subfraction analysis using the ion mobility technique and participants above 35 years (N=170) had CAC test done. Principal components (PC) were computed for the combination of lipoprotein subclasses. Multiple bootstrapped regression analyses (BSA) were conducted to assess the relationship between lipoprotein subfractions and CAC.Results: The study population (N=170) was largely female (84%) with a mean age of 58 years. Three PCs accounted for 88% variation in the sample. PC2, with main contributions from VLDL particles in the positive direction and large LDL particles in the negative direction was associated with a 22% increase in CAC odds (P value <0.05 in 100% of BSA). PC3, with main contributions from HDL lipoprotein particles in the positive direction and small/medium LDL and large IDL particles in the negative direction, was associated with a 9% reduction in CAC odds (P<0.05 in 88% of BSA). PC1, which had approximately even contributions from HDL, LDL, IDL and VLDL lipoprotein subfractions in the positive direction, was not associated with CAC.Conclusion: In a relatively young but high-risk population, a lipoprotein profile predominated by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was associated with increased risk of CAC, while one predominated by HDL lipoproteins offered modest protection. Lipoprotein sub-fraction analysis may help to further discriminate patients who require more intensive cardiovascular work-up and treatment.

著者

CALDWELL J.A. MALLIS M.M. CALDWELL J.L. PAUL M.A. MILLER J.C. NERI D.F.

出版者

航空医学実験隊

雑誌

航空医学実験隊報告 (ISSN:00232858)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.9-62, 2010 (Released:2020-04-11)

参考文献数

237

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パイロットの疲労は現在、航空運航における重要な問題となっている。この主な理由としては、民間と軍の航空運用において、不規則な労働時間、長時間任務、サーカディアンリズムの乱れ、睡眠不足等が日常的なものになってきていることにある。疲労がもたらす影響の全体像は正しく評価されていないが、その有害な作用の多くは、以前から知られているものである。十分に休息をとった人に比較して、断眠した人は、考えることも行動することも、より時間がかかり、より多くの失敗を犯し、また記憶能力も低下する。これらの影響は航空業務エラーや事故を引き起こしうるものである。1930年代、乗務員の疲労を軽減させることを目的として、飛行時間制限、次の飛行までの推奨休息時間及び乗務員の睡眠等について勧告がなされた。これらの勧告は、更新が必要であるにもかかわらず、当初に導入されて以 来、乗務員の勤務規定や飛行時間制限についてはほとんど変更されていない。疲労、睡眠、シフト勤務、サーカディアンリズム(概日リズム)生理学についての科学的な理解は過去数十年にわたって著しく進んだが、現行規則や産業界での慣行は、多くの場合これら新しい知識を適切に取り入れることができていない。このためパイロットの疲労問題は、確実に航空安全に対する懸念をともないつつ増加してきている。事故統計、パイロット自身からの報告、業務飛 行における研究の全てにおいて、疲労が航空運航において次第に重要な問題となりつつあることが示されている。このポジションペーパーでは、関連する科学文献を概観し、該当するアメリカの民間及び軍の航空規則をまとめるとともに、飛行中及び飛行前後の疲労対策を評価し、疲労の検出や対処のための最新技術について述べた。各項目では問題点の考察の後に、ポジションステートメントを明記した。ポジションステートメントでは、最新の科学知識を用いた現行方針の更新を最終目標とすることを念頭において論じた。また航空安全を改善するための方法や技術についても記述した。

著者

Sebastian Kripfganz Daniel C. Schneider

出版者

東北大学大学院経済学研究科

雑誌

TUPD Discussion Papers

巻号頁・発行日

no.18, pp.1-33, 2022-04

著者

Maria Teresa B Abola Jonathan Golledge Tetsuro Miyata Seung-Woon Rha Bryan P Yan Timothy C Dy Marie Simonette V Ganzon Pankaj Kumar Handa Salim Harris Jiang Zhisheng Ramakrishna Pinjala Peter Ashley Robless Hiroyoshi Yokoi Elaine B Alajar April Ann Bermudez-delos Santos Elmer Jasper B Llanes Gay Marjorie Obrado-Nabablit Noemi S Pestaño Felix Eduardo Punzalan Bernadette Tumanan-Mendoza

出版者

Japan Atherosclerosis Society

雑誌

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (ISSN:13403478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.8, pp.809-907, 2020-08-01 (Released:2020-08-01)

被引用文献数

1 49

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Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the most underdiagnosed, underestimated and undertreated of the atherosclerotic vascular diseases despite its poor prognosis. There may be racial or contextual differences in the Asia-Pacific region as to epidemiology, availability of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and even patient treatment response. The Asian Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Diseases (APSAVD) thus coordinated the development of an Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement (APCS) on the Management of PAD. Objectives: The APSAVD aimed to accomplish the following: 1) determine the applicability of the 2016 AHA/ACC guidelines on the Management of Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease to the Asia-Pacific region; 2) review Asia-Pacific literature; and 3) increase the awareness of PAD. Methodology: A Steering Committee was organized to oversee development of the APCS, appoint a Technical Working Group (TWG) and Consensus Panel (CP). The TWG appraised the relevance of the 2016 AHA/ACC PAD Guideline and proposed recommendations which were reviewed by the CP using a modified Delphi technique. Results: A total of 91 recommendations were generated covering history and physical examination, diagnosis, and treatment of PAD—3 new recommendations, 31 adaptations and 57 adopted statements. This Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of PAD constitutes the first for the Asia-Pacific Region. It is intended for use by health practitioners involved in preventing, diagnosing and treating patients with PAD and ultimately the patients and their families themselves.

著者

Mauricio Hernández Sergio Ancona Aníbal H. Díaz De La Vega-Pérez Ligia C. Muñoz-Arenas Stephanie E. Hereira-Pacheco Yendi E. Navarro-Noya

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology / Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology / Taiwan Society of Microbial Ecology / Japanese Society of Plant Microbe Interactions / Japanese Society for Extremophiles

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.ME21087, 2022 (Released:2022-06-30)

参考文献数

66

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The gut microbiota influences the phenotype and fitness of a host; however, limited information is currently available on the diversity and functions of the gut microbiota in wild animals. Therefore, we herein examined the diversity, composition, and potential functions of the gut microbiota in three Sceloporus lizards: Sceloporus aeneus, S. bicanthalis, and S. grammicus, inhabiting different habitats in a mountainous ecosystem. The gut bacterial community of S. bicanthalis from alpine grasslands at 4,150‍ ‍m a.s.l. exhibited greater taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional alpha diversities than its sister species S. aeneus from cornfields and human-induced grasslands at 2,600‍ ‍m‍ ‍a.s.l. Bacteria of the genus Blautia and metabolic functions related to the degradation of aromatic compounds were more abundant in S. bicanthalis than in S. aeneus, whereas Oscillibacter and predicted functions related to amino acid metabolism and fermentation were more abundant in S. aeneus. The structure of the dominant and most prevalent bacteria, i.e., the core microbiota, was similar between the sister species from different habitats, but differed between S. grammicus and S. aeneus cohabiting at 2,600‍ ‍m‍ ‍a.s.l. and between S. grammicus and S. bicanthalis cohabiting at 4,150‍ ‍m a.s.l. These results suggest that phylogenetic relatedness defines the core microbiota, while the transient, i.e., non-core, microbiota is influenced by environmental differences in the habitats. Our comparisons between phylogenetically close species provide further evidence for the specialized and complex associations between hosts and the gut microbiota as well as insights into the roles of phylogeny and ecological factors as drivers of the gut microbiota in wild vertebrates.

著者

Phillip Rubin Paul C. Montana

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.8, pp.1405, 2021-07-21 (Released:2021-07-21)

参考文献数

3

著者

Donald A. Norman 佐伯 胖 Jonathan Grudin 安西 祐一郎 Allan M. Collins Dedre Gentner Michael Cole James Levin Margaret Riel 杉本 卓 村山 功 美馬 のゆり 鈴木 宏昭 中島 秀之 小笠原 秀美 土屋 孝文 樋口 一枝 落合 弘之 野田 耕平 古田 一義 石井 裕 諏訪 正樹 安斎 利洋 中村 理恵子 益川 弘如 中山 隆弘 遠山 紗矢香 Daniel L. Schwartz Marcia C. Linn 飯窪 真也 齊藤 萌木 杉山 二季 板谷 大介 萩原 英子 畑 文子 堀 公彦 Stella Vosniadou Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver Sandra Y. Okita 大津 由紀雄 Marlene Scardamalia Carl Bereiter

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.504-541, 2015-12-01 (Released:2016-06-01)

参考文献数

28

著者

Daisuke Shimada Atsushi C. Suzuki Megumu Tsujimoto Satoshi Imura Keiichi Kakui

出版者

The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology

雑誌

Species Diversity (ISSN:13421670)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.49-63, 2021-03-22 (Released:2021-03-22)

参考文献数

81

被引用文献数

4

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Two new species of free-living marine nematodes, Odontophora odontophoroides sp. nov. and Parabathylaimus jare sp. nov., are described from the coastal sand of Langhovde, Lützow-Holm Bay, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Odontophora odontophoroides sp. nov. is the only species in Odontophora Bütschli, 1874 that has bicuspidate odontia. Odontophora odontophoroides sp. nov. is similar to species in Odontophoroides Boucher and Helléouët, 1977 and Synodontium Cobb, 1920 in having bicuspidate odontia, but differs in having a didelphic reproductive system in females. Parabathylaimus jare sp. nov. differs from congeners in the unjointed inner labial and cephalic sensilla, the outer labial sensilla three-jointed in males and two-jointed in females, the position of the amphids, the shorter spicules, and the conical tail without long subterminal setae. Modified generic diagnoses and keys to species are included for Odontophora and Parabathylaimus De Coninck and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933. A new combination, Parabathylaimus arthropappus (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) comb. nov., is established.

著者

Akiyoshi Wada Johnny C. L. Chan

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17A-005, (Released:2021-01-11)

被引用文献数

9

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In the 2019 tropical cyclone season in the western North Pacific, Typhoons FAXAI and HAGIBIS made landfall in Japan while keeping the intensity, resulting in serious disasters. This study addresses the influences of an increasing trend and variations in the upper ocean heat content above 26°C (tropical cyclone heat potential: TCHP) from January 1982 to June 2020 on FAXAI and HAGIBIS. TCHP underneath FAXAI and HAGIBIS in 2019 was higher than the climatological mean except for a part of mature phase of HAGIBIS due to HAGIBIS-induced sea surface cooling. TCHP significantly increased with the interannual oceanic variations (IOVs) in the subtropical (15-20°N, 140-150°E) and midlatitude (30-35°N, 130-140°E) areas where FAXAI and HAGIBIS intensified or kept the intensity. From an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of TCHP, we demonstrate that the leading three EOF modes of TCHP explains approximately 76.8% of total variance, but the increase in TCHP along the tracks of FAXAI and HAGIBIS particularly in the early intensification of HAGIBIS cannot be explained only by the IOVs included in the leading three EOF modes but rather by the warming trend irrespective of the IOVs.

著者

Julia C. Blumkaitis Christopher L. Sandefur Christopher A. Fahs Lindy M. Rossow

出版者

Active Aging Research Center

雑誌

Journal of Trainology (ISSN:21865264)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.38-42, 2016-08-25 (Released:2016-11-16)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

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Objective: Both anaerobic and aerobic factors contribute to distance running performance. How these factors relate to middle and long distance running performance in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) runners has not been previously determined. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between anaerobic and aerobic assessments and two season best race times (800 m and 8 km) in NAIA runners participating in track and cross-country at a small Midwestern American college. Design: This study employed a cross-sectional design. Data was collected from a lab visit as well as from season best running times. Methods: 11 subjects (f = 4) completed a graded exercise test for VO2max and ventilatory threshold assessment, a 40 m sprint, a standing long jump, and a vertical jump. Correlations were performed between 800 m and 8 km season bests and the afore mentioned tests. Results: 800 m run time correlated only with VO2max (r = -.600; p = .044). 8 km run time correlated most strongly with vertical jump height (r = -.823; p = .011) but also with 40 m sprint (r = .704; p = .039) and VO2max (r = -.670; p = .047). Conclusions: Anaerobic and aerobic contributions to season best race times in NAIA runners were slightly different than expected based on previous work in different populations. This information may be useful for NAIA track and cross-country coaches interested in determining tests that best relate to running performance in their athletes.

著者

Jonathan Yap Fang Yi Lim Fei Gao Sinead Z. Wang Shoen C.S. Low Thu Thao Le Ru-San Tan

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.6, pp.306-313, 2020-06-10 (Released:2020-06-10)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

3

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Background:Myocardial viability assessment in revascularization of ischemic heart failure remains controversial. This study evaluated the prognostic utility of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in ischemic heart failure.Methods and Results:This study retrospectively analyzed subjects with ischemic heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, who underwent CMR at a single center in 2004–2014 before undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or optimal medical therapy (OMT). Analyses were stratified by treatment. Myocardial segments were deemed non-viable if LGE exceeded 50% wall thickness. Overall and anterior viability were assessed. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality and major adverse CV events. Among 165 subjects (mean (±SD) age 57.5±8.5 years, 152 males), 79 underwent CABG and 86 received OMT. A greater number of non-viable segments was significantly associated with higher all-cause and CV mortality in the CABG group (adjusted hazard ratios 1.17 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.01–1.37; P=0.04] and 1.25 [95% CI 1.01–1.56; P=0.045], respectively), but not in the OMT (P>0.05) group. Anterior wall viability did not affect outcomes.Conclusions:The extent of myocardial viability assessed by LGE appeared to identify patients with a differential survival benefit from CABG in this retrospective, small cohort study. These findings raise interesting hypotheses that need to be validated in larger prospective studies.

著者

Simone Villa Andrea Lombardi Davide Mangioni Giorgio Bozzi Alessandra Bandera Andrea Gori Mario C. Raviglione

出版者

National Center for Global Health and Medicine

雑誌

Global Health & Medicine (ISSN:24349186)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020.01016, (Released:2020-04-09)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

40

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COVID-19, that emerged in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China and is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly evolved into a pandemic. Italy has become one of the largest epicentres outside Asia, accounting now for at least 80,539 infections (cumulative incidence of 95.9/100,000) and 8,165 deaths (case fatality rate 10.1%). It has seriously affected people above the age of 60 years. The International Health Regulations (IHR) revised in 2005 bind governments to disclose vital information regarding the identification and detection of new disease outbreaks regardless of its causative agent. In contrast to the previous SARS epidemic, China timely informed the world about the onset of a new outbreak. It also soon disclosed the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19. Unfortunately, despite the fast recognition of the Chinese epidemic, the application of the 2005 IHR was not followed by an effective response in every country and most health authorities failed to rapidly perceive the threat posed by COVID-19. To further complicate matters, IHR implementation, which relies primarily on self-reporting data rather than on an external review mechanism, was limited in speed and further hindered by high costs. The response in Italy suffered from several limitations within the health system and services. The action against this threat must instead be quick, firm and at the highest trans-national level. The solution lies in further strengthening countries' preparedness through a clear political commitment, mobilization of proper resources and implementation of a strict surveillance and monitoring process.

著者

LI Zhenghui LUO Yali DU Yu CHAN Johnny C. L.

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020-012, (Released:2019-11-30)

被引用文献数

38

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Climatological characteristics of pre-summer (April-to-June) rainfall over Southern China (SC) and associated synoptic conditions are examined using 1980-2017 hourly rainfall observations and reanalysis data. The rainfall amount, frequency, and intensity show pronounced regional variations and substantial changes between pre- and post-monsoon-onset periods. Owing to more favorable thermodynamic conditions after monsoon onset over South China Sea (SCS), rainfall intensifies generally over entire SC irrespective of the rainfall-event durations. Increased magnitudes of rainfall amount in longer-duration (> 6 h) events are found over a designated west-inland region (west of 111°E), which are partially attributed to enhanced dynamic instability. In addition, rainfall events occur more frequently over the west-inland region, as well as coastal regions west side of 118°E, but less over a designated east-inland region. The inland-region rainfall is closely linked to dynamic lifting driven by subtropical synoptic systems (low pressure and an associated front or shearline). The westward extension of the western North Pacific high and the eastward extension/movement of the front or shearline, interacting with the intra-period intensification of the southwesterly monsoonal flows, play important roles in providing high-θe (equivalent potential temperature) air to the west- and east-inland regions, respectively. The warm-sector, coastal rainfall is closely related to the deceleration of the southerly boundary layer (BL) jet (BLJ) over the northern SCS and associated convergence of BL high-θe air near the coast. Meanwhile the southwesterly synoptic-system-related low-level jet in the lower-to-middle troposphere to the south of the inland cold front can contribute to the coastal rainfall occurrence by providing divergence above the BL convergence near the coast. The BLJ often simultaneously strengthens with the lower-troposphere horizontal winds, suggesting a close association between the BLJ and the synoptic systems. The quantitative statistics provided in this study complement previous case studies or qualitative results and thus advance understanding about pre-summer rainfall over SC.

著者

LUO Yali XIA Rudi CHAN Johnny C. L.

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020-002, (Released:2019-10-16)

被引用文献数

44

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Pre-summer rainy season (April to mid-June) over South China (SC) is characterized by high intensity and frequent occurrence of heavy rainfall in the East Asian monsoon region. This review describes recent progress in the research related to such a phenomenon. The mechanisms responsible for pre-summer rainfall consist of multi-scale processes. Sea surface temperatures over tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean are shown to have a great influence on the interannual variations of pre-summer rainfall over SC. Synoptic disturbances associated with regional extreme rainfall over SC are mainly related to cyclone- and trough-type anomalies. Formation and intensification of such anomalies can be contributed by surface sensible heating and mechanical forcing from the Tibetan Plateau. On a sub-daily scale, double rain belts often co-exist over SC. The northern rain belt is closely linked to dynamic lifting by a subtropical low pressure and its associated front/shear line, while the westward extension of the western North Pacific high and the intensification of the southwesterly monsoonal flows play important roles in providing high-equivalent potential temperature air to the west- and east-inland regions, respectively. The southern rain belt with a smaller horizontal span is in the warm sector over either inland or coastal SC. The warm-sector rainfall over inland SC results from surface heating, local topographic lifting, and urban heat island effect interacting with the sea breeze. The warm-sector rainfall over coastal SC is closely associated with double low-level jets, land-sea-breeze fronts, and coastal mountains. A close relationship is found between convectively-generated quasi-stationary mesoscale outflow boundaries and continuous convective initiation in extreme rainfall events. Active warm-rain microphysical processes can play an important role in some extreme rainfall events, although the relative contributions by warm-rain, riming and ice-phase microphysical processes remain unclear. Moreover, to improve the rainfall prediction, efforts have been made in convection-permitting modeling studies.

著者

WANG Jingyu HOUZE Jr. Robert. A. FAN Jiwen BRODZIK Stacy. R. FENG Zhe HARDIN Joseph C.

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-058, (Released:2019-08-06)

被引用文献数

17

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The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory satellite launched in 2014 features more extended latitudinal coverage (65°S-65°N) than its predecessor Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM, 35°S-35°N). The Ku-band radar onboard of the GPM is known to be capable of characterizing the 3D structure of deep convection globally. In this study, GPM’s capability for detecting mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is evaluated. Extreme convective echoes seen by GPM are compared against an MCS database that tracks convective entities over the contiguous US. The tracking is based on geostationary satellite and ground-based Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) network data obtained during the 2014-2016 warm seasons. Results show that more than 70 % of the GPM-detected Deep-Wide Convective Core (DWC) and Wide Convective Core (WCC) objects are part of NEXRAD identified MCSs, indicating that GPM-classified DWCs and WCCs correlate well with typical MCSs containing large convective features. By applying this method to the rest of the world, a global view of MCS distribution is obtained. This work reveals GPM’s potential in MCS detection at the global scale, particularly over remote regions without dense observation network.