著者

力丸 慈圓

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.5-6, pp.901-921, 1934 (Released:2013-05-21)

参考文献数

16

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Since the previous paper was published elsewhere (vol.9, No.1, of this Journal) the writer has been able to extend the range of his work both as to number of persons tested and variety of locality, by which means he was enabled to obtain the reactions of about 7500 new subjects. The present paper is a report of a part of the results derived from the combined materials, new and old.Using the chemical compound, para-ethoxy-phenyl-thio-carbamide, 8824 Japanese, 5933 Formosans (Chinese origin), 1756 natives (Formosan aborigines of various tribes) were tested and their reactions reported in writing or orally. In all races the reaction showed great individual divergences, some experiencing a bitter taste, others finding the compound sweet, sour, or salty, while by some no reaction was felt apart from tactual sensation. Roughly classified, the reactions may be said to fall into three categories-the tasteless, the bitter, and the others. The frequency proportion of the bitter reaction was the highest, the tasteless the next, and that of the others the lowest. This order was alike for all races.(cf: Tables I and II.)The actual size of the frequency percentage for the same category, however, showed the existence of a great difference between the various races. The frequency percentage of the tasteless was found to be largest for the Japanese people, the figures for the Formosans were as small as about 50% of those for the Japanese, while those for the natives were less than one eighth of those for the first. Of the three native tribes, the Atyal has the largest ratio of non-tasters, though compared with that of other races it is very low; in the case of the other two native tribes it is almost negligible. The percentages of the bitter-tasters were found to be just the inverse of those for the non-tasters, in the same order of race, as given above, i. e. lowest for the Japanese and highest for the natives. As a matter of fact, the existence of the racial difference in respect of the frequency of non-tasters of the compoud-so also that of the bitter-tasters-is doubtlessly conclusive, and would appear to deserve more extensive and analytical investigation, for such a remarkable difference promises to lead to the discovery of some essential racial characteristic of service in the study of many important aspects of scientific and practical data when more carefully elaborated. The racial difference in the frequency of the sweet and other tasters, on the other hand, presented itself as insignificant when having regard for probable errors.(cf. Tables II, III, IV.)In connection with these racial differences, some of the conditions which might be suspected as affecting the difference, and might often complicate or even lead to wrong conclusions in extreme cases, have been studied in so far as the statistical method is concerned. First: Comparing the percentages of the tasteless cases for the populations in the north, middle and the south of Formosa (average temperature: 21.6°, 22.1°, 23.1°C. respectively), no statistically significant difference was found, which suggests that no local influence affects the ratio.(cf. Table v.) Of course, since the local conditions possibly responsible for the ratio may be numerous and vary greatly, a decisive conclusion as to local influence in general has yet to be worked out. But it is demonstrated, in the present study at least, that no local influence capable of affecting the racial difference can be isolated. Second: Statistically significant differences in percentage among the tasteless was not found between the sexes of all the Japanese, Formosan and Atyal peoples.(cf. Table VI.) Moreover with the Japanese the sex difference in this category was statistically examined at age intervals of two years and the percentages of the non-tasters of the one sex was compared with that of the other in the corresponding age class.

著者

中島 亮一 横澤 一彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17344, (Released:2018-09-20)

参考文献数

24

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To investigate the effect of continuous focused attention on change detection, Nakashima & Yokosawa (2018) conducted a single object change detection task, manipulating blank durations and locations of study and test images (same/different). They suggested that attention can focus on a local area during a brief blank period, and that continuous focused attention facilitates only the detection of occurring change. We examined this suggestion further. To examine the possibility that observers strategically move attention during a long blank period rather than attention being spontaneously disengaged from a focused area, the image location condition was blocked. Additionally, the numbers of change trials and no-change trials were equated, in contrast to the larger number of change trials in the previous research. Even with these changes in method, our experiment showed that the change detection performance in the same location condition was better in the short blank than the long blank condition only in change trials. Thus, we suggested that attention certainly focuses on an area only briefly and facilitates change detection.

著者

樫原 潤 亀山 晶子 山川 樹 村中 昌紀 松浦 隆信 坂本 真士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17334, (Released:2018-09-20)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2

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Depression is a heterogeneous disorder, and a subtype with atypical symptoms called “modern type depression” (MTD) has been recently proposed in Japan. The present study explored perceptions of MTD among healthcare providers, with the aim of contributing to debates on how to deliver effective treatments for MTD. Survey participants were 86 nurses and 60 professional caregivers working for a general hospital. They read two vignettes that described fictitious individuals with either traditional type depression with melancholic features, or MTD, and then answered how they perceived these individuals on Likert-scale items. A series of paired t-tests showed the following cognitive biases on the MTD vignette: (a) the possibility of being diagnosed as depressed, the severity of symptoms, and the effectiveness of psychotherapies were rated lower; (b) lower intentions of helping those individuals and stronger rejecting attitudes were expressed; (c) the precipitating cause of the disorder was more frequently attributed to internal and controllable factors. The discussion highlighted how these cognitive biases held by healthcare providers lower the quality of treatment of MTD.

著者

西村 多久磨 古村 健太郎 鈴木 雅之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.16350, (Released:2018-09-20)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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This study focuses on perceived functions of studying for the high school entrance examination and investigates the effect of these functions on individual differences in academic performance and depressive mood. In the prestudy, 325 potential items concerning the functions were obtained from 93 students (35 boys, 58 girls) in the 9th grade during the high school examination period. In the primary study, 311 students (163 boys, 148 girls) in the 9th grade participated in the questionnaire survey. The result of factor analysis revealed five potential functions: improving academic behaviors, enhancing a sense of competitiveness, analyzing one’s level of understanding, considering a career goal, and enhancing a sense of time constraint. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that the function of the analyzing one’s level of understanding and enhancing a sense of competitiveness were positively correlated, and the considering a career goal was negatively correlated with academic performance. The results also showed that the enhancing a sense of time constraint was positively correlated and the improving academic behaviors were negatively correlated with depressive mood.

著者

西村 多久磨 村上 達也 櫻井 茂男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.16077, (Released:2018-09-20)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

2

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Development of prosociality and a trajectory in prosocial behaviors have been a major interest among developmental psychologists. The present study investigates age-related changes in prosocial behaviors from middle childhood to early adolescence based on the relational approach, emphasizing relations with the recipients of the prosocial behaviors (i.e., prosocial behavior toward family, strangers, and friends). A total of 1,829 Japanese students (944 boys and 885 girls) from mid-elementary and junior high schools (ages 9―14 at the time of the first measurement) participated in a one-year longitudinal study. This sample consisted of five cohorts: the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grade samples. The results of the latent difference score model showed a decrease in prosocial behaviors once, as mean level of individual changes; while at the same time, the model indicated a bounce-back in prosociality after the middle of the junior high school period. Additionally, we found unique changes in prosocial behaviors toward family in the form not following the overall developmental trajectory.

著者

山本 博樹 織田 涼 島田 英昭

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.240-250, 2018-08

著者

菅沼 慎一郎 中野 美奈 下山 晴彦

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.229-239, 2018-08

著者

平田 裕美

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.221-228, 2018-08

著者

藤後 悦子 三好 真人 井梅 由美子 大橋 恵 川田 裕次郎

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.309-315, 2018-08

著者

勝谷 紀子 岡 隆 坂本 真士

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.316-322, 2018

被引用文献数

1

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<p>This study examined the lay theory characteristics of "modern-type" depression using a text mining method. A total of 225 undergraduate students filled in a questionnaire. They answered questions about the characteristics and causes of as well as reasons for "modern-type" depression using free-form text entry. Then, they answered questions about their sources of information on "modern-type" depression. The results showed that participants mainly described that "modern-type" depression is common among young people and that people with "moderntype" depression lack awareness of the illness. Also, participants indicated that they obtained knowledge about "modern-type" depression from different information sources such as television and the internet.</p>

著者

池田 慎之介 針生 悦子

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.302-308, 2018-08

著者

梅本 貴豊 田中 健史朗 矢田 尚也

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.292-301, 2018-08

著者

大上 渉 内山 朋美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.270-280, 2018

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<p>This study aimed to examine the crime scene behavior and general characteristics of individuals who commit product-tampering crimes related to food. In total, 121 cases of product tampering that occurred in Japan from 1981 to 2016, in which the offender was arrested, underwent cross-table analysis and multiple correspondence analysis. The results identified five types of product-tampering crimes that differed according to the foreign matter used: "use of a needle or something similar"; "use of bits of metal or something similar"; "use of medication, including psychotropic drugs"; "use of an agrichemical or pesticide"; and "use of a detergent". The crime scene behaviors and characteristics of the offenders differed according to the foreign matter used, and such differences may relate to the type of adulterant that is mixed into the food or drink. The findings of this study will be useful for systematizing product-tampering crimes and will contribute to food-defense and product-tampering criminal investigations.</p>

著者

大久保 圭介

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.281-291, 2018

被引用文献数

4

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<p>The Caregiving System Scale (CSS: Shaver, Mikulincer, & Shemesh-Iron, 2010) was recently developed measure designed to assess the individual differences in the caregiving internal working model. The purpose of the present study was to translate the CSS into Japanese (CSS-J) and evaluate its validity and reliability. To accomplish this, we conducted four studies. In Study 1 (<i>n</i> = 600), we translated the CSS and replicated its two-factor model based on confirmatory factor analysis. After that, in Study 2 (<i>n</i> = 315), we examined the correlations between the CSS and other variables for criterion-related validation. In Study 3 (<i>n</i> = 229), we determined that previous helping success or failure experiences influenced a person's current anxiety and avoidance levels, as measured by the CSS-J. In Study 4 (<i>n</i> = 31), we examined the test-retest reliability of the CSS-J among some participants from Study 3. The results of these four studies confirmed the validity and reliability of the CSS-J. We concluded that the CSS-J is useful for studying the various aspects of helping and attachment theory.</p>

著者

沼田 真美 Hartling Linda M. 松井 豊

出版者

日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.262-269, 2018-08

著者

白神 敬介 川野 健治

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.251-261, 2018

被引用文献数

2

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<p>Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a useful evaluation measure of medical, health, and welfare activities, but it is difficult to apply it at the individual level. To solve this problem, we analyzed a widely used HRQOL instrument, the Medical Outcomes Study short form-36 (SF-36), using latent rank theory (LRT) to try to identify findings useful for supporting health care activities. We analyzed data from 2952 people obtained in a population health survey. In Analysis 1, we examined the feasibility of applying LRT. In Analysis 2, we performed qualitative interpretation analysis of the LRT results of Analysis 1 to determine more effective use of support activities in local public health care. Analysis 1 showed that LRT could properly extract information from SF-36 data. In Analysis 2, the LRT results allowed for the classification of each subject based on HRQOL status. The method would therefore be useful for determining appropriate interventions and selecting subjects for interventions. This study demonstrated a new methodology to more effectively use HRQOL measures in health care and psychological support.</p>

著者

大渕 憲一 小倉 左知男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.4, pp.200-207, 1985-10-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

3 3

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We administered Averill's questionnaire on “the everyday experience of anger” to 123 adults and 130 university students who lived in Osaka, Japan. They were asked to rate their recent anger episodes in terms of the instigator, motive, response, etc. It was found that (1) there were two factor dimensions in the motives of anger which were interpreted as hostile and instrumental motives; (2) hostile anger was more aroused when the instigators were not so familiar to them and had authority over them, while instrumental anger was more aroused when the instigators were their loved ones or friends; (3) hostile anger, compared with instrumental, was intensified principally when the subjects perceived their instigators had malicious intent; and (4) the subjects who felt hostile anger, compared with instrumental, were likely to wish to commit aggression against their instigators.

著者

治部 哲也 沖田 庸嵩 八木 昭宏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.5, pp.367-375, 1998-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

36

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Phonological priming effects on auditory event-related brain potentials were compared across different numbers of syllables shared between target words and preceding prime words or pseudowords. All items of words and pseudowords consisted of 3 syllables, and the subject's task was to make a judgment whether the item belonged to a designated category. A large negative wave (N400), commencing at about 250ms poststimulus and lasting for about 700ms, was observed irrespective of primes and targets. When targets were preceded by word-primes that shared the first one or two syllables, the onset of N400 at the frontal site was earlier and the initial negative-going phase was steeper than in other conditions. In contrast, the magnitude of N400 to targets was reduced, when the primes were pseudowords that shared the first two syllables. These two types of early and later Phonological priming effects were interpreted to reflect facilitations during spoken word recognition at the pre-lexical (phonological) and post-lexical (semantic or contextual integration) levels, respectively.

著者

藤島 喜嗣 髙橋 幸子 江利川 滋 山田 一成

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17219, (Released:2018-08-10)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

2

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The Japanese version of the “Regret and Maximization Scale” (JRMS) can predict the individual difference in the style of decision-making. However, according to two previous studies that examined the reliability and validity of the JRMS, the reliability was not very high. In addition, the factor validity needs to be examined because the number of common factors the JRMS might consist of was ambiguous. The present study tested the factorial pattern of the JRMS using voluntary panel Web surveys. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis on 1,121 samples in Study 1 and a confirmatory factor analysis on 480 samples in Study 2. Both analyses showed that the JRMS consists of three factors: regret for one’s life, regret for purchase, and maximization. These results verified the factor validity of the JRMS. Each subscale showed an acceptable level of internal consistency. Each factor index positively correlated with each other, and also positively correlated with the age of participants. We discussed the reason why regret was divided into two categories, and the applicability of the JRMS to other studies.

著者

南 学

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.5, pp.384-392, 1998-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

22

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Two models-the weighted averaging model and the anchoring and adjustment model-have been proposed to explain the base-rate neglect. In an attempt to test these two models, the cab problem (Bar-Hillel, 1980) was presented in two conditions. In one condition, the probability in case information was presented numerically, and in another, it was presented verbally. According to the weighted averaging model, subjects' estimates under verbal expression condition were predicted to be equal to or lower than the probability implied by the verbal expression, because legibility of verbal expression made subjects afford to consider base-rate. According to the anchoring and adjustment model, on the other hand, subjects' estimates under verbal expression condition were predicted to be higher than the probability implied by that expression (counter base-rate effect), because under a directional hypothesis that “blue cab was in accident”, in anchoring process, ambiguity of verbal expression was dragged. Results of three experiments were found to be consistent with the prediction from the anchoring and adjustment model.