著者

鉄道省 編

出版者

鉄道省

巻号頁・発行日

1933

著者

山本 真也

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.95-109, 2011-12-20 (Released:2012-01-19)

参考文献数

68

被引用文献数

2 1

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How did humans evolve to such an altruistic and cooperative animal? This review paper discusses the primate origin of altruism and cooperation from the viewpoints of cognitive mechanisms and adaptation to social systems. Our previous studies have revealed three characteristics of chimpanzees' altruistic helping behavior: 1) helping upon request, but seldom voluntarily; 2) understanding others' goals by visually assessing the situations; and 3) understanding of others' goals does not automatically lead to voluntary helping. It is suggested that the mechanism in chimpanzees' helping is different from that in human helping, which is often solicited by only witnessing others in trouble. This difference in spontaneity in helping might be a result of their different social systems. In human societies, where indirect reciprocity works, individuals who behave altruistically can gain good reputations. In such societies, voluntary helping is favored and rewarded. Meanwhile, institutions and social sanctions exist in human societies: selfish individuals can be punished by third-party group members. This system also maintains altruism and cooperation. In contrast, there has been no empirical evidence for existence of reputation and social sanction in chimpanzees, which might explain their lack of voluntary helping. Instead of indirect reciprocity, fission-fusion dynamics might be an alternative system for maintaining altruism and cooperation in chimpanzee societies. It is possible that an ecological environment influences a social system, which in turn determines behavior and its mechanism. This emphasizes the importance of empirical studies with broad perspectives. Comparative studies with humans, chimpanzees and bonobos both in the wild and under experimental conditions are expected to deepen our understanding of the evolution of altruism and cooperation, and accordingly to reveal multiple dimensions of human evolution from the viewpoints of cognition, behavior, society, and ecology.

著者

高橋理一郎 編

出版者

地方振興事績調査会

巻号頁・発行日

1924

著者

澤城 邦生

出版者

曹洞宗総合研究センター宗学研究部門

雑誌

宗学研究紀要 (ISSN:13457527)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.81-88, 2017-03

著者

杉江 謙一 阿久津 守

出版者

日本法科学技術学会

雑誌

日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.763, (Released:2019-08-23)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

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The cultivar cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) ‘Tochigi-shiro’ has been developed by the Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science and Tochigi Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station. It is considered nontoxic and a fiber-type cannabis because of its low concentration of the hallucinogen Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Recently, concentrated forms of cannabis, such as butane hash oil (BHO), have spread globally, and seizures of BHO have increased in Japan. We expect that the use of BHO prepared from Tochigi-shiro may be detrimental to health. However, the concentrations of cannabinoids in Tochigi-shiro have not previously been reported. In this study, the concentrations of THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol, and tetrahydrocannabivarin in Tochigi-shiro cultivated in Tochigi Prefecture were measured. Further, BHO was produced from the leaves of Tochigi-shiro using commercially available extraction devices to determine the extraction efficiency of THC and CBD. THC was detected in Tochigi-shiro, and concentrations of each cannabinoid differed between plants grown at three sites in Tochigi Prefecture. However, the concentration ratio of CBD to THC was almost the same in plants from all three sites. In BHO, the concentrations of THC and CBD were 6.59% w/w and 35.0% w/w, respectively. This indicates that the concentrations of THC and CBD were approximately 55- and 35-fold greater, respectively, in BHO than in the leaves of plants before butane gas extraction. We confirmed that the concentration of THC in plants was low, whereas the concentration in BHO was high. In the BHO manufactured from Tochigi-shiro, the CBD concentration was five times higher than that of THC. Moreover, CBD can antagonize the psychotomimetic symptoms caused by THC. Therefore, even if BHO produced from this plant was used, the effect of THC would hardly be obtained. Currently, interest in cannabis is increasing worldwide. The traditional industry producing cannabis as a source of fiber may be affected by the theft of Tochigi-shiro. The results of the present study are relevant to prefectural and city governments and cultivators, and suggest the need for additional protection of cultivated fields against theft.

著者

亀山 正邦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本老年医学会

雑誌

日本老年医学会雑誌 (ISSN:03009173)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.71-81, 1974-03-31 (Released:2009-11-24)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

4 2

著者

伊藤 公雄

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.6-16,182, 1991-06-30 (Released:2017-02-15)

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In the field of sociology, the problem of body has been nearly disregarded for a long time. But nowadays the bodies are going to draw more and more attention sociologically. From the medical sociology to the sociology of sexality, from the sociology of sports to the dramaturugical sociology.... , the human body is about to appear as an unavoidable sociological subjects. In this paper, I don't intend to construct a new paradigms of body sociology. I only try to make a sketch of body-theory tradition - from Descarte, Vico, Marx, Merleau-Ponty to Goffman, Foucault, Bourdieu and others. Doing so, I classify a great variety of body theories from the viewpoints of their subjects and their perspectives into a following figure.

著者

北村 岩雄 池田 長康 有村 文宏 澤田 邦男 橋本 吉昭 河村 晃一 北村 利博

出版者

富山大学工学部

雑誌

富山大学工学部紀要 (ISSN:03871339)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.31-36, 1994-02

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Electric power demands are increasing at present in many fields such as domestic homes, automation product systems at almost factories, maintenance and administration systems of buildings and infrastructure systems for public use. It is important to decrease the electric power loss and to design the electric system to compact one. Fundamental experiments on the metal contact of a high current bus are carried out for this reason. It is found from the experiments that the contact pressure is not essential, but the real metal contact with metal bond structure is essential for the low electric resistance in bus connection and the contact with the metal bond structure is able to almost attain to the value of resistance of metal bus with no connection part.

著者

粕谷 一希 高坂 節三 中西 輝政

出版者

PHP研究所

雑誌

Voice (ISSN:03873552)

巻号頁・発行日

no.278, pp.200-213, 2001-02

著者

星原 大輔

出版者

早稲田大学大学院社会科学研究科

雑誌

ソシオサイエンス (ISSN:13458116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.202-217, 2006

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論文

著者

南川 文里

出版者

岩波書店

雑誌

世界 (ISSN:05824532)

巻号頁・発行日

no.908, pp.169-175, 2018-05

著者

大野 能之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.138, no.3, pp.337-345, 2018-03-01 (Released:2018-03-01)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1 2

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Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can affect the clearance of various drugs from the body; however, these effects are difficult to sufficiently evaluate in clinical studies. This article outlines our approach to improving methods for evaluating and providing drug information relative to the effects of DDIs. In a previous study, total exposure changes to many substrate drugs of CYP caused by the co-administration of inhibitor or inducer drugs were successfully predicted using in vivo data. There are two parameters for the prediction: the contribution ratio of the enzyme to oral clearance for substrates (CR), and either the inhibition ratio for inhibitors (IR) or the increase in clearance of substrates produced by induction (IC). To apply these predictions in daily pharmacotherapy, the clinical significance of any pharmacokinetic changes must be carefully evaluated. We constructed a pharmacokinetic interaction significance classification system (PISCS) in which the clinical significance of DDIs was considered in a systematic manner, according to pharmacokinetic changes. The PISCS suggests that many current ‘alert’ classifications are potentially inappropriate, especially for drug combinations in which pharmacokinetics have not yet been evaluated. It is expected that PISCS would contribute to constructing a reliable system to alert pharmacists, physicians and consumers of a broad range of pharmacokinetic DDIs in order to more safely manage daily clinical practices.

著者

木村 敦

出版者

大阪産業大学

雑誌

大阪産業大学経済論集 (ISSN:13451448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.1-17, 2009-09

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'Work Support' became the chief matter in the current policy regarding health and welfare services for the mentally disabled. Then, social welfare policy became a part of the policy to create low wage worker and instability employed worker. This represents a basic understanding of the problem, and is the hypothesis of this study. The aim of this study is the presentation of grounds for proving this hypothesis. Concretely, the following statements will be written. 1 The 'change' portion and the 'continuity' portion of treatment principle regarding the mentally disabled(from 'isolation and accommodation' to 'welfare') in the following laws. 1)The 'Law Regarding Custody of the Mentally Ill' 2)The 'Mental Hygiene Law' 3)The 'Mental Health Law' 4)The 'Law Regarding Mental Health and Welfare Services for the Mentally Disabled'. 2 An outline of current work support policy for the mentally disabled. 3 To point out problems based on continuity of treatment principles. 4 To introduce some measures of work which may become key in solving the problems in work support policy. 5 To suggest new concept of income security to the mentally disabled.

著者

仲嶺 真 松井 豊 Nakamine Shin Matsui Yutaka

出版者

筑波大学人間系心理学域

雑誌

筑波大学心理学研究 = Tsukuba psychological research (ISSN:09158952)

巻号頁・発行日

no.48, pp.37-47, 2014-08-25

著者

永広 昌之

出版者

地学団体研究会

雑誌

地学教育と科学運動 (ISSN:03893766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, pp.24, 2017-11-24 (Released:2020-06-02)

参考文献数

10

著者

亀井 淳 佐々木 真理 赤坂 真奈美 千田 勝一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本小児神経学会

雑誌

脳と発達 (ISSN:00290831)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.4, pp.348-352, 2002-07-01 (Released:2011-08-10)

参考文献数

20

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Epstein-Barr (EB) ウイルス脳症に起因する不思議の国のアリス症候群において, これまで頭部画像検査による特異的な異常は記載されていない.今回, EBウイルス脳症に罹患して本症候群に特徴的な身体像の奇妙な変形, 幻視, 離人症状を呈し, 頭部CTで異常がなく, MRIの T2強調像で大脳灰白質に広範かつ散在性の高信号と腫脹を認めた10歳の女児を経験した.このM RI所見は1週間後に改善した.EBウイルス脳炎・脳症で視覚性錯覚や精神症状を示した症例の中には, 本症候群が診断名としては用いられていないが, MRIの異常を一過性に認めたとする報告がある。したがって, 本症候群を形成する症状がみられた場合は, タイミングを逃さずにMRI検査を行う必要があると考えられた.

著者

川名 明彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.11, pp.2309-2315, 2004-11-10 (Released:2008-06-12)

参考文献数

8

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SARSは新型コロナウイルスによっておこる全身性の感染症である. 2002~2003年の流行では世界で774人が死亡した.本症は主に気道由来の飛沫によって感染し, 2~10日の潜伏期間の後インフルエンザ様症状で発症する.大部分は肺炎を合併し,死亡率は約10%である.有効性の確認された治療法は無い.本症は医療スタッフに感染しやすい特徴があり,その蔓延を阻止するためにも十分な院内感染対策が必要である.

著者

矢野 久 難波 ちづる

出版者

慶應義塾経済学会

雑誌

三田学会雑誌 (ISSN:00266760)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.2, pp.455-472, 2015-07

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歴史学と一口にいってもさまざまなアプローチの仕方がある。どのように過去の事実に接近するのか, その事実性も含めてこれまでさまざまな議論がなされてきた。多様な議論を突き詰めると, 人文科学としての歴史学と社会科学としての歴史学の対立という問題に遭遇する。とりわけフランスでは社会科学としての歴史学への転換が早い時期にみられ, また, 数量化へのアプローチが鮮明であり, その意味でこの対立は先鋭化していたように思われる。本稿では, 人文科学から社会科学への歴史学への転換に際して, フランスではどのような議論が闘わされてきたのかを, 社会学者で経済学者であるフランソワ・シミアンの研究を通して考察する。Various theoretical approaches fall under the umbrella term : the study of history. There has been much discussion on the way to approach the facts of history, including the nature of facts themselves. The essence of this discussion can be boiled down to the conflict between the approach that treats history as part of humanities and the approach that treats history as a social science. In France, the shift towards treating history as a social science was seen relatively earlier than elsewhere, and especially the preference of the shift for a quantitative approach had become apparent. Therefore, it is thought that the theoretical division has further intensified in this country. In this paper, the debate that took place in France at the time history was going through a shift from humanities to social sciences is considered in the light of the research of sociologist and economist François Simiand.論説

著者

清水 澄子

出版者

国際女性の地位協会

雑誌

国際女性 (ISSN:0916393X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.13, pp.93-98, 1999-12-15 (Released:2010-09-09)

著者

趙 軍 Jun ZHAO

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.61-73, 1995-12-20