著者

金田 重郎

雑誌

研究報告情報システムと社会環境(IS)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2011-IS-117, no.7, pp.1-8, 2011-08-29

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Object 指向は,英語圏で開発された概念であり,英語の認知構造が反映されている.しかし,我が国の学生・SE は,日本語に 「翻訳」 されたテキストを用いて,Object 指向を学んでいる.例えば,「オブジェクト指向は,対象世界の 『もの』 に着目して,ビジネスを分析する手法」 とされる.しかし,認知文法では,英語の Object は,日本語の 「もの」 とは一致せず,可算概念 (名詞) と対応する.Person は,Object であるが,Water は Object ではあり得ない.Event は Object である.一方,Object を 「もの」 と認識してしまうと,「発注」 等の 「イベント」 を Obejct として扱うべきか否かを悩むことになる.日本語によるヒアリング結果・仕様記述をクラス図へ変換する作業は,日英翻訳に等しい.そこに,日本語で Object 指向を学ぶひとつの困難性がある.この問題を解決するためには,Object 指向の学習に認知文法の学習を取り入れ,機械翻訳におけるプリエディットと同等の作業を,クラス図の作成時に,を行う必要がある.認知文法は,この変換作業におけるプラクティスとして利用できる.

著者

都築 洋次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 有機合成化学協会

雑誌

有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.10, pp.604-614, 1944-10-01 (Released:2010-10-20)

著者

山岡 俊介

出版者

創出版

雑誌

創

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.7, pp.140-147, 1999-08

著者

青野季吉著

出版者

私製

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.2, pp.248-252, 2018-02-10 (Released:2019-02-10)

著者

松村 輝男

出版者

Japan Oil Chemists' Society

雑誌

油化学 (ISSN:18842003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.Supplement, pp.36-40, 1969-11-25 (Released:2009-10-20)

参考文献数

5

著者

吉田 浩典

巻号頁・発行日

2012

著者

大墨 竜也 竹中 彰治 坂上 雄樹 若松 里佳 寺尾 豊 大島 勇人 興地 隆史

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本歯周病学会

雑誌

日本歯周病学会会誌 (ISSN:03850110)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.3, pp.291-301, 2014

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本研究では,リステリン^®の刺激性や使用感の改善を意図して開発された新規アルコール非含有洗口液^®ナチュラルケア;N 群)の <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> 人工バイオフィルムに対する浸透性と殺菌能を既存洗口液[Listerine^®Zero(Z 群),リステリン^®フレッシュミント(F 群)および 0.12%グルコン酸クロルヘキシジン含有洗口液(CHG 群)]との比較により評価した。人工バイオフィルムはガラスベースディッシュ上で 24 時間嫌気培養することにより作製した。洗口液の浸透性は calcein-AM で染色したバイオフィルムの底面の蛍光消失を共焦点レーザー顕微鏡で経時的に解析することにより評価した。殺菌能は 30 秒作用後の生菌数測定およびバイオフィルム底面の Live/Dead 染色像により評価した。その結果,各洗口液とも 50%蛍光消失時間はバイオフィルムの厚みと正の相関を示し,N 群の浸透速度はZおよびF群と同等かつ CHG 群より有意に高値であった。 生菌数はN,ZおよびF群は同等で共に CHG 群より有意に低値であった。また, Live/Dead 染色像はN,ZおよびF群とも 99%以上が propidium iodide (PI)陽性細菌であり陽性率は CHG 群より有意に高かった。以上の結果から,N 群の浸透性と殺菌能は,Z 群および F 群と同等かつ CHG 群より有意に優れていることが示された。 日本歯周病学会会誌(日歯周誌)56(3):291-301,2014

著者

内山 裕介 田畑 茂樹 大川 泰一郎

出版者

日本作物学会

雑誌

日本作物学会講演会要旨集 第245回日本作物学会講演会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.3, 2018 (Released:2018-03-27)

著者

木村 華織

出版者

日本スポーツとジェンダー学会

雑誌

スポーツとジェンダー研究 (ISSN:13482157)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.39-55, 2015 (Released:2017-04-14)

参考文献数

35

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This study aims to clarify how women’s swimming became widespread at the dawn of women’s sports in Japan, by focusing on the systematization of women’s swimming. When the constitution of the Japan Amateur Swimming Federation (JASF) was revised in 1932, a women’s committee was established, while the Japan Women’s Amateur Swimming Federation (JWASF) was already in existence. Establishment of the Women’s Committee in the JASF was intended to integrate swimming organizations for men and women. The primary historical materials used for this investigation were the periodicals ‘Swimming’ (1930-1939) and ‘Swimming Regulations’ (1925-1939), both published by the JASF. The following three issues are examined: 1) The position of women’s swimming in the JASF from the perspective of its constitution. 2) The background to establishment of the Women’s Committee in the JASF. 3) The changes resulting from establishment of the Women’s Committee. The results of this paper are summarized as follows: The JWASF, which was managed by former female athletes and its members played a significant role in the process of organizing women’s swimming in Japan. When the JWASF was established, the JASF already had the rights to dispatch delegates and to recognize official records of female athletes. After 1932, the JASF changed its working policy to promote swimming by men and women of all ages nationwide. Following this policy, the Women’s Committee in JASF was established. The members of the Women’s Committee were all women. The JASF made a commitment to improve female athletes’ performance and promote women’s swimming. The JASF held competitions, training camps, and training sessions under the leadership of former female athletes. The establishment of the Women’s Committee gave many women the opportunity to serve as organizers and coaches. This study shows that the systematization of women’s swimming in Japan was led by former female athletes.

著者

清水 友美

出版者

成城大学大学院文学研究科美学・美術史研究室

雑誌

成城美学美術史 (ISSN:13405861)

巻号頁・発行日

no.22, pp.1-41, 2016-03

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From the Meiji to the Taisho period, a nudity controversy surfaced several times. Hakuba-kai, which was led by Seiki Kuroda, considered the nude the basis of Western art, but the Japanese did not have sufficient knowledge of western art to understand. This lack of knowledge caused the dispute. Subsequently, authorities regulated nudity in exhibitions and publications for a long period of time. Regulation of nudity has already beenstudied, but we need to investigate the kind of nudity regulated and the regulations that influenced painters and their activities. This paper investigates the Hakuba-kai Exhibition, Ministry of Education Art Exhibition (Bunten Exhibition), and Nika Art Exhibition from the viewpoint of regulation, focusing on the transition of the depiction of the nude woman from the Meiji to the Taisho period. Before the Meiji period, women and men wore clothing that allowed them to accomplish their work. Their ideas about covering the body were not hindered by western morality-based conventions. However, by imitating western culture to enforce “Ishiki kaii jyourei, the ordinance designed to emulate foreigners’propriety,” the thought planted in the Japanese mind was that nudity was obscene. Thereafter, authorities regulated publications with nude images. Kuroda’s Le Lever, which was exhibited at the 4th Domestic Industrial Exposition, served as a challenge to authority and generated the nudity controversy in newspapers. Afterward, police required that Kuroda’s “Nude,” which was exhibited at the 6th Hakuba-kai Exhibition in 1901, be covered with a cloth below the waist. That is, this is the “koshimaki (waistcloth) incident.” The incident was the outcome of the Security Police law implemented in 1900 and led the painters of Hakuba-kai to draw nude women with waist coverings. Police and the Ministry of Education continued to regulate nudes in art after the Bunten Exhibition. The Ministry of Education told painters that they must eliminate nude images from their works, and this caused a situation in which many nude drawings were disqualified from winning awards. The Minister of Education ultimately declared that police must not invade the winning work of the Bunten Exhibition in 1917. Partially clothed woman continued to be exhibited in the art at the Bunten Exhibition, and for a short time painters drew an idealized nude. They gradually began to draw frontal nudes and increasingly created work that made the nudes in their art unrealistic. This phenomenon was common at the Nika Exhibition. Following Cubism and Fauvism, the Nika Exhibition included drawings of nude women. The characteristics of the nude images of art in the Nika Exhibition were women reclining on a bed, posing with their arms or legs held up to exaggerate their physical features, and showing nude women indoors. The authorities initially regulated art with nude woman lying in bed drawn by Sotaro Yasui. After the 5th Nika Exhibition, they stopped controlling nudity. Painters no longer presented the female form realistically. They exaggerated. The nude images drawn from the Meiji to the Taisho periods were influenced by both the regulations and because of the regulations, the numbers of works exhibited were almost influenced. Then regulation standards gradually changed from the viewpoint of bodily exposure to the viewpoint of depicting the body in realistic situations such as a nude woman reclining in bed. Considering this history, painters had to be conscious of regulations restricting the depiction of nude women, which was historically part of the depiction of women. The important issue is that these artists tried to express their ideas even though they were conscious of the regulations.

著者

高木 一江

出版者

一般社団法人 日本小児神経学会

雑誌

脳と発達 (ISSN:00290831)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.4, pp.253-258, 2016 (Released:2016-09-09)

参考文献数

17

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【目的】神経発達障害のてんかん合併例の治療として, levetiracetam (LEV) を併用投与した症例の有効性と忍容性を検討した. 【方法】2011年10月~2014年12月までにLEVを処方した神経発達障害21例 (男女比16 : 5, 現在の年齢分布は10歳代6例, 20歳代7例, 30歳代7例, 40歳代1例) を対象とした. 効果は発作消失, 有効 (75%以上発作減少, 50%以上発作減少), 不変 (変化なし), 悪化 (発作回数増加) とした. 【結果】自閉スペクトラム症 (ASD) 19例 (最重度知的能力障害13例, 重度知的能力障害5例, 高機能1例), 境界知能1例, 注意欠如・多動症 (AD/HD) 1例であった. てんかんとてんかん症候群国際分類 (1989年) は, 症候性局在関連性てんかん15例, 全般てんかん6例であった. LEVの開始用量は平均488.1mg/日, 維持用量は平均1,714.2mg/日, 平均投与期間は2年3カ月であった. 奏効率は発作消失11例 (52.4%), 75%以上発作減少4例 (19.0%), 50%以上発作減少3例 (14.3%) で, 奏効率は85.7% (18例) であった. その他, 不変14.3% (3例) で, 悪化例はなかった. 初期の浮動性めまいが1例のみで, 全例で服薬継続中である. 抗けいれん剤はLEV開始時2.5剤から1.5剤まで調整でき, 情緒的安定も得られ, 精神安定剤が中止できた例もあった. 【結論】LEVはASDを中心とした神経発達障害のてんかん合併例において高い奏効率と忍容性を示した. 本剤の投与により併用薬数を減らすことができ, コンプライアンスの向上に寄与する可能性が示唆された.

著者

湯川 創太郎

出版者

日本交通学会

雑誌

交通学研究 (ISSN:03873137)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.59-68, 2008 (Released:2019-05-27)

参考文献数

28

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本研究は、アメリカ合衆国(アメリカ)における公共交通の公的介入の変遷史から、介入の形成条件と、形成過程についての考察を行うものである。分析にあたっては、第一次世界大戦以前とそれ以降の時期に時代区分を行い、それぞれのケーススタディを行った。その結果、アメリカの都市公共交通では20世紀初頭以降、公益事業型の規制と交通調整が行われ、また、後に限界が生じたものの、都市政府や州政府が発生した都市交通の諸問題に対応させながらそれを適用した過程が見出された。

著者

中村 豊

出版者

環境技術学会

雑誌

環境技術 (ISSN:03889459)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.10, pp.739-745, 1982-10-30 (Released:2010-03-18)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

著者

松井 剛

出版者

日本評論社(発売)

雑誌

一橋論叢 (ISSN:00182818)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.5, pp.495-510, 2001-11

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論文タイプ||論説

著者

清水 健太郎 小倉 裕司 後藤 美紀 朝原 崇 野本 康二 諸富 正己 平出 敦 松嶋 麻子 田崎 修 鍬方 安行 田中 裕 嶋津 岳士 杉本 壽

出版者

Japanese Association for Acute Medicine

雑誌

日本救急医学会雑誌 (ISSN:0915924X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.12, pp.833-844, 2006-12-15 (Released:2009-03-27)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

2

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腸管内には多彩な細菌群がバランスを保ち共存しており,腸内環境を整えると同時に生体へ豊富なシグナルを送り続けている。腸管は,侵襲時の主要な標的臓器(target organ)であり,腸内細菌叢の維持は腸上皮におけるバリア機能の維持と感染防御の点で極めて重要と考えられる。しかしながら,急性期重症病態の腸内細菌叢や腸内環境に関する検討はほとんどされていない。われわれは,SIRS患者の腸内細菌叢と腸内環境の変化を明らかにし,近年注目されているシンバイオティクス(synbiotics)療法(“善玉”生菌+増殖物質)の有効性を評価した。研究結果を含め,侵襲時の腸管機能と腸管内治療に関して総説する。(1) SIRS患者において,腸内細菌叢および腸内環境は著しく崩れる。「善玉菌」であるBifidobacteriumとLactobacillusは健常人の1/100-1000程度に減少し,「病原性」を有するブドウ球菌数は,健常人の100倍程度に増加した。腸内細菌叢の崩壊と同時に,短鎖脂肪酸の産生は減少し,腸管内pHは上昇した。このような腸内環境の悪化は腸内細菌叢をさらに崩す(“腸内環境の悪循環”)と考えられる。(2)シンバイオティクス療法は,SIRS患者の腸内細菌叢および腸内環境を維持し,経過中の感染合併症を減少させる。シンバイオティクス投与により,BifidobacteriumとLactobacillusが高く維持され,腸管内の短鎖脂肪酸,pHも保たれた。また腸炎の発生だけでなく,肺炎や菌血症の合併を有意に減らした。シンバイオティクス療法が感染症の合併を防止するメカニズムに関しては,今後の検討を要する。(3)現在,急性期重症病態に対する標準化された腸管内治療は存在しない。シンバイオティクス療法は,腸内細菌叢を保持し,腸内環境と腸管機能を保つ点で生理的であり,重症患者の臨床経過を改善する有望な腸管内治療法と考えられる。

著者

甲斐 慎一 横田 喜美夫 山下 茂樹 米井 昭智

出版者

一般社団法人 日本集中治療医学会

雑誌

日本集中治療医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13407988)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.2, pp.203-206, 2010-04-01 (Released:2010-10-30)

参考文献数

10

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2005年1月~2008年4月に出血により同種血輸血を必要とし当院ICUに入室した帝王切開術後患者12例について検討した。妊産婦の平均年齢は33歳で,疾患は常位胎盤早期剥離4例,弛緩出血2例,前置胎盤2例,癒着胎盤2例,hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count(HELLP)症候群1例,子宮破裂1例であった。8例が産科disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)を合併した。ICU入室期間は平均3日,入院期間は平均20日で,全例軽快退院した。平均同種血輸血量は赤血球濃厚液18単位,新鮮凍結血漿15単位,濃厚血小板18単位であった。7例が止血術を要し,うち3例は経カテーテル動脈塞栓術(transcatheter arterial embolization, TAE)のみ施行,2例は子宮全摘術のみ施行,1例はTAE中に出血性ショックとなり緊急で子宮全摘術を施行,1例は子宮全摘術後も出血が持続しTAEを施行した。産科出血は,迅速な輸血や止血術が肝要であり,院内の緊急輸血体制の整備に加え,産科医,集中治療医,麻酔科医,放射線科医の協力体制を整えることが必要である。

著者

松本 和子 酒井 健

出版者

公益社団法人 日本化学会

雑誌

化学と教育 (ISSN:03862151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.5, pp.420-423, 1987-10-20 (Released:2017-07-13)

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モリブデン・ブルー法は, 古くから用いられているリンの高感度吸光光度分析法である。この方法の基礎をなす発色物質, リンモリブデン・ブルーの化学的性質, Keggin構造と呼ばれる特異な構造を解説し, リン酸イオンの定量分析実験への応用例を示した。

著者

寺田 佳孝

出版者

日本カリキュラム学会

雑誌

カリキュラム研究 (ISSN:0918354X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.55-68, 2017 (Released:2018-08-03)

参考文献数

25

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In recent years, long working hours and unstable employment have emerged as serious problems in Japan, and criticism is directed at the “black companies”. In these circumstances, debates have regularly occurred regarding the type of education necessary for preparing the youth to develop desirable working lives in the future. Therefore, this paper focuses on Germany, which is internationally regarded as having high-class work environment standards and workers’ rights. It analyzes the study of labor and employment in political education (Politische Bildung: equivalent to Japanese social studies) and explores educational goals, learning content, and competency to be acquired.German political education theory places foremost emphasis on human rights ideas under basic law (Grundgesetz) and the significance of democracy associated with the development of these rights. Therefore, it aims to achieve “learning democracy competency”. Economic learning also reviews problems with existing economic systems and policies while aiming to acquire competency to take action voluntarily.The political education of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), well-known for its innovative educational activities, also reflects this position. In the subject “Social Science (Sozialwissenschaften)”, which addresses political and economic problems in this state’s latter-stage secondary education, seven fields of study are included (market economy, political structure, individuals and society, economic policy, the European Union, social inequality, and international politics) under the aim of fostering democracy competency. Four competencies, acquiring knowledge, understanding, judgment, and action, are established as those to be learned through these seven fields. Study of labor and employment issues is also implemented within this framework. Early-stage secondary education’s political and economic subjects deal with labor concepts, labor laws and systems, and systems of social change. The social science subject in the latter-stage secondary education covers more complex labor and employment issues such as labor agreements, working hours legislation, labor negotiations, and wage policies. This aforementioned curriculum presents a consistent view of pursuing “labor quality” from the human rights perspective under basic law. Lesson development also mainly comprises resource materials and assignments and is intended to develop learners’ judgment abilities and cultivate personal opinion.Regarding Japan, the course of study for social studies stipulates that the subject is supposed to emphasize human rights and address labor and employment issues. In contrast, textbook explanations are dictionary-like and tasks pertaining to learners’ acquiring competencies are unclear. Therefore, by using the concept of competency with reference to the German example, it is expected that the competencies to be acquired by learners can be clarified and actual classroom situations and textbook structure can be reformulated. However, a more fundamental issue is that it is necessary for each individual to seriously and specifically reconsider the kind of life/society they want to create in terms of values addressed through education such as human rights, democracy, and behavior and whether this reflection is consistent with the reality of educational activities.

著者

等松 春夫

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2017, no.187, pp.187_1-187_15, 2017

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<p>The present issue examines relations between memories of history and international politics. In recent years interpretation of history with political implication (<i>rekishi ninshiki</i>) became a serious subject in matters regarding the past of war and colonial rule between Japan and China/Korea. However, the questions of history and politics is not peculiar to East Asian countries. Similar problems are occurring in many parts of the world as shown by articles in the present issue.</p><p>History plays important and in some cases crucial role in domestic politics and international relations. In creating a nation-state a shared understanding of the past is a powerful vehicle to unite people for a common cause. Political actors therefore struggle over the monopoly of national history which is indispensable in gaining legitimacy of the government. However, such a narrative of nation-building is a double-edged sword. It is effective on one hand in maintaining the unity within the domestic community. On the other hand it fosters jingoism and causes frictions between other states. Typical of these are border disputes in which different stories of nation-building provide the confronting states with the basis for territorial claim. In recent years some states contest over registering historical sites and records in UNESCO World Heritage and Memory of the World schemes, thus opening a new battlefront of 'war of histories'. Official recognition of a specific edition of history by an international organization such as UNESCO has political impact on relations of states concerned.</p><p>A shared understanding of history often serves as a framework for post-war and post-colonial settlements. For example Germany and Japan's re-entry to the western democracies became possible only when the two states accepted critical edition of their past during the Second World War. History may serve politics in such a way, however, with the side effect of bringing about the clash between 'political correctness' and academic objectivity and impartiality. Serious academic attempts to reexamine fixed official interpretation of history are therefore often criticized as revisionism.</p><p>In an attempt to solve such a 'war of histories', bilateral/multilateral joint research projects were promoted by some states. European cases such as German-Polish and Franco-German projects on history studies were successful in forming certain degree of shared views of the past, and resulted in the publication of common school history textbooks. However, similar projects between Japan and China/Korea ended in confusion, widening the gap between different approaches to history by the three countries.</p><p>It is expected that articles in the present issue will shed new lights on the question of history and politics.</p>